Intracrine Endorphinergic Systems in Modulation of Myocardial Differentiation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Opioid Peptides and the Intracrine Regulation of Cellular Dynamics: A Pattern Highly Oriented Towards Stem Cell Cardiogenesis
3. Hyaluronan Mixed Esters of Butyric and Retinoic Acids (HBR): A Synthetic Intracrine Promoting Prodynorphin Gene and Dynorphin B Expression, Stem Cell Cardiogenesis and Cardiac Repair
4. The Use of Electromagnetic Energy to Afford Efficient Increase in Prodynorphin Gene and Dynorphin B Expression. Implications in Myocardial Cell Growth and Stem Cell Cardiogenesis
5. Conclusions and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme |
AD | Adipose tissue |
CPCs | Cardiac progenitor cells |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
ELF-MF | Extremely-low frequency magnetic fields |
ESCs | Embryonic stem cells |
FGF1 | Fibroblast growth factor 1 |
FM | Fetal membranes |
HBR | Hyaluronan mixed esters of butyric and retinoic acids |
HEL | Human erythroleukemia cells |
HGF | Hepatocyte growth factor |
hMSCs | Human mesenchymal stem cells |
HSCs | Hematopoietic stem cells |
Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 | Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate |
Ins(1,4,5)P3 | Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate |
KCl | Potassium chloride |
KDR | Kinase insert domain receptor |
MF | Magnetic fields |
MHC | Myosin heavy chain |
MKs | megakaryocytes |
MLC | Myosin light chain |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
PMA | Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate |
REAC | Radioelectric asymmetric conveyer |
SA | Sarcomeric actinin |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Stimulus | Species | Cell Type | Biological Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
KCl1 60 mM (for 4 or 24 h of treatment) | Rat | Ventricular Cardiomyocytes | Increased expression of the prodynorphin gene Increase of dynorphin B At the intracellular level and in the culture medium | [52] |
PMA2 100 nM (from 1 to 24 h of treatment) | Rat | Cardiomyocytes and nuclei isolated from cardiomyocytes | Activation of the nuclear protein kinases C-δ and -ε Subsequent increased expression of the prodynorphin gene Increase of dynorphin B At the intracellular level and in the culture medium | [53] |
DMSO3 1% (for 2 or 4 days of treatment) | Mouse | P19 ESCs4 | Increased expression of the prodynorphin gene Following an increase of GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 expression Increase of dynorphin B At the intracellular level and in the culture medium Counteracted by opioid receptor antagonism or targeted inhibition of prodynorphin gene expression | [55] |
Stimulus | Species | Cell Type | Biological Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
HBR1 0.75 mg/mL for five days of treatment | Mouse | ESCs | Overexpression of the prodynorphin gene Increase in GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 transcription Increase of dynorphin B at the intracellular level and in the culture medium Increase of the number of spontaneously beating myocardial cells Expression of α-MHC and MLC-2V in spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes Absence of effect on skeletal myogenic or neurogenic markers | [71] |
HBR 1.5 mg/mL for seven days of treatment (fourteen days for analyses of cardiac markers) | Human | MSCs2 isolated from different sources, including the bone marrow, dental pulp, and FM6 | Improvement of VEGF3, KDR4, and HGF5 gene expression Increase of VEGF and HGF secretion Increase in GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 transcription Expression of cardiac markers Absence of effect on skeletal myogenic or neurogenic markers | [85] |
Transplantation of HBR-preconditioned FMhMSCs (1.5 mg/mL for 14 days) in animals affected by acute myocardial infarction | Rat and Pig | Cardiomyocytes | Enhancement of myocardial vascularization and contractility Reduction of the infarct scar size | [85,87] |
HBR injection (0.2 mg/100 g of rat weight) in heart affected by acute myocardial infarction | Rat | Cardiomyocytes | Presence of cardiovascular repair, reducing the infarct size and affording a full recovery of myocardial performance Increase of capillary density, and decrease of the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes Increase of histone H4 acetylation at the level of myocardial nuclei | [88] |
HBR 2 mg/mL (from 1 to 10 days of treatment) | Human | MSCs | Enhancement of Smad1, 3, and 4 gene and protein expression Downregulation of Smad7 Increase of transcription rates of Smad4 in nuclei isolated from HBR treated cells correlated to Nkx-2.5 expression | [89,90] |
Stimulus | Species | Cell Type | Biological Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
ELF-MF1 of 50 Hz, 0.8 mTRSM (for 4 h of treatment) | rat | Nuclei isolated from ventricular cardiac myocytes or intact cells | Increase in prodynorphin gene transcription Increase in intracellular levels of dynorphin B Enhancement in dynorphin B secretion in the culture medium | [100] |
ELF-MF of 50 Hz, 0.8 mTRSM(for three and ten days of treatment) | mouse | ESCs | Induction of GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 gene expression Increase in the number of spontaneously beating ESC-derived cardiomyocytes Increase in the transcription rate of the prodynorphin gene Increase in intracellular levels of dynorphin B Enhancement in dynorphin B secretion in the culture medium | [101] |
Radiofrequency of 2.4 GHz emitted by REAC2 (for treatment details see Ref.) | mouse and human | ESCs and AD-MSCs | Modulation in the transcription of stemness genes Increase in the yield of cells differentiating into cardiac, neural, skeletal and myogenic lineages Association of cardiac differentiation with GATA-4, Nkx-2.5 and prodynorphin gene transcription | [102,103,104,105] |
Radiofrequency of 2.4 GHz emitted by REAC (from 2 to 72 h of treatment and 72 h of treatment + four or seven days of recovery) | human | Dermal skin fibroblasts | Early transcriptional increase of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Nanog, and Klf4, stemness genes followed by their downregulation Increase in the yield of cells differentiating into cardiac, neural and myogenic lineages Association of cardiac differentiation with: Expression of Mef2c, Tbx5, GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 genes; expression of MHC and SA proteins; increase in the expression of prodynorphin gene | [106] |
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Canaider, S.; Facchin, F.; Tassinari, R.; Cavallini, C.; Olivi, E.; Taglioli, V.; Zannini, C.; Bianconi, E.; Maioli, M.; Ventura, C. Intracrine Endorphinergic Systems in Modulation of Myocardial Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205175
Canaider S, Facchin F, Tassinari R, Cavallini C, Olivi E, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Bianconi E, Maioli M, Ventura C. Intracrine Endorphinergic Systems in Modulation of Myocardial Differentiation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205175
Chicago/Turabian StyleCanaider, Silvia, Federica Facchin, Riccardo Tassinari, Claudia Cavallini, Elena Olivi, Valentina Taglioli, Chiara Zannini, Eva Bianconi, Margherita Maioli, and Carlo Ventura. 2019. "Intracrine Endorphinergic Systems in Modulation of Myocardial Differentiation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205175