Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Protection Associated with Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure in a Rat Model: Role of Oxidative Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Animals Weights
2.2. In Vivo Cardiac Morphometry & Function
2.3. Ex Vivo Femoral Vascular Function Active Response
2.4. Ex Vivo Femoral Vascular Function—Passive Response
2.5. Cardiac Antioxidant Capacity & Anion Sources
2.6. Cardiac Biomarker of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Echocardiography
4.3. Tissue Collection
4.4. Vascular Function Active Response
4.5. Vascular Function Passive Response
4.6. Biomarker of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress
4.7. Cardiac Antioxidant Enzymes
4.8. Reactive Oxygen Species Sources
4.9. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organs Weight | NN | % NN | IHH | % IHH |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight (g) | 445 ± 15 | - | 422 ± 13 | - |
Heart (g) | 1.582 ± 0.071 | 0.355 ± 0.016 | 1.521 ± 0.049 | 0.359 ± 0.011 |
Lung (g) | 2.631 ± 0.215 | 0.590 ± 0.048 | 2.021 ± 0.294 | 0.477 ± 0.069 |
Spleen (g) | 1.115 ± 0.062 | 0.250 ± 0.013 | 1.347 ± 0.082 * | 0.318 ± 0.019 |
Liver (g) | 12.483 ± 0.886 | 2.803 ± 0.199 | 10.968 ± 0.883 | 2.593 ± 0.209 |
Left kidney (g) | 1.317 ± 0.051 | 0.295 ± 0.011 | 1.402 ± 0.152 | 0.314 ± 0.036 |
Right kidney (g) | 1.369 ± 0.047 | 0.307 ± 0.010 | 1.329 ± 0.074 | 0.331 ± 0.017 |
Cardiac Parameters | NN1 | IHH1 | NN4 | IHH4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
LVDD (mm) | 7.139 ± 0.426 | 6.498 ± 0.374 * | 7.525 ± 0.166 | 5.957 ± 0.398 * |
LVSD (mm) | 4.131 ± 0.334 | 2.965 ± 0.305 * | 3.987 ± 0.110 | 2.642 ± 0.396 * |
IVSD (mm) | 1.571 ± 0.106 | 1.600 ± 0.108 | 1.762 ± 0.147 | 2.000 ± 0.121 |
LVWD (mm) | 2.501 ± 0.291 | 3.151 ± 0.245 | 2.887 ± 0.161 | 3.014 ± 0.192 |
LADD (mm) | 3.922 ± 0.135 | 3.527 ± 0.310 | 4.482 ± 0.110 | 3.857 ± 0.03 |
ADD (mm) | 3.382 ± 0.247 | 3.015 ± 0.154 | 2.907 ± 0.165 | 2.437 ± 0.247 |
Vmax (cm/s) | 83.41 ± 4.21 | 128.40 ± 4.71 * | 69.58 ± 2.66 | 139.05 ± 4.67 * |
Vmed (cm/s) | 47.05 ± 3.46 | 72.84 ± 4.84 * | 50.97 ± 2.14 | 77.07 ± 4.54 * |
GPmax (mmHg) | 2.832 ± 0.273 | 6.615 ± 0.511 * | 1.966 ± 0.144 | 6.941 ± 1.059 * |
GPmed (mmHg) | 0.918 ± 0.131 | 2.227 ± 0.303 * | 1.467 ± 0.236 | 2.437 ± 0.247 * |
E-Wave (cm/s) | 80.72 ± 7.76 | 56.93 ± 5.42 | 83.47 ± 6.62 | 86.47 ± 3.77 |
HR (bpm) | 242 ± 19 | 243 ± 8 | 220 ± 11 | 261 ± 15 * |
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Aguilar, M.; González-Candia, A.; Rodríguez, J.; Carrasco-Pozo, C.; Cañas, D.; García-Herrera, C.; Herrera, E.A.; Castillo, R.L. Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Protection Associated with Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure in a Rat Model: Role of Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020366
Aguilar M, González-Candia A, Rodríguez J, Carrasco-Pozo C, Cañas D, García-Herrera C, Herrera EA, Castillo RL. Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Protection Associated with Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure in a Rat Model: Role of Oxidative Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2):366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020366
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguilar, Miguel, Alejandro González-Candia, Jorge Rodríguez, Catalina Carrasco-Pozo, Daniel Cañas, Claudio García-Herrera, Emilio A. Herrera, and Rodrigo L. Castillo. 2018. "Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Protection Associated with Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure in a Rat Model: Role of Oxidative Stress" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 2: 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020366