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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has been cultivated from ancient times for its economic, ornamental and medicinal properties globally. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers from a repeat-enriched genomic library of Punica granatum L. The genetic diversity of these loci was assessed in 60 genotypes of Punica granatum L. All loci were variable: the number of polymorphic alleles per locus ranged from two to five (average 2.9). The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.15 to 0.87 and 0.29 to 0.65, respectively. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.26 to 0.61 (average: 0.43). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that polymorphic microsatellite markers have been reported for P. granatum L. These new markers should allow studies of the population structure and genetic diversity of pomegranate to be performed in the future.
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) probably originated in Iran [1], and from there diversified to other regions such as the Mediterranean. Large areas of Iran within the boundaries of the two deserts that occupy the central Iranian plateau (Dasht-e-kavir and Kavir-e-Loot) have arid or semiarid conditions that make them suitable for pomegranate production. In fact, the pomegranate has been cultivated from ancient times for its economic, ornamental and medicinal properties in all of the provinces that border the central desert. In these provinces, the area under cultivation, rate of expansion, diversity of varietals, yield per tree, and quality of the product is all considerable. All of these factors support the fact that the pomegranate is endemic to Iran [2].
To understand the structure of the population, to prevent duplication, and assess the variation of this valuable species accurately, it is necessary to characterize each accession not only in terms of its morphological variation, but also by a genome-wide survey of genetic diversity. Although a wide range of morphological and physiological characteristics show variability in the pomegranate, only a few studies based on molecular markers have been performed to investigate the population dynamics of this economically important species [3–7]. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the first polymorphic microsatellite markers for pomegranate.
Results and Discussion
Out of 80 clones sequenced, it was possible to design unique primers for 58 (72%). For the remaining clones, in some cases, the sequence quality was poor and in others, the SSRs were too close to the start or end of the insert. The polymorphism of the SSR markers was examined in 60 samples of P. granatum L. Twelve of the 58 markers were scorable and polymorphic. For these 12 markers, 35 alleles were identified (Table 1); the number of alleles ranged from two to five, with an average of 2.9 alleles per locus. The observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities ranged from 0.15 to 0.87 and 0.29 to 0.65, respectively. The PIC values ranged from 0.26 to 0.61, with an average of 0.43. Out of 12 polymorphic loci, 10 were departed significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P < 0.05).
In this study, 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers for pomegranate were developed from an enriched partial genomic library that was constructed using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. The efficiency of this method in this species was approximately 73%, which conformed to the expected percentage of efficiency reported [8]. In our sample, some markers deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This result could be due to loss of genetic diversity in small random mating populations, small numbers of microsatellite markers, possible group structures and a mating system with a high level of inbreeding. A larger number of markers would still be required in future to enable wider genome coverage.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that polymorphic microsatellite markers have been reported for P. granatum L. Iran hosts a great genetic diversity of Punica granatum and more than 760 Iranian genotypes are collected at Iranian national pomegranate in Yazd, Iran. However, the study of genetic diversity, genetic background and mating behavior in Iranian pomegranate has been limited because of the lack of sufficient polymorphic microsatellite markers.
Experimental SectionIsolation of SSR Markers
Genomic DNA was extracted from a pomegranate cultivar “Malas Yazd” using DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). A genomic library enriched for di- and trinucleotides was constructed using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol [8,9] with some modifications. A total of 250 ng genomic DNA was digested with MseI (Fermentase) to give DNA fragments between 200 and 1000 bp in length. The fragments were ligated to adapters and then amplified in two stages by PCR using MseI primers to give numerous copies of each fragment. The genomic DNA fragments that contained SSRs were captured by hybridization to biotinylated probes that consisted of di- and trinucleotide repeats [(GC)17, (AC)17, (CT)17, (AT)17, (GT)17, (ATT)10, and (CTT)10], followed by binding to streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads (BioMag®; Qiagen, Germany). Three non-stringent and three stringent washes were carried out with separation in a magnetic field. The recovered DNA fragments were amplified for 30 cycles using the MseI primers. The PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Germany), and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5a. Recombinant clones were identified by blue/white screening and restriction analysis (EcoRI; Fermentase, Germany). Eighty clones with inserts were purified using a plasmid extraction kit (Core-Bio, Canada) and sequenced (Macrogen Sequencing Service, Korea). Fifty eight of the clones contained microsatellite repeats and it was possible to design primers for them.
PCR amplification was performed on an ABI thermal cycler in a total volume of 15 μL, which included 20 ng DNA, 1× PCR buffer, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.06 pmol each primer, and 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentase, Germany). The following reaction conditions were used: 5 min at 95 °C, followed by 10 touchdown cycles of 30 s at 95 °C, 45 s at 60 °C (1 °C lower per cycle) and 40 s at 72 °C, and 25 cycles of 30 s at 95 °C, 30 s at 50 °C and 40 s at 72 °C, with a final extension step of 7 min at 72 °C. Amplified products were separated on 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gels and visualized by silver staining. A 50-bp DNA ladder (Fermentase, Germany) was used to identify the alleles.
Data Analysis
The variability of these markers was analysed in 60 Punica granatum L. genotypes that were sampled from Iranian national pomegranate collection, Yazd, Iran (Table 2). POPGENE 32 [10] was used to calculate the observed and expected heterozygosities and to evaluate deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci. All results were adjusted for multiple simultaneous comparisons using a sequential Bonferroni correction [11]. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was estimated using CERVUS v.2.0 [12].
Conclusions
Pomegranate germplasm collections will be benefited by utilizing the isolated microsatellite markers. These markers can complement morphological and pomological traits analyses for accurate population genetics studies and assessing genetic variations. They are also expected to be useful for efficient genetic studies, e.g., linkage analysis, construction of molecular linkage maps and marker-assisted breeding on Punica granatum L. These polymorphic microsatellite markers would be useful tools for future collection strategies and management of pomegranate genetic resources.
This study was funded by Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII).
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Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).
Locus
Primer sequences (5′→3′)
Repeat motif
Expected product Length/observed range (bp)
No. of alleles
HO
HE
PIC
Accession Number
ABRII-MP04
F:5-CAGGTGATTGACTACTTGG-3
(GT)7
201/195–215
2
0.82**
0.48
0.36
R:5-CAGATCTACAATAACATCAC-3
GU950619
ABRII-MP07
F:5-GATTAACAGCAAAGCCTAGAGG-3
(AT)9(GT)7
181/180–190
2
0.39
0.32
0.39
R:5-AGTAGCTGCAACAAGATAAGG-3
GU950620
ABRII-MP12
F:5-TTGAGTCCCGATCATATCTC-3
(CA)11
270/240–270
3
0.60**
0.42
0.34
R:5-TCAATCTGTCAGGAACAACA-3
GU950621
ABRII-MP26
F:5-TTTCTCGAAGAATTGGGTAA-3
(AG)25
166/145–160
5
0.37**
0.62
0.60
R:5-CTGAGTAAGCTGAGGCTGAT-3
GU950622
ABRII-MP28
F:5-ATCCTCTGTCTTTGTGTTCG-3
(GAGG)3(GA)19
349/350–390
3
0.15**
0.65
0.58
R:5-TGAGTAATTCCGGTCAGAAG-3
GU950623
ABRII-MP30
F:5-CCCAGTTTGTAGCAAGGTA-3
(TGAGC)3
175/160–190
3
0.85**
0.60
0.52
R:5-AAGCTGACATTCTTTGAAGC-3
GU950624
ABRII-MP33
F:5- TCTGTTTATTGCTGAAAGGG-3
(AG)12
105/80–120
2
0.65**
0.43
0.34
R:5-TCTTCTTCTTCTCCACCGTA-3
GU950625
ABRII-MP34
F:5-GGAAGAAGCAGAGCAATAGA-3
(GAA)3
210/180–220
3
0.75**
0.48
0.36
R:5-GTCCTGAGTAACCTGAGCTG
GU950626
ABRII-MP39
F:5-AGTCTCTGAAGTTTGTCGGA-3
(GA)8(TTTTCT)2
252/250–305
2
0.30
0.29
0.26
R:5-CCTGAGTAAAGCATCTCACTG-3
GU950627
ABRII-MP42
F:5-GAGCAGAGCAATTCAATCTC-3
(GA)9
194/200–220
4
0.87**
0.61
0.54
R:5-AACAATTTCCCATGTTTGAC-3
GU950628
ABRII-MP46
F:5-AGTTGATCTGATGGACAAGG-3
(GTT)4
270/250–300
2
0.51**
0.38
0.31
R:5-CAGTACGGTGCTCAATACAA-3
GU950629
HO, observed heterozygosity;
HE, expected heterozygosity;
indicated deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.01); PIC, polymorphic information content.
Iranian pomegranate genotypes included in the study.