Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Red Chinese Cabbage Alleviates Vascular Inflammation in Endothelial Cells and Apo E−/− Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Contents of the Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Red Chinese Cabbage
2.2. ArCC Treatment Suppresses VCAM-1 Expression and Its Transcriptional Regulation in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVECs)
2.3. ArCC Treatment of TNF-α-Stimulated HUVECs Inhibited the Transcriptional Activity of NF-κB and Its Nuclear Localization
2.4. ArCC Treatment Inhibits Monocyte Adhesion on TNF-α-Stimulated HUVECs
2.5. Oral Administration of ArCC to Hyperlipidemic Apolipoprotein E-Deficient (ApoE−/−) Mice
2.6. ArCC Administration Regulates Lipid Profile Changes in Blood of ApoE−/− Mice
2.7. ArCC Administration Inhibits Vascular Inflammation of WD-Fed ApoE−/− Mice
2.8. ArCC Administration Inhibits Plaque Formation in the Aortas of ApoE−/− Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of ArCC
4.3. Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Assay
4.4. Promoter Assay
4.5. Immunoblotting
4.6. Immunocytochemistry
4.7. Animal Experiments
4.8. Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Lesions
4.9. Plasma Analysis
4.10. Histological Staining
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ArCC | anthocyanin-rich extract from red Chinese cabbage |
ApoE−/− | hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient |
C3G | cyanidin-3-glucoside |
ApoE | apolipoprotein E |
HUVECs | human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
VCAM-1 | vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 |
ICAM-1 | intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
MCP-1 | monocyte chemotactic protein-1 |
NF-κB | nuclear factor κB |
CAD | coronary artery disease |
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Parameter | NC | WD | WD + Low-ArCC | WD + High-ArCC | WD + Statin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start weight (g) | 26.1 ± 0.6 | 25.2 ± 0.5 | 26.4 ± 0.6 | 26.2 ± 0.5 | 25.9 ± 0.4 |
Final weight (g) | 30.7 ± 0.7 | 34.3 ± 0.9 # | 33.8 ± 0.6 # | 32.0 ± 0.5 | 31.1 ± 0.3 |
SBP (mmHg) | 108.3 ± 4.9 | 134.1 ± 3.6 # | 106.5 ± 8.6 * | 103.5 ± 8.8 * | 106.2 ± 7.4 * |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.1 ± 9.7 | 88.2 ± 7.2 | 71.7 ± 6.8 | 71.3 ± 0.5 | 85.6 ± 7.3 |
HR (bpm) | 320.8 ± 38.9 | 326.3 ± 26.2 | 331.3 ± 22.4 | 353.7 ± 42.6 | 325.1 ± 32.3 |
Plasma Lipids | NC | WD | WD + Low-ArCC | WD + High-ArCC | WD + Statin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC (mg/dL) | 361.8 ± 6.1 | 527.5 ± 9.7 # | 510.5 ± 6.9 | 466.6 ± 9.7 * | 395.9 ± 5.7 * |
LDL + VLDL (mg/dL) | 316.9 ± 9.3 | 490.1 ± 5.1 # | 477.7 ± 5.4 * | 438.6 ± 8.9 * | 364.7 ± 8.3 * |
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Share and Cite
Joo, H.K.; Choi, S.; Lee, Y.R.; Lee, E.O.; Park, M.S.; Park, K.B.; Kim, C.-S.; Lim, Y.P.; Park, J.-T.; Jeon, B.H. Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Red Chinese Cabbage Alleviates Vascular Inflammation in Endothelial Cells and Apo E−/− Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030816
Joo HK, Choi S, Lee YR, Lee EO, Park MS, Park KB, Kim C-S, Lim YP, Park J-T, Jeon BH. Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Red Chinese Cabbage Alleviates Vascular Inflammation in Endothelial Cells and Apo E−/− Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(3):816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030816
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoo, Hee Kyoung, Sunga Choi, Yu Ran Lee, Eun Ok Lee, Myoung Soo Park, Kyu Been Park, Cuk-Seong Kim, Yong Pyo Lim, Jong-Tae Park, and Byeong Hwa Jeon. 2018. "Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Red Chinese Cabbage Alleviates Vascular Inflammation in Endothelial Cells and Apo E−/− Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 3: 816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030816