15 pages, 3022 KiB  
Article
Second-Order Scattering Quenching in Fluorescence Spectra of Natural Humates as a Tracer of Formation Stable Supramolecular System for the Delivery of Poorly Soluble Antiviral Drugs on the Example of Mangiferin and Favipiravir
by Mariya A. Morozova *, Vladimir N. Tumasov, Ilaha V. Kazimova, Tatiana V. Maksimova, Elena V. Uspenskaya and Anton V. Syroeshkin
Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040767 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2843
Abstract
In the present work, the methods of dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to study the optical properties of aqueous dilutions of the humic substances complex (HC) as a potential drug delivery system. The supramolecular structures in the humate solution were [...] Read more.
In the present work, the methods of dynamic light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to study the optical properties of aqueous dilutions of the humic substances complex (HC) as a potential drug delivery system. The supramolecular structures in the humate solution were characterized as monodisperse systems of the submicron range with a tendency to decrease in particle size with a decrease in the dry matter concentration. The slightly alkaline medium (8.3) of the studied aqueous dilutions of HC causes the absence of a pronounced fluorescence maximum in the region from 400 to 500 nm. However, the presence of an analytically significant, inversely proportional to the concentration second-order scattering (SOS) signal at 2λex = λem was shown. In the examples of the antiviral substances mangiferin and favipiravir, it was shown that the use of the humic complex as a drug carrier makes it possible to increase the solubility by several times and simultaneously obtain a system with a smaller particle size of the dispersed phase. It has been shown that HC can interact with mangiferin and favipiravir to form stable structures, which lead to a significant decrease in SOS intensities on HC SOS spectra. The scattering wavelengths, λexem, were registered at 350 nm/750 nm for mangiferin and 365 nm/730 nm for favipiravir, respectively. The increments of the scattering intensities (I0/I) turned out to be proportional to the concentration of antiviral components in a certain range of concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Properties of Supramolecular Complexes and Drug Nanoparticles)
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15 pages, 3205 KiB  
Article
Fabricating High-Resolution and High-Dimensional Microneedle Mold through the Resolution Improvement of Stereolithography 3D Printing
by Sangmin Choo, SungGiu Jin * and JaeHwan Jung *
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040766 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 6399
Abstract
Microneedles are transdermal drug delivery tools that can be fabricated simply, economically, and rapidly using SLA 3D printing. However, SLA 3D printing has a limitation in that the resolution is slightly lowered when the microneedle is precisely printed. To solve this issue, we [...] Read more.
Microneedles are transdermal drug delivery tools that can be fabricated simply, economically, and rapidly using SLA 3D printing. However, SLA 3D printing has a limitation in that the resolution is slightly lowered when the microneedle is precisely printed. To solve this issue, we optimized the SLA 3D printing conditions such as printing angle, needle height, aspect ratio, and spacing between the microneedles for high-resolution microneedle fabrication. The sharpest microneedle tip was obtained when the printing angle was adjusted to 60° in both the x and y axes. The aspect ratio and the spacing between the microneedles did not affect the output of the sharp tip. Under optimal conditions, the microneedles with 1180 ± 20 µm height, 490 ± 20 µm base, and 30.2 ± 3.4 µm tip diameter were obtained. The dissolving microneedle patch, prepared using the 3D printed microneedle as a mold, penetrated the porcine skin ex vivo. When the printing angle was 60° in the x and y axes, the area of the single stacking layer, including the microneedle tip, increased, and thus the sharp tip could be printed. A high-dimensional, side-notched arrowhead (SNA) microneedle was fabricated by applying the SLA 3D printing condition. Moreover, a letter-type microneedle patch was fabricated using the customized characteristics of 3D printing. Consequently, high-resolution and high-dimensional microneedles were successfully fabricated by adjusting the printing angle using a general SLA 3D printer, and this technology will be applied to the manufacture of drug delivery tools and various microstructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing Approaches to Produce Drug Delivery Systems)
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21 pages, 8570 KiB  
Article
Hot Melt Extrusion-Triggered Amorphization as a Continuous Process for Inducing Extended Supersaturable Drug Immediate-Release from saSMSDs Systems
by Huan Yu 1, Yanfei Zhang 1, Yinghui Ma 1, Huifeng Zhang 1, Chengyi Hao 1, Yong Zhang 2, Zhengqiang Li 2, Xianrong Qi 3 and Nianqiu Shi 1,*
1 School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
2 College of Life Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040765 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2391
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME), a continuous manufacturing process for generating supersaturating amorphous self-micellizing solid dispersion systems (saSMSDs), holds promise for achieving amorphization of many pharmaceutical formulations. For saSMSDs generation, HME-triggered continuous processes offer advantages over traditional non-continuous processes such as fusion/quench cooling (FQC) [...] Read more.
Hot melt extrusion (HME), a continuous manufacturing process for generating supersaturating amorphous self-micellizing solid dispersion systems (saSMSDs), holds promise for achieving amorphization of many pharmaceutical formulations. For saSMSDs generation, HME-triggered continuous processes offer advantages over traditional non-continuous processes such as fusion/quench cooling (FQC) and co-precipitation (CP). Here we employed HME, FQC, and CP to generate saSMSDs containing the water-insoluble BCS II drug nitrendipine (NIT) and self-micellizing polymer Soluplus®. Scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that saSMSDs formed when NIT–Soluplus® mixtures were subjected to the abovementioned amorphization methods. All saSMSDs outperformed crystalline NIT preparations and physical mixtures in achieving extended supersaturable immediate release states with superior solubility, “spring-parachute” process characteristics, and dissolution behaviors. Notably, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic results obtained for saSMSDs detected hydrogen bonding interactions between the drug and the carrier. Ultimately, our results revealed the advantages of HME-triggered amorphization as a continuous process for significantly improving drug dissolution, increasing solubility, and maintaining supersaturation as compared to traditional amorphization-based techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)
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17 pages, 2464 KiB  
Article
NMS-873 Leads to Dysfunctional Glycometabolism in A p97-Independent Manner in HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells
by Shan Li 1,*,†, Feng Wang 1,†, Gang Zhang 1 and Tsui-Fen Chou 1,2,*
1 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
2 Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040764 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3170
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–competitive p97 inhibitor CB-5339, the successor of CB-5083, is being evaluated in Phase 1 clinical trials for anti-cancer therapy. Different modes-of-action p97 inhibitors such as allosteric inhibitors are useful to overcome drug-induced resistance, one of the major problems of targeted therapy. [...] Read more.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–competitive p97 inhibitor CB-5339, the successor of CB-5083, is being evaluated in Phase 1 clinical trials for anti-cancer therapy. Different modes-of-action p97 inhibitors such as allosteric inhibitors are useful to overcome drug-induced resistance, one of the major problems of targeted therapy. We previously demonstrated that allosteric p97 inhibitor NMS-873 can overcome CB-5083-induced resistance in HCT116. Here we employed chemical proteomics and drug-induced thermal proteome changes to identify drug targets, in combination with drug-resistant cell lines to dissect on- and off-target effects. We found that NMS-873 but not CB-5083 affected glycometabolism. By establishing NMS-873-resistant HCT116 cell lines and performing both cell-based and proteomic analysis, we confirmed that NMS-873 dysregulates glycometabolism in a p97-independent manner. We then used proteome integral solubility alteration with a temperature-based method (PISA T) to identify NDUFAF5 as one of the potential targets of NMS-873 in the mitochondrial complex I. We also demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of NMS-873. The polypharmacology of NMS-873 can be advantageous for anti-cancer therapy for colon cancer. Full article
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14 pages, 1021 KiB  
Article
AgNPs Targeting the Drug Resistance Problem of Staphylococcus aureus: Susceptibility to Antibiotics and Efflux Effect
by Ekaterina Nefedova 1, Nikolay Shkil 1, Roberto Luna Vazquez-Gomez 2,*,†, Diana Garibo 3,4, Alexey Pestryakov 5 and Nina Bogdanchikova 3,*,†
1 Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630501, Russia
2 Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, B.C., Mexico
3 Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22800, B.C., Mexico
4 Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
5 Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040763 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3048
Abstract
The present work presents translational research with application of AgNPs targeting the global drug resistance problem. In vivo fieldwork was carried out with 400 breeding farm cows sick with a serous mastitis. Ex vivo results revealed that after cow treatment with LactobayTM [...] Read more.
The present work presents translational research with application of AgNPs targeting the global drug resistance problem. In vivo fieldwork was carried out with 400 breeding farm cows sick with a serous mastitis. Ex vivo results revealed that after cow treatment with LactobayTM (a mixture of antibiotic drugs) the susceptibility to 31 antibiotics of S. aureus isolates from cow breast secretion decreased by 25%, while after treatment with Argovit–CTM silver nanoparticles S. aureus susceptibility increased by 11%. The portion of isolates with an efflux effect leading to elimination of antibiotics from S. aureus after Lactobay-treatment resulted in a 15% increase, while Argovit-C-treatment led to a 17.5% decrease. The obtained results showed that mastitis treatments with Argovit-CTM AgNPs can partially restore the activity of antibiotics towards S. aureus and shorten the duration of mastitis treatment by 33%. Full article
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13 pages, 919 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Quantification and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Doxapram and 2-Ketodoxapram in Porcine Plasma and Brain Tissue
by Manuel Kraft 1,2,3, Kathrin I. Foerster 4, Felix Wiedmann 1,2,3, Max Sauter 4, Amelie Paasche 1,2,3, Pablo L. Blochberger 1, Baran Yesilgöz 1, Yannick L’hoste 1, Norbert Frey 1,2,3, Walter E. Haefeli 4, Jürgen Burhenne 4,† and Constanze Schmidt 1,2,3,*,†
1 Department of Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
2 DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
3 HCR, Heidelberg Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
4 Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040762 - 31 Mar 2022
Viewed by 2547
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia associated with an increased stroke risk and mortality rate. Current treatment options leave unmet needs in AF therapy. Recently, doxapram has been introduced as a possible new option for AF treatment in a porcine animal model. To [...] Read more.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia associated with an increased stroke risk and mortality rate. Current treatment options leave unmet needs in AF therapy. Recently, doxapram has been introduced as a possible new option for AF treatment in a porcine animal model. To better understand its pharmacokinetics, three German Landrace pigs were treated with intravenous doxapram (1 mg/kg). Plasma and brain tissue samples were collected. For the analysis of these samples, an ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the simultaneous measurement of doxapram and its active metabolite 2-ketodoxapram was developed and validated. The assay had a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 pg/mL for plasma and 1 pg/sample for brain tissue. In pigs, doxapram pharmacokinetics were biphasic with a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 1.38 ± 0.22 h and a maximal plasma concentration (cmax) of 1780 ± 275 ng/mL. Its active metabolite 2-ketodoxapram had a t1/2 of 2.42 ± 0.04 h and cmax of 32.3 ± 5.5 h after administration of doxapram. Protein binding was 95.5 ± 0.9% for doxapram and 98.4 ± 0.3% for 2-ketodoxapram with a brain-to-plasma ratio of 0.58 ± 0.24 for doxapram and 0.12 ± 0.02 for 2-ketodoxapram. In conclusion, the developed assay was successfully applied to the creation of pharmacokinetic data for doxapram, possibly improving the safety of its usage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics)
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18 pages, 8666 KiB  
Article
Polymer-Stabilized Elemental Boron Nanoparticles for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Initial Irradiation Experiments
by Alexander Zaboronok 1,2,*, Polina Khaptakhanova 3, Sergey Uspenskii 3, Raman Bekarevich 4,5, Ludmila Mechetina 6, Olga Volkova 6, Bryan J. Mathis 7, Vladimir Kanygin 2, Eiichi Ishikawa 1, Anna Kasatova 8,9, Dmitrii Kasatov 8,9, Ivan Shchudlo 8,9, Tatiana Sycheva 8,9, Sergey Taskaev 8,9 and Akira Matsumura 1
1 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
2 Laboratory of Medical and Biological Problems of BNCT, Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogov Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
3 Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70, Profsoyuznaya Street, 117393 Moscow, Russia
4 The Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 W272 Dublin, Ireland
5 Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
6 Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, 8/2 Lavrentieva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
7 International Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan
8 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Lavrentieva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
9 Laboratory of BNCT, Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogov Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040761 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4367
Abstract
Sufficient boron-10 isotope (10B) accumulation by tumor cells is one of the main requirements for successful boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The inability of the clinically registered 10B-containing borophenylalanine (BPA) to maintain a high boron tumor concentration during neutron irradiation [...] Read more.
Sufficient boron-10 isotope (10B) accumulation by tumor cells is one of the main requirements for successful boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The inability of the clinically registered 10B-containing borophenylalanine (BPA) to maintain a high boron tumor concentration during neutron irradiation after a single injection has been partially solved by its continuous infusion; however, its lack of persistence has driven the development of new compounds that overcome the imperfections of BPA. We propose using elemental boron nanoparticles (eBNPs) synthesized by cascade ultrasonic dispersion and destruction of elemental boron microparticles and stabilized with hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) as a core component of a novel boron drug for BNCT. These HEC particles are stable in aqueous media and show no apparent influence on U251, U87, and T98G human glioma cell proliferation without neutron beam irradiation. In BNCT experiments, cells incubated with eBNPs or BPA at an equivalent concentration of 40 µg 10B/mL for 24 h or control cells without boron were irradiated at an accelerator-based neutron source with a total fluence of thermal and epithermal neutrons of 2.685, 5.370, or 8.055 × 1012/cm2. The eBNPs significantly reduced colony-forming capacity in all studied cells during BNCT compared to BPA, verified by cell-survival curves fit to the linear-quadratic model and calculated radiobiological parameters, though the effect of both compounds differed depending on the cell line. The results of our study warrant further tumor targeting-oriented modifications of synthesized nanoparticles and subsequent in vivo BNCT experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Novel Tumor-Targeting Nanoparticles)
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28 pages, 38259 KiB  
Review
Dendrimers as Antiamyloid Agents
by Svetlana A. Sorokina and Zinaida B. Shifrina *
A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040760 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2884
Abstract
Dendrimer–protein conjugates have significant prospects for biological applications. The complexation changes the biophysical behavior of both proteins and dendrimers. The dendrimers could influence the secondary structure of proteins, zeta-potential, distribution of charged regions on the surface, the protein–protein interactions, etc. These changes offer [...] Read more.
Dendrimer–protein conjugates have significant prospects for biological applications. The complexation changes the biophysical behavior of both proteins and dendrimers. The dendrimers could influence the secondary structure of proteins, zeta-potential, distribution of charged regions on the surface, the protein–protein interactions, etc. These changes offer significant possibilities for the application of these features in nanotheranostics and biomedicine. Based on the dendrimer–protein interactions, several therapeutic applications of dendrimers have emerged. Thus, the formation of stable complexes retains the disordered proteins on the aggregation, which is especially important in neurodegenerative diseases. To clarify the origin of these properties and assess the efficiency of action, the mechanism of protein–dendrimer interaction and the nature and driving force of binding are considered in this review. The review outlines the antiamyloid activity of dendrimers and discusses the effect of dendrimer structures and external factors on their antiamyloid properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dendrimer Nanomedicine)
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10 pages, 2098 KiB  
Communication
Radiolabeling Method for Lyophilizate for Dry Powder Inhalation Formulations
by Kahori Miyamoto, Tomomi Akita and Chikamasa Yamashita *
1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040759 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2080
Abstract
Human lung deposition data is non-mandatory for drug approval but very useful for the development of orally inhaled drug products. Lung deposition of inhaled drugs can be quantified by radionuclide imaging, for which one of the first considerations is the method used to [...] Read more.
Human lung deposition data is non-mandatory for drug approval but very useful for the development of orally inhaled drug products. Lung deposition of inhaled drugs can be quantified by radionuclide imaging, for which one of the first considerations is the method used to radiolabel formulations. In this study, we report the development of a radiolabeling method for lyophilizate for dry powder inhalation (LDPI) formulations. TechneCoatTM is one method that can radiolabel drug particles without using solvents. In this method, particles are radiolabeled with a dispersion of 99mTc-labeled nanoparticles called TechnegasTM. Because a LDPI formulation is not comprised of particles but is a lyophilized cake aerosolized by air impact, the TechneCoat method cannot be used for the radiolabeling of LDPI formulations. We therefore modified the TechneCoat apparatus so that LDPI formulations were not aerosolized by the Technegas flow. Radiolabeling using a modified TechneCoat apparatus was validated with model LDPI formulations of interferon alpha (IFN). IFN of 99mTc-unlabeled, IFN of 99mTc-labeled, and 99mTc of 99mTc-labeled LDPI formulations showed similar behavior, and differences from IFN of 99mTc-unlabeled LDPI formulations were within ±15% in aerodynamic particle size distribution measurement. Our radiolabeling method for LDPI formulations may be useful for the quantification of drug deposition in human lungs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Formulation and Process Optimization)
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20 pages, 4526 KiB  
Review
Designer Functional Nanomedicine for Myocardial Repair by Regulating the Inflammatory Microenvironment
by Chunping Liu 1,2,3,†, Zhijin Fan 4,†, Dongyue He 1, Huiqi Chen 1, Shihui Zhang 1, Sien Guo 1, Bojun Zheng 1, Huan Cen 1, Yunxuan Zhao 1, Hongxing Liu 5,* and Lei Wang 2,*
1 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
4 Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
5 Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040758 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4331
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is a major global health problem, and the repair of damaged myocardium is still a major challenge. Myocardial injury triggers an inflammatory response: immune cells infiltrate into the myocardium while activating myofibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells, promoting tissue repair and [...] Read more.
Acute myocardial infarction is a major global health problem, and the repair of damaged myocardium is still a major challenge. Myocardial injury triggers an inflammatory response: immune cells infiltrate into the myocardium while activating myofibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells, promoting tissue repair and scar formation. Fragments released by cardiomyocytes become endogenous “danger signals”, which are recognized by cardiac pattern recognition receptors, activate resident cardiac immune cells, release thrombin factors and inflammatory mediators, and trigger severe inflammatory responses. Inflammatory signaling plays an important role in the dilation and fibrosis remodeling of the infarcted heart, and is a key event driving the pathogenesis of post-infarct heart failure. At present, there is no effective way to reverse the inflammatory microenvironment in injured myocardium, so it is urgent to find new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Nanomedicine, the application of nanoparticles for the prevention, treatment, and imaging of disease, has produced a number of promising applications. This review discusses the treatment and challenges of myocardial injury and describes the advantages of functional nanoparticles in regulating the myocardial inflammatory microenvironment and overcoming side effects. In addition, the role of inflammatory signals in regulating the repair and remodeling of infarcted hearts is discussed, and specific therapeutic targets are identified to provide new therapeutic ideas for the treatment of myocardial injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Drug Delivery for Inflammation Treatment)
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23 pages, 6071 KiB  
Article
Peptides vs. Polymers: Searching for the Most Efficient Delivery System for Mitochondrial Gene Therapy
by Rúben Faria 1, Milan Paul 2, Swati Biswas 2, Eric Vivès 3, Prisca Boisguérin 3, Ângela Sousa 1 and Diana Costa 1,*
1 CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
2 Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
3 PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040757 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3159
Abstract
Together with the nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own genome. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are responsible for a variety of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Current therapeutic approaches are not effective. In this sense, mitochondrial gene therapy emerges as a valuable and [...] Read more.
Together with the nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own genome. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are responsible for a variety of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Current therapeutic approaches are not effective. In this sense, mitochondrial gene therapy emerges as a valuable and promising therapeutic tool. To accomplish this goal, the design/development of a mitochondrial-specific gene delivery system is imperative. In this work, we explored the ability of novel polymer- and peptide-based systems for mitochondrial targeting, gene delivery, and protein expression, performing a comparison between them to reveal the most adequate system for mitochondrial gene therapy. Therefore, we synthesized a novel mitochondria-targeting polymer (polyethylenimine–dequalinium) to load and complex a mitochondrial-gene-based plasmid. The polymeric complexes exhibited physicochemical properties and cytotoxic profiles dependent on the nitrogen-to-phosphate-group ratio (N/P). A fluorescence confocal microscopy study revealed the mitochondrial targeting specificity of polymeric complexes. Moreover, transfection mediated by polymer and peptide delivery systems led to gene expression in mitochondria. Additionally, the mitochondrial protein was produced. A comparative study between polymeric and peptide/plasmid DNA complexes showed the great capacity of peptides to complex pDNA at lower N/P ratios, forming smaller particles bearing a positive charge, with repercussions on their capacity for cellular transfection, mitochondria targeting and, ultimately, gene delivery and protein expression. This report is a significant contribution to the implementation of mitochondrial gene therapy, instigating further research on the development of peptide-based delivery systems towards clinical translation. Full article
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14 pages, 2861 KiB  
Article
Intranasal Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Cognitive Function in Rats with Alzheimer’s via Anti-Oxidative Pathway
by Syed Mohammad Danish 1, Anshul Gupta 2,*, Urooj Ahmad Khan 3, Nazeer Hasan 1, Farhan Jalees Ahmad 1, Musarrat Husain Warsi 4,*, Ahmed M. Abdelhaleem Ali 4, Ameeduzzafar Zafar 5 and Gaurav Kumar Jain 2,6,*
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, KR Mangalam University, Gurgaon 122103, India
4 Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
6 Center for Advanced Formulation Technology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040756 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs), owing to their antioxidant property, have recently emerged as therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, intravenous CNPs are limited due to their poor physicochemical properties, rapid blood clearance and poor blood–brain penetration. Thus, we developed intranasal CNPs and [...] Read more.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs), owing to their antioxidant property, have recently emerged as therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, intravenous CNPs are limited due to their poor physicochemical properties, rapid blood clearance and poor blood–brain penetration. Thus, we developed intranasal CNPs and evaluated its potential in experimental AD. CNPs were synthesized using homogenous precipitation method and optimized through Box–Behnken Design. The formation of CNPs was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and FTIR. The optimized CNP were spherical, small (134.0 ± 3.35 nm), uniform (PDI, 0.158 ± 0.0019) and stable (ZP, −21.8 ± 4.94 mV). The presence of Ce in CNPs was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Further, the X-ray diffraction spectra revealed that the CNPs were nano-crystalline. The DPPH assay showed that at concentration of 50 µg/mL, the percentage radical scavenging was 95.40 ± 0.006%. Results of the in vivo behavioral studies in the scopolamine-induced Alzheimer rat model showed that intranasal CNPs dose dependently reversed cognitive ability. At dose of 6 mg/kg the morris water maze results (escape latency, path length and dwell time) and passive avoidance results (retention latency) were significantly different from untreated group but not significantly different from positive control group (rivastigmine patch, 13.3 mg/24 h). Further, biochemical estimation showed that intranasal CNP upregulated the levels of SOD and GSH in brain. In conclusion, intranasal CNPs, through its antioxidant effect, could be a prospective therapeutics for the treatment of cognitive impairment in AD. Full article
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11 pages, 1906 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Vanillin Protects the Stomach against Ulcer Formation
by Murilo Piologo Ciciliato, Matheus Chiaradia de Souza, Carolina Mendes Tarran, Ana Laura Tironi de Castilho, Ana Júlia Vieira and Ariane Leite Rozza *
Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dr Antonio Celso W Zanin Street 250, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040755 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3611
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders, and there is an increasing search for natural products that can heal ulcers and avoid their recurrence. We aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of vanillin, including the investigation of anti-inflammatory activity and [...] Read more.
Gastric ulcer is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders, and there is an increasing search for natural products that can heal ulcers and avoid their recurrence. We aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of vanillin, including the investigation of anti-inflammatory activity and the modulation of gene expression. Wistar rats were orally treated with vehicle, carbenoxolone, or vanillin (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) and orally received absolute ethanol to develop gastric ulcers. We analyzed the ulcer area, conducted histological analysis, and measured the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by ELISA. We analyzed mRNA expression for NF-κB, TNF-α, and Il-10. We measured NOx levels using the Griess reaction. Our results showed similar gastroprotection for the three doses. Vanillin increased mucus production and preserved gastric mucosa integrity. The gastroprotective effect was linked to anti-inflammatory activity as a result of decreasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ and increasing IL-10 levels. Vanillin downregulated the mRNA expression of NF-κB and TNF-α, upregulated the mRNA expression of Il-10, and increased NOx levels in the stomach. The gastroprotective activity of vanillin is related to the maintenance of gastric mucus and the local inflammatory response modulation. Full article
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15 pages, 3759 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Anthelmintic Candidates BLK127 and HBK4 for Their Efficacy on Haemonchus contortus Adults and Eggs, and Their Hepatotoxicity and Biotransformation
by Markéta Zajíčková 1, Lukáš Prchal 2, Ivan Vokřál 3, Linh Thuy Nguyen 1, Thomas Kurz 4, Robin Gasser 5, Klára Bednářová 1, Magdalena Mičundová 1, Beate Lungerich 4, Oliver Michel 4 and Lenka Skálová 1,*
1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
2 University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
4 Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
5 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040754 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2418
Abstract
As a widely distributed parasitic nematode of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus has become resistant to most anthelmintic classes, there has been a major demand for new compounds against H. contortus and related nematodes. Recent phenotypic screening has revealed two compounds, designated as BLK127 and [...] Read more.
As a widely distributed parasitic nematode of ruminants, Haemonchus contortus has become resistant to most anthelmintic classes, there has been a major demand for new compounds against H. contortus and related nematodes. Recent phenotypic screening has revealed two compounds, designated as BLK127 and HBK4, that are active against H. contortus larvae. The present study was designed to assess the activity of these compounds against H. contortus eggs and adults, hepatotoxicity in rats and sheep, as well as biotransformation in H. contortus adults and the ovine liver. Both compounds exhibited no inhibitory effect on the hatching of eggs. The benzyloxy amide BLK127 significantly decreased the viability of adults in sensitive and resistant strains of H. contortus and showed no hepatotoxic effect, even at the highest concentration tested (100 µM). In contrast, HBK4 had no impact on the viability of H. contortus adults and exhibited significant hepatotoxicity. Based on these findings, HBK4 was excluded from further studies, while BLK127 seems to be a potential candidate for a new anthelmintic. Consequently, biotransformation of BLK127 was tested in H. contortus adults and the ovine liver. In H. contortus, several metabolites formed via hydroxylation, hydrolysis and glycosidation were identified, but the extent of biotransformation was low, and the total quantity of the metabolites formed did not differ significantly between the sensitive and resistant strains. In contrast, ovine liver cells metabolized BLK127 more extensively with a glycine conjugate of 4-(pentyloxy)benzoic acid as the main BLK127 metabolite. Full article
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15 pages, 1653 KiB  
Article
Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Linezolid in Patients with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
by Laurynas Mockeliunas 1,†, Lina Keutzer 1,†, Marieke G. G. Sturkenboom 2, Mathieu S. Bolhuis 2, Lotte M. G. Hulskotte 2, Onno W. Akkerman 3,4 and Ulrika S. H. Simonsson 1,*
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
3 Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
4 Tuberculosis Center Beatrixoord, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9751 ND Groningen, The Netherlands
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040753 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3667
Abstract
Linezolid is an efficacious medication for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis but has been associated with serious safety issues that can result in treatment interruption. The objectives of this study were thus to build a population pharmacokinetic model and to use the developed [...] Read more.
Linezolid is an efficacious medication for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis but has been associated with serious safety issues that can result in treatment interruption. The objectives of this study were thus to build a population pharmacokinetic model and to use the developed model to establish a model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) algorithm enabling safe and efficacious dosing in patients with multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Routine hospital therapeutic drug monitoring data, collected from 70 tuberculosis patients receiving linezolid, was used for model development. Efficacy and safety targets for MIPD were the ratio of unbound area under the concentration versus time curve between 0 and 24 h over minimal inhibitory concentration (fAUC0–24h/MIC) above 119 and unbound plasma trough concentration (fCmin) below 1.38 mg/L, respectively. Model building was performed in NONMEM 7.4.3. The final population pharmacokinetic model consisted of a one-compartment model with transit absorption and concentration- and time-dependent auto-inhibition of elimination. A flat dose of 600 mg once daily was appropriate in 67.2% of the simulated patients from an efficacy and safety perspective. Using the here developed MIPD algorithm, the proportion of patients reaching the efficacy and safety target increased to 81.5% and 88.2% using information from two and three pharmacokinetic sampling occasions, respectively. This work proposes an MIPD approach for linezolid and suggests using three sampling occasions to derive an individualized dose that results in adequate efficacy and fewer safety concerns compared to flat dosing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Model-Informed Precision Dosing)
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