Journal Description
Journal of Composites Science
Journal of Composites Science
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of composites published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.3 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2022)
Latest Articles
Biochar Production and Its Potential Application for Biocomposite Materials: A Comprehensive Review
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060220 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Biochar, an organic, porous, and carbon-rich material originating from biomass via pyrolysis, showcases compelling attributes and intrinsic performances. Its appeal as a reinforcement material for biocomposites, as well as its auspicious electrical properties, has gained more attention, and makes biochar a versatile candidate
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Biochar, an organic, porous, and carbon-rich material originating from biomass via pyrolysis, showcases compelling attributes and intrinsic performances. Its appeal as a reinforcement material for biocomposites, as well as its auspicious electrical properties, has gained more attention, and makes biochar a versatile candidate for applications ranging from energy storage to catalytic devices. This scientific review undertakes a comprehensive exploration of biochar, spanning production methodologies, physicochemical intricacies, and critical process parameters. The focus of this paper extends to optimization strategies for biochar properties tailored to specific applications, with a dedicated inquiry into diverse production methods and activation strategies. This review’s second phase delves into a meticulous analysis of key properties within biochar-based composites, emphasizing limitations and unique performance characteristics crucial for diverse applications. By synthesizing a substantial body of research, this review aims to catalyze future investigations by pinpointing areas that demand attention in upcoming experiments, ultimately emphasizing the profound potential of biochar-based materials across technical and scientific domains.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Conditioning Influence of Kaolinite Matrices on Flexural Strength of Raw Pressed Slurry Collected from Ceramic Tile Production Wastewater
by
Simona Elena Avram, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Stanca Cuc, Gheorghe Borodi, Bianca Violeta Birle and Ioan Petean
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060219 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Kaolinite is able to assure the high binding affinity of the filler particles of raw ceramic bodies. It acts as a matrix that strongly holds the other constituents’ particles in a compact structure. The slurry samples were characterized by XRD, mineralogical microscopy and
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Kaolinite is able to assure the high binding affinity of the filler particles of raw ceramic bodies. It acts as a matrix that strongly holds the other constituents’ particles in a compact structure. The slurry samples were characterized by XRD, mineralogical microscopy and SEM coupled with an EDX elemental analysis. The slurry collected from the ceramic tile production wastewaters had a significant amount of kaolinite (36%), mostly fine particles of 3 µm, less surrounding quartz (37%) and mullite (19%) particles of 5–100 µm in diameter and traces of lepidocrocite (8%). It is a dense paste with a relative moisture of 25%. The square bar of the slurry as received, pressed at a load of 350 N, had a flexural strength of 0.61 MPa. Increasing the moisture to 33% using regular water, followed by mechanical attrition at 2000 rpm for 5 min, resulted in a porous bar with a flexural strength of 0.09 MPa; by increasing the attrition speed to 6000 rpm, the microstructural homogenization was improved and the flexural strength was about 0.68 MPa. It seems that regular water does not assure an optimal moisture for the kaolinite matrix conditioning. Therefore, we used technological water at pH = 10, a moisture of 33% and attrition at 6000 rpm for 5 min, and the bar pressed at a load of 350 N had a flexural strength of 1.17 MPa. The results demonstrate that the bar moistened with technological water and an attrition regime assured a proper conditioning for the kaolinite matrix, achieving the optimal binding of the quartz and mullite particles under the pressing load. Bars with the optimal mixture were pressed at several loads, including 70, 140, 210 and 350 N, and the flexural strength was progressively increased from 0.56 MPa to 1.17 MPa. SEM fractography coupled with atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the optimal moisture facilitated a proper kaolinite particle disposal regarding the quartz and mullite filler particles, and the progressive load assured the strong binding of the finest kaolinite platelets onto their surface.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Processing and Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites)
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Open AccessReview
Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Containing Composites for Biomedical Applications: Formulations, Properties, and Applications
by
Sergey V. Dorozhkin
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060218 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a wide range of hybrid formulations and composites containing calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) that are suitable for use in biomedical applications and currently on the market. The bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive properties
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The goal of this review is to present a wide range of hybrid formulations and composites containing calcium orthophosphates (abbreviated as CaPO4) that are suitable for use in biomedical applications and currently on the market. The bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive properties of various CaPO4-based formulations make them valuable in the rapidly developing field of biomedical research, both in vitro and in vivo. Due to the brittleness of CaPO4, it is essential to combine the desired osteologic properties of ceramic CaPO4 with those of other compounds to create novel, multifunctional bone graft biomaterials. Consequently, this analysis offers a thorough overview of the hybrid formulations and CaPO4-based composites that are currently known. To do this, a comprehensive search of the literature on the subject was carried out in all significant databases to extract pertinent papers. There have been many formulations found with different material compositions, production methods, structural and bioactive features, and in vitro and in vivo properties. When these formulations contain additional biofunctional ingredients, such as drugs, proteins, enzymes, or antibacterial agents, they offer improved biomedical applications. Moreover, a lot of these formulations allow cell loading and promote the development of smart formulations based on CaPO4. This evaluation also discusses basic problems and scientific difficulties that call for more investigation and advancements. It also indicates perspectives for the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Composites: Material Science and Corrosion Resistance Aspects, Volume II)
Open AccessArticle
Electrochemical Enrichment of Biocharcoal Modified on Carbon Electrodes for the Detection of Nitrite and Paraxon Ethyl Pesticide
by
Anurag Adiraju, Amina Brahem, Tianqi Lu, Ammar Al-Hamry, Yu Zhou, Leixin Wei, Aditya Jalasutram, Christoph Tegenkamp, Kamel Halouani and Olfa Kanoun
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060217 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Biocharcoal (BioC), a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable material can be derived from various organic sources including agricultural waste. However, to date, complex chemical treatments using harsh solvents or physical processes at elevated temperatures have been used to activate and enhance the functional groups
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Biocharcoal (BioC), a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable material can be derived from various organic sources including agricultural waste. However, to date, complex chemical treatments using harsh solvents or physical processes at elevated temperatures have been used to activate and enhance the functional groups of biochar. In this paper, we propose a novel easy and cost-effective activation method based on electrochemical cycling in buffer solutions to enhance the electrochemical performance of biocharcoal derived from almond shells (AS-BioC). The novel electrochemical activation method enhanced the functional groups and porosity on the surface of AS-BioC, as confirmed by microscopic, spectroscopic characterizations. Electrochemical characterization indicated an increase in the conductivity and surface area. A modified SPCE with activated AS-BioC (A.AS-BioC/SPCE), shows enhanced electrochemical performance towards oxidation and reduction of nitrite and paraxon ethyl pesticide, respectively. For both target analytes, the activated electrode demonstrates high electrocatalytic activity and achieves a very LOD of 0.38 µM for nitrite and 1.35 nM for ethyl paraxon with a broad linear range. The sensor was validated in real samples for both contaminants. Overall, the research demonstrates an innovative technique to improve the performance of AS-BioC to use as a modifier material for electrochemical sensors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Enhancement of Advanced Composites and Biobased Composites through Hybrid Approach, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Friction Stir Processed AA5754-Al2O3 Nanocomposite: A Study on Tribological Characteristics
by
M. Nafea M. Rohim, Mahmoud E. Abdullah, Moustafa M. Mohammed, Andrzej Kubit and Hamed Aghajani Derazkola
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060216 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the tribological properties of an AA 5754 aluminum alloy composite reinforced with the nanopowder of Al2O3, fabricated using the friction stir processing (FSP) technique with blind holes. The aim is to analyze the effects of varying
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This study investigates the tribological properties of an AA 5754 aluminum alloy composite reinforced with the nanopowder of Al2O3, fabricated using the friction stir processing (FSP) technique with blind holes. The aim is to analyze the effects of varying the tool rotational speed (rpm) and blind hole diameter on the wear and friction behavior of the produced composite. A pin-on disk test is conducted under dry conditions and room temperature to assess the tribological properties against steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is employed to examine the worn and wear surfaces of the produced composites post test. The results indicate that increasing the applied load results in a decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF), with values ranging from 0.775 to 0.852 for 10 N and 0.607 to 0.652 for 20 N. Moreover, the wear rate diminishes with higher Al2O3 content and optimal FSP tool rotation (1280 rpm). Hardness analysis reveals variations between 33–42 HV and 35–39 HV, influenced by nanoparticle distribution. The composite demonstrates superior wear resistance compared to raw AA5754 aluminum due to its reinforced nature. However, high FSP tool rotation rates lead to abrasive wear and surface cracks. These findings offer insights into optimizing FSP parameters to enhance the tribological performance of nano-reinforced aluminum alloys.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites, Volume II)
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Open AccessReview
Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review
by
Ioannis Filippos Kyriakidis, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Eleftheria Maria Pechlivani and Konstantinos Tsongas
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060215 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The development of efficient waste valorization strategies has emerged as an important field in the overall efforts for alignment with the environmental goals that have been set by the European Union (EU) Green Deal regarding the development of sustainable circular economy models. Additive
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The development of efficient waste valorization strategies has emerged as an important field in the overall efforts for alignment with the environmental goals that have been set by the European Union (EU) Green Deal regarding the development of sustainable circular economy models. Additive manufacturing has emerged as a sustainable method for secondary life product development with the main advantages of it being a form of net-zero waste production and having the ability to successfully transport complex design to actual products finding applications in the industry for rapid prototyping or for tailored products. The insertion of eco-friendly sustainable materials in these processes can lead to significant reduction in material footprints and lower energy demands for the manufacturing process, helping achieve Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG12) set by the EU for responsible production and consumption. The aim of this comprehensive review is to state the existing progress regarding the incorporation of sustainable polymeric composite materials in additive manufacturing (AM) processes and identify possible gaps for further research. In this context, a comprehensive presentation of the reacquired materials coming from urban and industrial waste valorization processes and that are used to produce sustainable composites is made. Then, an assessment of the printability and the mechanical response of the constructed composites is made, by taking into consideration some key thermal, rheological and mechanical properties (e.g., viscosity, melting and degradation temperature, tensile and impact strength). Finally, existing life cycle analysis results are presented regarding overall energy demands and environmental footprint during the waste-to-feedstock and the manufacturing processes. A lack of scientific research was observed, regarding the manifestation of novel evaluation techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis and impact testing. Assessing the dynamic response is vital for evaluating whether these types of composites are adequate for upscaling and use in real life applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Polymer Composites: Futuristic Sustainable Material)
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A Study of the Moisture Absorption Characteristics of Vinyl Ester Polymer and Unidirectional Glass Fibre Vinyl Ester Laminates
by
James Thomason and Georgios Xypolias
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060214 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Vinyl esters are increasingly being used as the matrix polymer in fibre-reinforced composites for demanding large applications which experience long-term exposure to moist and wet conditions. This paper presents the results of a study of ageing due to moisture absorption in vinyl ester
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Vinyl esters are increasingly being used as the matrix polymer in fibre-reinforced composites for demanding large applications which experience long-term exposure to moist and wet conditions. This paper presents the results of a study of ageing due to moisture absorption in vinyl ester polymer and glass fibre–vinyl ester laminates. The moisture uptake kinetics of the two neat VE polymers, cured at different conditions, and their glass-reinforced composites has been characterised by gravimetric methods. These studies have been carried out using submersion in water at 23 °C and 50 °C and exposure to high relative humidity moisture conditions at room temperature. A dynamic mechanical analysis characterisation of the glass transition temperatures of both the aged matrix and the composite is also presented.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)
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Development of High-Sensitivity Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Strain Sensors through Solution Electrospinning Process Technique
by
Athanasios Kotrotsos, Nikolaos Syrmpopoulos, Prokopios Gavathas, Sorina Moica and Vassilis Kostopoulos
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060213 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, nanofibers obtained through the electrospinning process are explored for strain-sensing applications. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) flexible structures were fabricated using the solution electrospinning process (SEP) technique. Subsequently, these structures were nanomodified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through immersion into an ultrasonicated
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In this study, nanofibers obtained through the electrospinning process are explored for strain-sensing applications. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) flexible structures were fabricated using the solution electrospinning process (SEP) technique. Subsequently, these structures were nanomodified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through immersion into an ultrasonicated suspension containing 0.3 wt% SWCNTs. The nanomodification aimed to impart an electrically conductive network to the structures. Micro-tensile tests and electrical resistance measurements were conducted to characterize the apparent mechanical and electrical properties, respectively. The fabricated structures demonstrated potential as wearable strain sensors for monitoring changes in strain across various applications. The samples exhibited excellent performance, high sensitivity, outstanding mechanical properties, and a broad stretching range. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations provided qualitative insights into the activated conductive pathways during operation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)
Open AccessArticle
Gypsum–Cement–Pozzolan Composites for 3D Printing: Properties and Life Cycle Assessment
by
Genadijs Sahmenko, Liga Puzule, Alise Sapata, Peteris Slosbergs, Girts Bumanis, Maris Sinka and Diana Bajare
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060212 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Over the past decade, 3D printing with concrete has been widely adopted worldwide. The primary drivers for this innovation are the reduction in manual labor and the more efficient use of natural resources. New materials that are suitable for 3D printing are developed,
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Over the past decade, 3D printing with concrete has been widely adopted worldwide. The primary drivers for this innovation are the reduction in manual labor and the more efficient use of natural resources. New materials that are suitable for 3D printing are developed, which are characterized by rapid setting and robust physical and mechanical properties. In this study, for the first time, ternary gypsum–cement–pozzolanic (GCP) composites were developed and evaluated for use in 3D printing. These composites are associated with durability in water as Portland cement (PC) while maintaining the rapid hardening properties of gypsum. Two types of secondary gypsum—recycled plasterboard gypsum (RG) and phosphogypsum (PG)—were used as the calcium hemihydrate component. The compressive strength test showed that 37 MPa can be achieved, which is comparable to that of traditional PC-based 3D printable mixtures. For the first time in a 3D print test, it was experimentally proved that GCP mixtures have good stability and buildability up to 35 layers. According to Life Cycle Analysis, elaborated material gives a carbon footprint reduction of up to 40%, compared to traditional PC mortar, thus supporting the sustainable use of this innovative composite.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Physical, Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of Perlite-Based Geopolymers Modified with Mineral Additives
by
Natalia I. Kozhukhova, Roman A. Glazkov, Marina S. Ageeva, Marina I. Kozhukhova, Ivan S. Nikulin and Irina V. Zhernovskaya
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060211 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
One of the promising raw materials for the synthesis of geopolymers is perlite, which is a natural low-calcium aluminosilicate. This research studied the physical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of perlite-based geopolymers modified with different mineral additives that were prepared using different methods of
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One of the promising raw materials for the synthesis of geopolymers is perlite, which is a natural low-calcium aluminosilicate. This research studied the physical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of perlite-based geopolymers modified with different mineral additives that were prepared using different methods of introducing the alkali components and curing conditions. The experimental results of the consolidated perlite-based geopolymer pastes showed that curing conditions and the method of introducing the alkali component into the geopolymer matrix had a minimal effect on the average density while demonstrating a significant boost in compressive strength. So, after thermal treatment, the compressive strength increased by 0.63 to 11.4 times for the mixes when fresh alkali solution was used and by 0.72 to 12.8 times for the mixes with the 24 h conditioned alkali solution. Maximum-strength spikes from 1.1 MPa to 13.2 MPa and from 0.7 MPa to 9.7 MPa were observed for the mixes with kaolin when prepared with fresh and conditioned alkali solutions, respectively. It was also observed that thermal treatment facilitates the compaction of the matrix structure by 18% and 1% for the non-modified mix and the mix modified with Portland cement. Perlite-based geopolymers modified with Portland cement and citrogypsum demonstrated a significant reduction in the initial and final setting times with both methods of introducing the alkali solution. On the surface of mixes modified with citrogypsum, regardless of the curing conditions and method of introducing the alkali component, an efflorescence substance was observed. The microstructural analysis of the consolidated geopolymer perlite-based pastes containing citrogypsum demonstrated a loose structure and the presence of efflorescence, which can be associated with a retardation in interaction processes between alkali cations and the aluminosilicate component. EDS analysis demonstrated that the presence of such elements as oxygen, sodium and sulfur may indicate the efflorescence of unreacted sodium hydroxide (NaOH), citrogypsum (CaSO4) and the products of their interaction in the form of crystalline hydrates of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)
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Multi-Objective Optimization of Novel Aluminum Welding Fillers Reinforced with Niobium Diboride Nanoparticles
by
Andrés F. Calle-Hoyos, Norman A. Burgos-León, Luisa I. Feliciano-Cruz, David Florián-Algarín, Christian Vázquez Rivera, Jorge D. De Jesús-Silva and Oscar Marcelo Suárez
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060210 - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
New and innovative technologies have expanded the quality and applications of aluminum welding in the maritime, aerospace, and automotive industries. One such technology is the addition of nanoparticles to aluminum matrices, resulting in improved strength, operating temperature, and stiffness. Furthermore, researchers continue to
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New and innovative technologies have expanded the quality and applications of aluminum welding in the maritime, aerospace, and automotive industries. One such technology is the addition of nanoparticles to aluminum matrices, resulting in improved strength, operating temperature, and stiffness. Furthermore, researchers continue to assess pertinent factors that improve the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of aluminum welding by enabling the optimization of the manufacturing process. Hence, this research explores alternatives, namely cost-effective aluminum welding fillers reinforced with niobium diboride nanoparticles. The goal has been to improve weld quality by employing multi-objective optimization, attained through a central composite design with a response surface model. The model considered three factors: the amount (weight percent) of nanoparticles, melt stirring speed, and melt stirring time. Filler hardness and porosity percentage served as response variables. The optimal parameters for manufacturing this novel filler for the processing conditions studied are 2% nanoparticles present in a melt stirred at 750 rpm for 35.2 s. The resulting filler possessed a 687.4 MPA Brinell hardness and low porosity, i.e., 3.9%. Overall, the results prove that the proposed experimental design successfully identified the optimal processing factors for manufacturing novel nanoparticle-reinforced fillers with improved mechanical properties for potential innovative applications across diverse industries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particulate Aluminum Matrix Composites: From Fundamentals to Applications, Volume II)
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Effects of Nanofillers and Synergistic Action of Carbon Black/Nanoclay Hybrid Fillers in Chlorobutyl Rubber
by
Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Hanna J. Maria, Martin George Thomas, Józef T. Haponiuk and Sabu Thomas
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060209 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Nanocomposites based on chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) have been made using a variety of nanofillers such as carbon black (CB), nanoclay (NC), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon black/nanoclay hybrid filler systems. The hybrid combinations of CB/nanoclay are being employed in the research to examine
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Nanocomposites based on chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) have been made using a variety of nanofillers such as carbon black (CB), nanoclay (NC), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon black/nanoclay hybrid filler systems. The hybrid combinations of CB/nanoclay are being employed in the research to examine the additive impacts on the final characteristics of nanocomposites. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), together with resistivity values and mechanical property measurements, have been used to characterise the structural composition of CIIR-based nanocomposites. AFM results indicate that the addition of nanoclay into CIIR increased the surface roughness of the material, which made the material more adhesive. The study found a significant decrease in resistivity in CIIR–nanoclay-based composites and hybrid compositions with nanoclay and CB. The higher resistivity in CB composites, compared to CB/nanoclay, suggests that nanoclay enhances the conductive network of carbon black. However, GO-incorporated composites failed to create conductive networks, which this may have been due to the agglomeration. The study also found that the modulus values at 100%, 200%, and 300% elongation are the highest for clay and CB/clay systems. The findings show that nanocomposites, particularly clay and clay/CB hybrid nanocomposites, may produce polymer nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity. Mechanical properties correlated well with the reinforcement provided by nanoclay. Hybrid nanocomposites with clay/CB had increased mechanical properties because of their enhanced compatibility and higher filler–rubber interaction. Nano-dispersed clay helps prevent fracture growth and enhances mechanical properties even more so than CB.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites)
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Anthranilic Acid: A Versatile Monomer for the Design of Functional Conducting Polymer Composites
by
Rachel McCormick, Emily Buckley, Paul J. Donnelly, Victoria Gilpin, Regan McMath, Robert B. Smith, Pagona Papakonstantinou and James Davis
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060208 - 3 Jun 2024
Abstract
Polyaniline has been utilized in various applications, yet its widespread adoption has often been impeded by challenges. Composite systems have been proposed as a means of mitigating some of these limitations, and anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid) has emerged as a possible moderator for
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Polyaniline has been utilized in various applications, yet its widespread adoption has often been impeded by challenges. Composite systems have been proposed as a means of mitigating some of these limitations, and anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid) has emerged as a possible moderator for use in co-polymer systems. It offers improved solubility and retention of electroactivity in neutral and alkaline media, and, significantly, it can also bestow chemical functionality through its carboxylic acid substituent, which can greatly ease post-polymer modification. The benefits of using anthranilic acid (as a homopolymer or copolymer) have been demonstrated in applications including corrosion protection, memory devices, photovoltaics, and biosensors. Moreover, this polymer has been used as a versatile framework for the sequestration of metal ions for water treatment, and, critically, these same mechanisms serve as a facile route for the production of catalytic metallic nanoparticles. However, the widespread adoption of polyanthranilic acid has been limited, and the aim of the present narrative review is to revisit the early promise of anthranilic acid and assess its potential future use within modern smart materials. A critical evaluation of its properties is presented, and its versatility as both a monomer and a polymer across a spectrum of applications is highlighted.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Conductive Polymer Composites, Volume II)
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Open AccessArticle
Multifunctional Anatase–Silica Photocatalytic Material for Cements and Concretes
by
Valeria Strokova, Yulia Ogurtsova, Ekaterina Gubareva, Sofya Nerovnaya and Marina Antonenko
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060207 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the influence of multifunctional anatase–silica photocatalytic materials (ASPMs) with various photocatalytic and pozzolanic activities on the properties of white portland cement and fine-grained concrete. ASPMs were synthesized by a sol–gel method, during which the levels
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The purpose of this research was to study the influence of multifunctional anatase–silica photocatalytic materials (ASPMs) with various photocatalytic and pozzolanic activities on the properties of white portland cement and fine-grained concrete. ASPMs were synthesized by a sol–gel method, during which the levels of photocatalytic and pozzolanic activity were regulated by a certain amount of solvent. ASPMb, obtained with the use of a smaller amount of solvent, was characterized by increased pozzolanic activity due to the lower degree of coating of the surface of diatomite particles with titanium dioxide and the higher content of an opal–cristobalite–tridymite-phase and Bronsted acid sites. They promoted the reaction of diatomite with portlandite of cement stone and allowed significant decreases in the strength of cement–sand mortar to be avoided when replacing 15% of the cement with ASPMs. This allowed self-cleaning fine-grained concrete to be produced, which, after forced carbonization, simulating the natural aging of the product during operation, retained the ability of self-cleaning without changes. ASPMc, produced with the use of a larger amount of solvent with a more uniform distribution of titanium dioxide on the surface of diatomite, allowed fine-grained concrete with a high self-cleaning ability to be obtained, but with a lesser manifestation of the pozzolanic effect.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites: Fabrication and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Characterization of Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Systems Applied on Calcarenite Stone: Adoption of Non-Standard Setup for Double-Shear Bond Tests
by
Maria Concetta Oddo, Liborio Cavaleri, Catherine Papanicolaou and Lidia La Mendola
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060206 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The use of Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems is an innovative method for strengthening structures, particularly masonry, while addressing environmental and economic concerns. Despite their widespread use, characterizing FRCM composites poses challenges due to their complex mechanical behavior and considerable variability in properties.
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The use of Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems is an innovative method for strengthening structures, particularly masonry, while addressing environmental and economic concerns. Despite their widespread use, characterizing FRCM composites poses challenges due to their complex mechanical behavior and considerable variability in properties. The available standardized testing methods exhibit some inconsistencies, underscoring the need for reliable characterization procedures. This paper presents an experimental study on the bond behavior between FRCM materials and calcarenite stone using a non-standard setup for double shear bond tests. Different FRCM systems are considered, varying the matrix composition and fabric nature. The experimental results are evaluated in terms of maximum stress, slip and data dispersion, alongside comparisons with double shear tests on larger samples and single-lap shear. These findings provide insights into how the mortar nature influences the stress-slip curves, strength, ductility and failure modes. The experimental study demonstrates the repeatability and robustness, particularly in terms of peak strength, of the non-standard setup configuration utilized in the study. The study highlights the importance of reliable characterization procedures for FRCM materials, especially in bond behavior assessments, emphasizing the need for further research to enhance our understanding of their application in structural reinforcement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology Enhanced Smart Cementitious Materials for Green Buildings)
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Metaheuristic Optimization of Functionally Graded 2D and 3D Discrete Structures Using the Red Fox Algorithm
by
J. S. D. Gaspar, M. A. R. Loja and J. I. Barbosa
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060205 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
The growing applicability of functionally graded materials is justified by their ability to contribute to the development of advanced solutions characterized by the material customization, through the selection of the best parameters that will confer the best mechanical behaviour for a given structure
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The growing applicability of functionally graded materials is justified by their ability to contribute to the development of advanced solutions characterized by the material customization, through the selection of the best parameters that will confer the best mechanical behaviour for a given structure under specific operating conditions. The present work aims to attain the optimal design solutions for a set of illustrative 2D and 3D discrete structures built from functionally graded materials using the Red Fox Optimization Algorithm, where the design variables are material parameters. From the results achieved one concludes that the optimal selection and distribution of the different materials’ mixture and the different exponents associated with the volume fraction law significantly influence the optimal responses found. To note additionally the good performance of the coupling between this optimization technique and the finite element method used for the linear static and free vibration analyses.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)
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Mechanisms of Component Degradation and Multi-Scale Strategies for Predicting Composite Durability: Present and Future Perspectives
by
Paulo Ricardo Ferreira Rocha, Guilherme Fonseca Gonçalves, Guillaume dos Reis and Rui Miranda Guedes
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060204 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Composite materials, valued for their adaptability, face challenges associated with degradation over time. Characterising their durability through traditional experimental methods has shown limitations, highlighting the need for accelerated testing and computational modelling to reduce time and costs. This study presents an overview of
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Composite materials, valued for their adaptability, face challenges associated with degradation over time. Characterising their durability through traditional experimental methods has shown limitations, highlighting the need for accelerated testing and computational modelling to reduce time and costs. This study presents an overview of the current landscape and future prospects of multi-scale modelling for predicting the long-term durability of composite materials under different environmental conditions. These models offer detailed insights into complex degradation phenomena, including hydrolytic, thermo-oxidative, and mechano-chemical processes. Recent research trends indicate a focus on hygromechanical models across various materials, with future directions aiming to explore less-studied environmental factors, integrate multiple stressors, investigate emerging materials, and advance computational techniques for improved predictive capabilities. The importance of the synergistic relationship between experimental testing and modelling is emphasised as essential for a comprehensive understanding of composite material behaviour in diverse environments. Ultimately, multi-scale modelling is seen as a vital contributor to accurate predictions of environmental effects on composite materials, offering valuable insights for sustainable development across industries.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Composite Materials Characterization—Manufacturing, Testing and Structural Integrity Analysis, Volume II)
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Open AccessReview
Enhancing Hydrogels with Quantum Dots
by
Hossein Omidian and Renae L. Wilson
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060203 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
This manuscript explores the interdisciplinary integration of quantum dot–hydrogel composites and smart materials and their applications across a spectrum of fields, including biomedical engineering, environmental sensing, and energy harvesting. It covers the synthesis of novel materials like fluorescent hydrogel nanocomposites that display enhanced
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This manuscript explores the interdisciplinary integration of quantum dot–hydrogel composites and smart materials and their applications across a spectrum of fields, including biomedical engineering, environmental sensing, and energy harvesting. It covers the synthesis of novel materials like fluorescent hydrogel nanocomposites that display enhanced chemical stability, mechanical strength, and thermal resistance, highlighting their utility in environmental monitoring and catalysis. In the biomedical sector, innovations include hydrogel composites for targeted drug delivery and advanced therapies such as photothermal DNA hydrogels for tumor treatment. This review also discusses the application of these materials in imaging, diagnostics, and the development of smart sensors capable of detecting various biological and environmental changes. Its scope further extends to optoelectronics and the design of energy-efficient systems, underscoring the versatile functionalities of hydrogels in modern technological applications. Challenges remain in scaling up these technologies for commercial use and ensuring their long-term stability and safety, necessitating future research focused on sustainable, scalable solutions that can be integrated into existing systems.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel and Biomaterials)
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Thermal Emissivity and Heat Capacity of Composite Metal Foam
by
Nigel Amoafo-Yeboah and Afsaneh Rabiei
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060202 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Composite metal foam (CMF) is a new class of material based on a mixture of metal matrix composites and metal foams. While the mechanical properties of CMF are well studied, its thermal properties, particularly at extreme temperatures, are yet to be evaluated and
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Composite metal foam (CMF) is a new class of material based on a mixture of metal matrix composites and metal foams. While the mechanical properties of CMF are well studied, its thermal properties, particularly at extreme temperatures, are yet to be evaluated and established. This study investigates the specific heat capacity of stainless-steel composite metal foam at temperatures up to 1200 °C while comparing data obtained using the laser flash method and a differential scanning calorimetry method (DSC). Moreover, it outlines a detailed procedure for investigating the surface emissivity of composite metal foam (CMF) as a function of the emissivity of separate components (spheres and matrix). It uses experimental and analytical procedures to show how emissivity is directly affected by surface roughness, temperature, sphere curvature and viewing angles. The CMF used in this study consists of 316L stainless steel matrix and stainless-steel hollow spheres with varying sphere sizes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites, Volume II)
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Advances in Embedded Sensor Technologies for Impact Monitoring in Composite Structures
by
Lucas Braga Carani, Johnson Humphrey, Md Mostafizur Rahman and Okenwa I. Okoli
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060201 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Embedded sensor technologies have emerged as pivotal tools in redefining structural health monitoring (SHM) within composite materials, addressing a critical need in the composite structure industry. Composites, by their layered nature, are particularly vulnerable to internal delamination and micro-cracks from impacts, which can
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Embedded sensor technologies have emerged as pivotal tools in redefining structural health monitoring (SHM) within composite materials, addressing a critical need in the composite structure industry. Composites, by their layered nature, are particularly vulnerable to internal delamination and micro-cracks from impacts, which can propagate and lead to catastrophic failures. Traditional inspection methods often fail to detect internal damage and these undetected damages can lead to reduced performance and potential system failures. Embedded sensors offer a solution capable of detecting a spectrum of damages, from barely visible impact damages (BVID) and subtle low-energy impacts to pronounced impact-related deformations, all in real-time. Key sensors, such as Piezoelectric transducers (PZTs), Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), and other potential sensors, have been discussed as potential detection techniques in this review. This review discusses a comprehensive picture of the progress and current scenario of different embedded sensors for SHM of composite structures. The growth of embedded sensor technologies, current limitations, and future requirements focusing on sensor materials have been discussed in this review. Finally, challenges and opportunities for the development of a sustainable SHM system have been discussed in this paper.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)
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