Journal Description
Journal of Fungi
Journal of Fungi
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of mycology published monthly online by MDPI. The Medical Mycological Society of the Americas (MMSA) and the Spanish Phytopathological Society (SEF) are affiliated with the Journal of Fungi, and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Mycology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.2 (2022)
Latest Articles
Identification of Growth-Promoting Bacterial Resources by Investigating the Microbial Community Composition of Polyporus umbellatus Sclerotia
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060386 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The sclerotium of the edible mushroom Polyporus umbellatus (Zhuling) exhibits various medicinal properties. However, given its long growth cycle and overexploitation, wild resources are facing depletion. Macrofungal growth depends on diverse microbial communities; however, the impact of soil bacteria on P. umbellatus development
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The sclerotium of the edible mushroom Polyporus umbellatus (Zhuling) exhibits various medicinal properties. However, given its long growth cycle and overexploitation, wild resources are facing depletion. Macrofungal growth depends on diverse microbial communities; however, the impact of soil bacteria on P. umbellatus development is unknown. Here, we combined high-throughput sequencing and pure culturing to characterize the diversity and potential function of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the P. umbellatus sclerotium and tested the bioactivities of their isolates. Fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were clustered and classified, revealing 1275 genera. Bacterial OTUs yielded 891 genera. Additionally, 81 bacterial and 15 fungal strains were isolated from P. umbellatus sclerotia. Antagonism assays revealed three bacterial strains (FN2, FL19, and CL15) promoting mycelial growth by producing indole-3-acetic acid, solubilizing phosphate, and producing siderophores, suggesting their role in regulating growth, development, and production of active compounds in P. umbellatus. FN2-CL15 combined with bacterial liquid promoted growth and increased the polysaccharide content of P. umbellatus mycelia. This study reports new bioactive microbial resources for fertilizers or pesticides to enhance the growth and polysaccharide accumulation of P. umbellatus mycelia and offers guidance for exploring the correlation between medicinal macrofungi and associated microbial communities.
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(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)
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Open AccessReview
Prospective Roles of Extremophilic Fungi in Climate Change Mitigation Strategies
by
Imran Ali, Hina Qaiser, Roheena Abdullah, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar, Irfana Iqbal and Xiaoming Chen
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060385 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Climate change and the resultant environmental deterioration signify one of the most challenging problems facing humankind in the 21st century. The origins of climate change are multifaceted and rooted in anthropogenic activities, resulting in increasing greenhouse gases in the environment and leading to
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Climate change and the resultant environmental deterioration signify one of the most challenging problems facing humankind in the 21st century. The origins of climate change are multifaceted and rooted in anthropogenic activities, resulting in increasing greenhouse gases in the environment and leading to global warming and weather drifts. Extremophilic fungi, characterized by their exceptional properties to survive extreme habitats, harbor great potential in mitigating climate change effects. This review provides insight into the potential applications of extremophilic fungi in climate change mitigation strategies. They are able to metabolize organic biomass and degrade carbon compounds, thereby safely sequestering carbon and extenuating its release into the environment as noxious greenhouse gases. Furthermore, they possess extremozymes, which break down recalcitrant organic species, including lignocellulosic biomass and hydrocarbons. Enzymatic machinery equips these extremophilic fungi to perform the bioremediation of polluted environments. Extremophilic fungi can also be exploited for various biological interventions, such as biofuels, bioplastics, and other bioprocessing applications. However, these fungi characterize a valued but underexplored resource in the arsenal of climate change mitigation strategies.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extremophile Fungi: An Arising Novel Field in Perspective)
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Open AccessArticle
Alien Chromatin from Hordeeae Grasses Enhances the Compatibility of Epichloë Endophyte Symbiosis with the Hexaploid Wheat Triticum aestivum
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Wayne R. Simpson, Hisashi Tsujimoto, David E. Hume and Richard D. Johnson
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060384 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The inoculation of Epichloë endophytes into modern cereals, resulting in systemic infection, depends on the genetics of both the host and the endophyte strain deployed. Until very recently, the only modern cereal to have been infected with Epichloë, in which normal phenotype
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The inoculation of Epichloë endophytes into modern cereals, resulting in systemic infection, depends on the genetics of both the host and the endophyte strain deployed. Until very recently, the only modern cereal to have been infected with Epichloë, in which normal phenotype seed-transmitted associations were achieved, is rye (Secale cereale). Whilst minor in-roads have been achieved in infecting hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), the phenotypes of these associations have all been extremely poor, including host death and stunting. To identify host genetic factors that may impact the compatibility of Epichloë infection in wheat, wheat–alien chromosome addition/substitution lines were inoculated with Epichloë, and the phenotypes of infected plants were assessed. Symbioses were identified whereby infected wheat plants were phenotypically like uninfected controls. These plants completed their full lifecycle, including the vertical transmission of Epichloë into the next generation of grain, and represent the first ever compatible wheat–Epichloë associations to be created.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Endophytes in Agriculture)
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Phylogenetic and Morphological Evidence for Three New Species of Diaporthales (Ascomycota) from Fujian Province, China
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Taichang Mu, Yongsheng Lin, Nemat O. Keyhani, Huili Pu, Ziying Lv, Chenhui Lan, Jinming Xiong, Xiaohao Chen, Xinyang Zhan, Zhiying Zhao, Huajun Lv, Motunrayo Yemisi Jibola-Shittu, Jianlong Wu, Peisong Jia, Shuaishuai Huang, Junzhi Qiu and Xiayu Guan
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060383 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Members of the fungal order Diaporthales are sac fungi that include plant pathogens (the notorious chestnut blight fungus), as well as saprobes and endophytes, and are capable of colonizing a wide variety of substrates in different ecosystems, habitats, and hosts worldwide. However, many
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Members of the fungal order Diaporthales are sac fungi that include plant pathogens (the notorious chestnut blight fungus), as well as saprobes and endophytes, and are capable of colonizing a wide variety of substrates in different ecosystems, habitats, and hosts worldwide. However, many Diaporthales species remain unidentified, and various inconsistencies within its taxonomic category remain to be resolved. Here, we aimed to identify and classify new species of Diaporthales by using combined morphological and molecular characterization and coupling this information to expand our current phylogenetic understanding of this order. Fungal samples were obtained from dead branches and diseasedleaves of Camellia (Theaceae) and Castanopsis (Fagaceae) in Fujian Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses derived from the combined nucleotide sequences of loci of the internal transcribed spacer regions with the intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS), the 28S large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1), the partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2), and partial RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit gene (rpb2), three new species of Diaporthales were identified and characterized. They are as follows: Chrysofolia camelliae sp. nov., Dendrostoma castanopsidis sp. nov., and Pseudoplagiostoma wuyishanense sp. nov. They are described and illustrated. This study extends our understanding of species diversity within the Diaporthales.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Various Environments, 3rd Edition)
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Open AccessEditorial
The Impact of Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis on Mucormycosis Research
by
Russell E. Lewis
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060382 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Dimitrios P [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Twenty-Five Years in Mucormycosis Research: A Themed Issue Honoring the Contributions of Professor Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis)
Open AccessArticle
Antifungal Activity of Menisporopsin A against Relevant Plant Pathogens
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Candelario Rodriguez, Masiel Barrios-Jaén, Luis C. Mejía and Marcelino Gutiérrez
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060381 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Current agrochemicals used in crop farming mainly consist of synthetic compounds with harmful effects on the environment and human health. Crop-associated fungal endophytes, which play many ecological roles including defense against pathogens, represent a promising source for bioactive and ecologically safer molecules in
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Current agrochemicals used in crop farming mainly consist of synthetic compounds with harmful effects on the environment and human health. Crop-associated fungal endophytes, which play many ecological roles including defense against pathogens, represent a promising source for bioactive and ecologically safer molecules in agrochemical discovery. The methanolic extract of the endophyte Menisporopsis sp. LCM 1078 was evaluated in vitro against the plant pathogens Boeremia exigua, Calonectria variabilis, Colletotrichum theobromicola, Colletotrichum tropicale, and Mycena cytricolor. Bioassay-guided isolation using chromatographic techniques followed by detailed chemical characterization by NMR and mass spectrometry led to the identification of menisporopsin A, which showed inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner against the five fungal pathogens including an endophytic strain (Colletotrichum tropicale), with MIC values in the range of 0.63–10.0 μg/mL showing a potency equivalent to the broadly employed agrochemical mancozeb.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Endophytes in Agriculture)
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Biological Characteristics, Domesticated Cultivation Protocol, Antioxidant Activity, and Protective Effects against Cellular Oxidative Stress of an Underutilized Medicinal Mushroom: Fomitopsis palustris
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Yi Liang, Dan Dai, Wan-Qiu Chang, Yang Wang, Zhen-Hao Zhang, Dan Li, Bo Zhang and Yu Li
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060380 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Brown-rot fungus is one of the important medicinal mushrooms, which include some species within the genus Fomitopsis. This study identified wild macrofungi collected from a broad-leaved tree in Liaoning Province as Fomitopsis palustris using both morphological and molecular methods. To elucidate the
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Brown-rot fungus is one of the important medicinal mushrooms, which include some species within the genus Fomitopsis. This study identified wild macrofungi collected from a broad-leaved tree in Liaoning Province as Fomitopsis palustris using both morphological and molecular methods. To elucidate the potential medicinal and economic value of F. palustris, we conducted single-factor and orthogonal tests to optimize its mycelium culture conditions. Subsequently, we completed liquid culture and domestic cultivation based on these findings. Furthermore, crude polysaccharides were extracted from the cultivated fruiting bodies of F. palustris and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using chemical methods and cell-based models. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions for F. palustris mycelium were glucose as the carbon source, yeast extract powder as the nitrogen source, pH 6.0, and a temperature of 35 °C. Moreover, temperature was found to have the most significant impact on mycelial growth. The liquid strains were fermented for 6 days and then inoculated into a cultivation substrate composed of broadleaf sawdust, resulting in mature fruiting bodies in approximately 60 days. The crude polysaccharides extracted from the cultivated fruiting bodies of F. palustris (FPPs) possess in vitro scavenging abilities against DPPH radicals and OH radicals, as well as a certain ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Additionally, FPPs effectively mitigated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7cells by enhancing the intracellular activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT, scavenging excess ROS, and reducing MDA levels. This study provides preliminarily evidence of the potential medicinal and economic value of F. palustris and offers initial data for the future development and utilization of this species.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Biomedicine of Fungi)
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Histone H3 N-Terminal Lysine Acetylation Governs Fungal Growth, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity through Regulating Gene Expression in Fusarium pseudograminearum
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Hang Jiang, Lifang Yuan, Liguo Ma, Kai Qi, Yueli Zhang, Bo Zhang, Guoping Ma and Junshan Qi
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060379 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The acetylation of histone lysine residues regulates multiple life processes, including growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in filamentous pathogenic fungi. However, the specific function of each lysine residue at the N-terminus of histone H3 in phytopathogenic fungi remains unclear. In this study, we mutated
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The acetylation of histone lysine residues regulates multiple life processes, including growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in filamentous pathogenic fungi. However, the specific function of each lysine residue at the N-terminus of histone H3 in phytopathogenic fungi remains unclear. In this study, we mutated the N-terminal lysine residues of histone H3 in Fusarium pseudograminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium crown rot of wheat in China, which also produces deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins harmful to humans and animals. Our findings reveal that all the FpH3K9R, FpH3K14R, FpH3K18R, and FpH3K23R mutants are vital for vegetative growth and conidiation. Additionally, FpH3K14 regulates the pathogen’s sensitivity to various stresses and fungicides. Despite the slowed growth of the FpH3K9R and FpH3K23R mutants, their pathogenicity towards wheat stems and heads remains unchanged. However, the FpH3K9R mutant produces more DON. Furthermore, the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants exhibit significantly reduced virulence, with the FpH3K18R mutant producing minimal DON. In the FpH3K9R, FpH3K14R, FpH3K18R, and FpH3K23R mutants, there are 1863, 1400, 1688, and 1806 downregulated genes, respectively, compared to the wild type. These downregulated genes include many that are crucial for growth, conidiation, pathogenicity, and DON production, as well as some essential genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicates that genes downregulated in the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants are enriched for ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, and rRNA metabolic process. This suggests that the translation machinery is abnormal in the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants. Overall, our findings suggest that H3 N-terminal lysine residues are involved in regulating the expression of genes with important functions and are critical for fungal development and pathogenicity.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphology, Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Fusarium)
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Insights into Candida Colonization in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Prospective Multicenter Study
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Teresa Nascimento, João Inácio, Daniela Guerreiro, Patrícia Patrício, Luís Proença, Cristina Toscano, Priscila Diaz and Helena Barroso
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060378 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
The skin mycobiota plays a significant role in infection risk, pathogen transmission, and personalized medicine approaches in intensive care settings. This prospective multicenter study aimed to enhance our understanding of intensive care units’ (ICUs’) Candida colonization dynamics, identify modifiable risk factors, and assess
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The skin mycobiota plays a significant role in infection risk, pathogen transmission, and personalized medicine approaches in intensive care settings. This prospective multicenter study aimed to enhance our understanding of intensive care units’ (ICUs’) Candida colonization dynamics, identify modifiable risk factors, and assess their impact on survival risk. Specimens were taken from 675, 203, and 110 patients at the admission (D1), 5th (D5), and 8th (D8) days of ICU stay, respectively. The patient’s demographic and clinical data were collected. Candida isolates were identified by conventional culture-based microbiology combined with molecular approaches. Overall, colonization was 184/675 (27.3%), 87/203 (42.8%), and 58/110 (52.7%) on D1, D5, and D8, respectively. Candida colonization dynamics were significantly associated with ICU type (odds ratio (OR) = 2.03, 95% CI 1.22–3.39, p = 0.007), respiratory infection (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.17–2.58, p = 0.006), hemodialysis (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.17–4.10, p = 0.014), COVID-19 (OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.14–0.99, p = 0.048), and with a poor 3-month outcome (p = 0.008). Skin Candida spp. colonization can be an early warning tool to generate valuable insights into the epidemiology, risk factors, and survival rates of critically ill patients, and should be considered for epidemiological surveillance.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Invasive Candidiasis)
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Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) Gut Bacteria Inhibit Growth of Aspergillus flavus and Degrade Aflatoxin B1
by
Haneen Abdullah Al-Saadi, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi, Ali Al-Wahaibi, Ali Al-Raeesi, Mohamed Al-Kindi, Sathish Babu Soundra Pandian, Majida Mohammed Ali Al-Harrasi, Issa Hashil Al-Mahmooli and Rethinasamy Velazhahan
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060377 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, bacteria residing in the gut of the rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding on aflatoxin-contaminated corn kernels were isolated and evaluated for their ability to suppress Aspergillus flavus and to remove/degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Four morphologically distinct
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In this study, bacteria residing in the gut of the rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding on aflatoxin-contaminated corn kernels were isolated and evaluated for their ability to suppress Aspergillus flavus and to remove/degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Four morphologically distinct S. oryzae gut-associated bacterial isolates were isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis (RWGB1), Bacillus oceanisediminis (RWGB2), Bacillus firmus (RWGB3), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (RWGB4) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These bacterial isolates inhibited A. flavus growth in the dual culture assay and induced morphological deformities in the fungal hyphae, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. All four bacterial isolates were capable of removing AFB1 from the nutrient broth medium. In addition, culture supernatants of these bacterial isolates degraded AFB1, and the degradation of toxin molecules was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bacterial isolates, B. subtilis RWGB1, B. oceanisediminis RWGB2, and P. aeruginosa RWGB4, were capable of producing antifungal volatile organic compounds that inhibited A. flavus growth. These results suggest that the bacterial isolates from S. oryzae gut have the potential to bind and/or degrade AFB1. Further research on their application in the food and feed industries could enhance the safety of food and feed production.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins)
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Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Boorboori, M.R.; Zhang, H.-Y. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are an Influential Factor in Improving the Phytoremediation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 176
by
Mohammad Reza Boorboori and Hai-Yang Zhang
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060376 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
In the original publication [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity, Distribution and Conservation of Plants and Fungi; Effects of Global Warming and Environmental Stress)
Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Subcellular Localization of Monascus Pigments Biosynthases: Preliminary Unraveling of the Compartmentalization Mechanism
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Fei Xiong, Jingyi Wei, Youxiang Zhou, Yanchun Shao, Jiao Liu and Fusheng Chen
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060375 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs), a class of secondary metabolites produced by Monascus spp., can be classified into yellow, orange, and red MPs according to their differences in the wavelength of the maximum absorption. However, the biosynthetic sequence and cellular biosynthesis mechanism of different MPs
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Monascus pigments (MPs), a class of secondary metabolites produced by Monascus spp., can be classified into yellow, orange, and red MPs according to their differences in the wavelength of the maximum absorption. However, the biosynthetic sequence and cellular biosynthesis mechanism of different MPs components are still not yet completely clear in Monascus spp. In this study, the subcellular localization of five MPs synthases was investigated using fluorescent protein fusion expression. The results revealed that the proteins encoded by the MPs biosynthetic gene cluster were compartmentalized in various subcellular locations, including the mitochondrial polyketide synthase MrPigA, cytosolic enzymes consisting of the ketoreductase MrPigC, the oxidoreductase MrPigE, and the monooxygenase MrPigN, and the cell-wall-bound oxidoreductase MrPigF. Moreover, the correct localization of MrPigF to the cell wall was crucial for the synthesis of orange MPs. Lastly, we discussed the compartmentalized biosynthetic pathway of MPs. This study will not only be helpful in clarifying the biosynthetic sequence and biosynthesis mechanism of different MPs but also provides new insights into the cellular biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi.
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(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)
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A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Contribution on Inosperma Section Inosperma (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) in Europe: Calamistratum and Geraniodorum Groups
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Fernando Esteve-Raventós, Ellen Larsson, Fermín Pancorbo, Enrico Bizio, Alberto Altés, Yolanda Turégano, Gabriel Moreno and Ibai Olariaga
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060374 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study is to carry out a taxonomic revision of the groups Calamistratum and Geraniodorum of the genus Inosperma sect. Inosperma in Europe. For this purpose, a multigenic phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the ITS, LSU, RPB1 and RPB2
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The aim of this study is to carry out a taxonomic revision of the groups Calamistratum and Geraniodorum of the genus Inosperma sect. Inosperma in Europe. For this purpose, a multigenic phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the ITS, LSU, RPB1 and RPB2 markers, covering a total of 111 sequences, including those generated from the existing type-material collections. This analysis led to the recognition of nine clades or terminal groups for the European continent, correlating with nine morphological species. Three of them, I. calamistratum, I. neohirsutum sp. nov. and I. turietoense sp. nov., are distributed in humid and temperate forests, whereas I. geminum sp. nov., I. geraniodorum, I. gracilentum sp. nov., I. praetermissum comb. nov., I. subhirsutum and I. veliferum seem to be restricted to the colder altimontane, boreal and alpine climates. It is concluded that the study of morphological and ecological characteristics allows the recognition of species without the need for an often-subjective interpretation of organoleptic characteristics. Inocybe hirsuta is considered a synonym of Inosperma calamistratum, Inosperma praetermissum as a different species from I. calamistratum, and Inocybe geraniodora var. gracilenta f. salicis-herbaceae as a synonym of I. praetermissum. Four new species and one new combination are proposed. A key for the recognition of the European species is provided. Illustrations and photographs of macro- and micromorphological characters and SEM spores of all species are presented.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Systematics and Evolution of Forestry Fungi, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Assessing Diagnosis of Candida Infections: A Study on Species Prevalence and Antifungal Resistance in Northern Morocco
by
Islam Ahaik, Juan Carlos Nunez-Rodríguez, Jamal Abrini, Samira Bouhdid and Toni Gabaldón
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060373 - 23 May 2024
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The incidence of Candida infections has increased in the last decade, posing a serious threat to public health. Appropriately facing this challenge requires precise epidemiological data on species and antimicrobial resistance incidence, but many countries lack appropriate surveillance programs. This study aims to
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The incidence of Candida infections has increased in the last decade, posing a serious threat to public health. Appropriately facing this challenge requires precise epidemiological data on species and antimicrobial resistance incidence, but many countries lack appropriate surveillance programs. This study aims to bridge this gap for Morocco by identifying and phenotyping a year-long collection of clinical isolates (n = 93) from four clinics in Tetouan. We compared the current standard in species identification with molecular methods and assessed susceptibility to fluconazole and anidulafungin. Our results identified limitations in currently used diagnostics approaches, and revealed that C. albicans ranks as the most prevalent species with 60 strains (64.52%), followed by C. glabrata with 14 (15.05%), C. parapsilosis with 6 (6.45%), and C. tropicalis with 4 (4.30%). In addition, we report the first identification of C. metapsilosis in Morocco. Susceptibility results for fluconazole revealed that some isolates were approaching MICs resistance breakpoints in C. albicans (2), and C. glabrata (1). Our study also identified anidulafungin resistant strains in C. albicans (1), C. tropicalis (1), and C. krusei (2), rendering the two strains from the latter species multidrug-resistant due to their innate resistance to fluconazole. These results raise concerns about species identification and antifungal resistance in Morocco and highlight the urgent need for more accurate methods and preventive strategies to combat fungal infections in the country.
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Light on the Fruiting Body Color and Differentially Expressed Genes in Flammulina velutipes
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Ji-Hoon Im, Che-Hwon Park, Ju-Hyeon Shin, Youn-Lee Oh, Minji Oh, Nam-Chon Paek and Young-Jin Park
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060372 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Light plays vital roles in fungal growth, development, reproduction, and pigmentation. In Flammulina velutipes, the color of the fruiting body exhibits distinct changes in response to light; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze
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Light plays vital roles in fungal growth, development, reproduction, and pigmentation. In Flammulina velutipes, the color of the fruiting body exhibits distinct changes in response to light; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the F. velutipes transcriptome under red, green, and blue light-emitting diode (LED) lights to identify the key genes affecting the light response and fruiting body color in this fungus. Additionally, we conducted protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the previously reported fruiting body color-related gene, Fvpal1, to identify the hub genes. Phenotypic analysis revealed that fruiting bodies exposed to green and blue lights were darker than those untreated or exposed to red light, with the color intensifying more after 48 h of exposure to blue light compared to that after 24 h of exposure. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analyses of all light treatments for 24 h revealed that the numbers of DEGs were 17, 74, and 257 under red, green, and blue lights, respectively. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis was conducted of the DEGs identified under green and blue lights, which influenced the color of F. velutipes. In total, 103 of 168 downregulated DEGs under blue and green lights were included in the enrichment analysis. Among the DEGs enriched under both green and blue light treatments, four genes were related to monooxygenases, with three genes annotated as cytochrome P450s that are crucial for various metabolic processes in fungi. PPI network analysis of Fvpal1 revealed associations with 11 genes, among which the expression of one gene, pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase, was upregulated in F. velutipes exposed to blue light. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the fruiting body color changes in response to light and offer potential molecular markers for further exploration of light-mediated regulatory pathways.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biotechnology and Application 3.0)
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Identification and Pathogenicity of Pestalotioid Species on Alpinia oxyphylla in Hainan Province, China
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Xiufen Cui, Zhigang Hao, Menghuai Chen, Shuang Song, Jinan Zhang, Yingbin Li, Jianqiang Li, Yixiang Liu and Laixin Luo
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060371 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Alpinia oxyphylla is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a medicinal history of more than 1700 years. Ring leaf blight (RLB) disease, caused by pestalotioid species, is an important disease of A. oxyphylla, seriously affecting the yield and quality of its fruits.
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Alpinia oxyphylla is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a medicinal history of more than 1700 years. Ring leaf blight (RLB) disease, caused by pestalotioid species, is an important disease of A. oxyphylla, seriously affecting the yield and quality of its fruits. The causal agent of RLB disease has not been systematically identified or characterized yet. In this study, thirty-six pestalotioid strains were isolated from the leaves and stems of A. oxyphylla that was collected from six cities of Hainan province, China. Based on the multi-locus phylogeny (ITS, tef-1α and tub2) and morphological characteristic analyses, seventeen species belonging to three genera (Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis) were identified, and six new species (N. baotingensis, N. oblatespora, N. olivaceous, N. oxyphylla, N. wuzhishanensis and N. yongxunensis) were described. Pathogenicity tests revealed that strains of Neopestalotiopsis species caused more severe ring leaf blight on A. oxyphylla than strains of Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis under wounded inoculation conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Orange Peel Extract on Laccase Activity and Gene Expression in Trametes versicolor
by
Simon Vandelook, Berend Bassleer, Elise Elsacker and Eveline Peeters
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060370 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
The genome of Trametes versicolor encodes multiple laccase isozymes, the expression of which is responsive to various conditions. Here, we set out to investigate the potential of orange peel extract as an inducer of laccase production in this white-rot fungus, in comparison to
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The genome of Trametes versicolor encodes multiple laccase isozymes, the expression of which is responsive to various conditions. Here, we set out to investigate the potential of orange peel extract as an inducer of laccase production in this white-rot fungus, in comparison to the previously identified inducing chemical compound, veratryl alcohol. For four geographically distinct T. versicolor strains, a positive correlation has been observed between their oxidative activity and incubation time in liquid cultures. The addition of 20% orange peel extract or 5 mM veratryl alcohol caused a rapid increase in the oxidative potential of T. versicolor M99 after 24 h, with a more pronounced effect observed for the orange peel extract. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the induced laccase activity, a transcriptional gene expression analysis was performed for the seven individual laccase genes in T. versicolor, revealing the upregulation of several laccase genes in response to the addition of each inducer. Notably, the gene encoding TvLac5 demonstrated a substantial upregulation in response to the addition of 20% orange peel extract, likely contributing to the observed increase in its oxidative potential. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that orange peels are a promising agro-industrial side stream for implementation as inducing agents in large-scale laccase production with T. versicolor.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filamentous Fungi as Excellent Industrial Strains: Development and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
In Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Cortinarius sanguineus Anthraquinone Aglycone Extract
by
Johanna Yli-Öyrä, Mikko Herrala, Harri Kovakoski, Eevi Huuskonen, Peppi Toukola, Riikka Räisänen and Jaana Rysä
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060369 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Biocolourants could be a sustainable option for dyes that require fossil-based chemicals in their synthesis. We studied the in vitro toxicity of anthraquinone aglycone extract obtained from Cortinarius sanguineus fungus and compared it to the toxicity of its two main components, emodin and
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Biocolourants could be a sustainable option for dyes that require fossil-based chemicals in their synthesis. We studied the in vitro toxicity of anthraquinone aglycone extract obtained from Cortinarius sanguineus fungus and compared it to the toxicity of its two main components, emodin and previously studied dermocybin. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress responses in HepG2 liver and THP-1 immune cell lines were studied along with skin sensitisation. In addition, genotoxicity was studied with comet assay in HepG2 cells. Cellular viability was determined by MTT, propidium iodide, and lactate dehydrogenase assays, which showed that the highest doses of both the aglycone extract and emodin affected the viability. However, the effect did not occur in all of the used assays. Notably, after both exposures, a dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress factors was observed in both cell lines as measured by MitoSOX and dihydroethidium assays. C. sanguineus extract was not genotoxic in the comet assay. Importantly, both emodin and the extract activated the skin sensitisation pathway in the KeratinoSens assay, suggesting that they can induce allergy in humans. As emodin has shown cytotoxic and skin-sensitising effects, it is possible that the adverse effects caused by the extract are also mediated by it since it is the main component present in the fungus.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathology and Mycotoxins)
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Open AccessArticle
SntB Affects Growth to Regulate Infecting Potential in Penicillium italicum
by
Chunyan Li, Shuzhen Yang, Meihong Zhang, Yanting Yang, Zhengzheng Li and Litao Peng
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060368 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Penicillium italicum, a major postharvest pathogen, causes blue mold rot in citrus fruits through the deployment of various virulence factors. Recent studies highlight the role of the epigenetic reader, SntB, in modulating the pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. Our research revealed that
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Penicillium italicum, a major postharvest pathogen, causes blue mold rot in citrus fruits through the deployment of various virulence factors. Recent studies highlight the role of the epigenetic reader, SntB, in modulating the pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. Our research revealed that the deletion of the SntB gene in P. italicum led to significant phenotypic alterations, including delayed mycelial growth, reduced spore production, and decreased utilization of sucrose. Additionally, the mutant strain exhibited increased sensitivity to pH fluctuations and elevated iron and calcium ion stress, culminating in reduced virulence on Gannan Novel oranges. Ultrastructural analyses disclosed notable disruptions in cell membrane integrity, disorganization within the cellular matrix, and signs of autophagy. Transcriptomic data further indicated a pronounced upregulation of hydrolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases, and transport proteins, suggesting a heightened energy demand. The observed phenomena were consistent with a carbon starvation response potentially triggering apoptotic pathways, including iron-dependent cell death. These findings collectively underscored the pivotal role of SntB in maintaining the pathogenic traits of P. italicum, proposing that targeting PiSntB could offer a new avenue for controlling citrus fungal infections and subsequent fruit decay.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Postharvest Fungal Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
Diversity, Prevalence and Virulence of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose on Cassava Leaves in the Northern Region of Brazil
by
Stella de C. S. Machado, Josiene S. Veloso, Marcos P. S. Câmara, Willie A. S. Vieira, Luis O. Viteri Jumbo, Raimundo Wagner S. Aguiar, Alex Sander R. Cangussu, Marcos V. Giongo, Cristiano B. Moraes, Fabricio S. Campos, Sabrina H. C. Araújo, Eugênio E. Oliveira and Gil R. dos Santos
J. Fungi 2024, 10(6), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10060367 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple crop widely cultivated by small farmers in tropical countries. However, despite the low level of technology required for its management, it can be affected by several diseases, with anthracnose as the main threat. There is
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple crop widely cultivated by small farmers in tropical countries. However, despite the low level of technology required for its management, it can be affected by several diseases, with anthracnose as the main threat. There is little information about the main species of Colletotrichum that infect cassava in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the diversity, prevalence and virulence of Colletotrichum species that cause anthracnose in cassava leaves in northern Brazil. Twenty municipalities of the Pará and Tocantins states were selected, and leaves with symptoms were collected in those locations. Pure cultures were isolated in the laboratory. Species were identified using phylogenetic analyses of multiple loci, and their pathogenicity, aggressivity and virulence levels were assessed. Our results showed the greatest diversity of Colletotrichum associated with anthracnose in cassava plants of the “Formosa” cultivar in the Tocantins and Pará states. We determined the presence of Colletotrichum chrysophilum, C. truncatum, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. plurivorum, C. musicola and C. karsti, with C. chrysophilum as the most aggressive and virulent. Our findings provide accurate identifications of species of Colletotrichum causing anthracnose in cassava crops, which are of great relevance for cassava breeding programs (e.g., the search for genotypes with polygenic resistance since the pathogen is so diverse) and for developing anthracnose management strategies that can work efficiently against species complexes of Colletotrichum.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Morphology)
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