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Article

Barium Oxalates Combined with Oxo-Anions and Organic Cations: Syntheses and Structures of Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4

by
Samuel J. Iveson
,
Chloe B. Johnston
and
William T.A. Harrison
*
Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2011, 1(2), 59-68; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst1020059
Submission received: 25 May 2011 / Revised: 1 June 2011 / Accepted: 7 June 2011 / Published: 8 June 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper)
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Abstract

: The syntheses and single-crystal structures of Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 (1) and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4 (2) are described. Compound 1 is a three-dimensional mixed-anion framework containing BaO9 coordination polyhedra, which approximate to monocapped square anti-prisms: the connectivity of the BaO9 units via edges and triangular faces leads to a sheet structure. The oxalate ion in 1 is substantially twisted about its C–C bond [dihedral angle between the CO2 groups = 33.8 (3)°]. Compound 2 is a molecular salt containing ethylenediammonium dications and [Ba(HC2O4)4(H2O)2]2– dianions, which are linked by O–H⋯O and N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The BaO10 coordination polyhedron can be described as a distorted pentagonal anti-prism. Crystal data: 1 (C2H4Ba2O10P2), Mr = 524.68, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), Z = 4, a = 12.3829 (3) Å, b = 7.9124 (2) Å, c = 11.0858 (3) Å, β = 114.788 (2)°, V = 986.10 (4) Å3, R(F) = 0.016, wR(F2) = 0.040. 2 (C10H18BaN2O10), Mr = 591.60, monoclinic, C2/m (No. 12), Z = 2, a = 12.7393 (7) Å, b = 13.0111 (7) Å, c = 5.6050 (3) Å, β = 104.208 (4)°, V = 900.62 (8) Å3, R(F) = 0.027, wR(F2) = 0.054.

1. Introduction

Hydrated barium oxalates including Ba(C2O4)·½H2O [1], Ba(C2O4)·H2O [2], Ba(C2O4)·2H2O [3] and Ba(C2O4)·3½H2O [4], which feature various bridging and coordination modes of the oxalate ions, are a well studied family of inorganic compounds [5]. Of particular interest is the topotactic dehydration of Ba(C2O4)(H2C2O4)·2H2O to yield the polymorphs α-Ba(C2O4)(H2C2O4) and β-Ba(C2O4)(H2C2O4), which serves as a model system for this type of reaction [6,7]. Barium oxalate is used to prepare barium titanyl oxalate, which is an important molecular precursor to barium titanate, BaTiO3 [8]. A more exotic application for barium oxalates is to impart a green color to pyrotechnics [9]. A quite different crystallochemical aspect of the oxalate ion is its structural role in forming organically-templated oxalate/oxo-anion open frameworks such as C4H12N2· [Fe4(HPO3)2(C2O4)3] [10] or C6H14N2·[In2(HPO3)3(C2O4)] [11].

Although these types of metal–mixed-anion frameworks have been reported for a number of transition and main-group metals and rare earths [12], similar studies of barium oxalates either in combination with oxo-anions such as hydrogen phosphite or with organic cations are in their infancy. In this paper, we describe the syntheses and crystal structures of two new representative compounds in this family, namely Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 (1) and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4 (2).

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Crystal structure of Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 (1)

The asymmetric unit of 1 (Figure 1) contains a barium cation, an (H2PO3)– dihydrogen phosphite (dhp) ion and half an oxalate ion: the latter is completed by crystallographic 2-fold symmetry.

The barium ion in 1 is coordinated by nine oxygen atoms, with a mean Ba–O separation of 2.824 Å (Table 1): the next-nearest O atom is over 3.9 Å from the metal ion. The bond valence sum (BVS) value for Ba1, as calculated by the Brown-Altermatt formalism [13], is 2.16, compared to an expected value of 2.00. Four of the O atoms are parts of oxalate ions and five are from adjacent dhp ions. The polyhedral geometry of the metal ion (Figure 2) is quite well described as a monocapped square anti-prism [14], with O1/O2i/O3iv/O5v (see Table 1 for symmetry codes) forming one square face (r.m.s. deviation = 0.045 Å) and O1iii/O2ii/O4iv/O5 (r.m.s. deviation = 0.097 Å) the other: the dihedral angle between the two mean planes is 10.78 (6)°. Atom O4vi projects through the second of these faces to provide the cap. The Ba atom is displaced by 1.4843 (9) Å from the first plane and by −1.1191 (8) Å from the second.

The dhp anion in 1 adopts its normal tetrahedral geometry [15]: the phosphorus(III) atom is displaced by 0.4268 (13) Å from its three attached O atoms and the fourth vertex is occupied by the P–H grouping. The P1–O3 bond length is substantially longer than the other two P–O bonds, due to its protonation: the P–OH group forms an O–H⋯O hydrogen bond to an acceptor oxalate O atom (Figure 1, Table 1). As usual, the P–H vertex does not participate in hydrogen bonding interactions [16].

The C–O bonds in the oxalate dianion in 1 show slightly different lengths, possibly due to packing effects or because O5 is the hydrogen-bond acceptor. The dihedral angle between the two −CO2 groups is 33.8 (3)°, indicating a substantial degree of twisting about the central C–C bond. Oxalate ions in crystal structures are more commonly close to planar [17], although a similar degree of twist has long been known in (NH4)2(C2O4)·H2O [18]. Interestingly, this twisting renders the isolated oxalate ion an enantiomorphous (chiral) object [19], with local C2 symmetry. This 2-fold symmetry is crystallographically imposed for the oxalate ion in 1, but of course, the presence of crystallographic inversion symmetry in space group C2/c leads to a racemic overall structure. The C–C bond length is 1 is notably long at 1.550 (5) Å, a feature also seen in the ammonium compound [18].

The connectivity of the polyhedral building units in 1 leads to a three-dimensional framework constructed from BaO9, H2PO3 and C2O4 building blocks. Considered by themselves, the BaO9 polyhedra share both edges (via O4/O4) in the c direction and faces (via O1/O2/O5) in the b direction to generate (100) sheets (Figure 3). The oxalate ions and dhp ions complete the packing to generate a dense three-dimensional network, without any indication of channels or pores.

2.2. Structure of C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4 (2)

Compound 2 (Figure 4) is a molecular salt built up from a barium ion lying on a special position at the origin with 2/m site symmetry, an (HC2O4)– hydrogen oxalate monoanion, a water molecule (O atom site symmetry m) and half a [C2H10N2]2+ ethylenediammonium cation, with both the N and the C atom lying on a crystallographic mirror plane. The complete organic cation is completed by inversion symmetry.

The barium ion in 2 is 10-coordinated by four bidentate hydrogen oxalate anions and two water molecules (Table 2) as a [Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4]2– dianion: the mean Ba–O separation is 2.867 Å and BVS(Ba1) = 2.12 The polyhedral geometry about the metal ion can be described as a pentagonal antiprism [20] (Figure 5), although the pentagonal faces are significantly puckered into envelopes with O5 at the flap position pointing away from the barium ion. The dihedral angle between the mean planes is constrained by symmetry to be zero and Ba is displaced from each plane by 1.271 (2) Å.

The hydrogen oxalate ion is 2 is almost planar, as indicated by the C1/O1/O2–C2/O3/O4 dihedral angle of 1.0 (3)°. Unlike the case in 1, the oxalate C–C bond length in 2 of 1.501 (7) Å is quite typical for a carbon–carbon single bond. The [C2H10N2]2+ ethyl enedi ammonium ion in 2 shows no unusual features; the N–C–C–N torsion angle is constrained by symmetry to be −180°.

In the crystal of 2, the components are linked by N–H⋯O and O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds (Table 2, Figure 6). The length of the O–H bond (1.00 Å) of the hydrogen oxalate anion is slightly longer than expected, which may correlate with its participation in a strong hydrogen bond. Similar O–H bond lengths have been seen in related compounds [21]. Overall, this leads to a connectivity of the complex anions in the ab plane with the N–H⋯O bonds serving to link the anions in the c direction.

3. Experimental Section

Compound 1 was prepared from 2.77 g BaC2O4, 3.6 g H3PO3, and 1.3 mL diethylamine in 20 mL of water. The components were placed in a PTFE bottle, shaken well to form a milky slurry, and placed in an oven at 80 °C for two days. Product recovery by vacuum filtration yielded colorless blocks and bars of 1. IR (KBr, cm−1): 2461w, 2157w, 2017w, 1589vs, 1309s, 1221m, 1156m, 1068m, 892m, 771m, 662w. The band at 2461 cm−1 is the characteristic phosphite P–H stretch [22] and the various bands in the region 900–1200 cm−1 have been associated with PO3 modes [22]. The bands at 771, 1309 and 1589 cm−1 probably correspond to the δ(O–C–O), νsym(COO) and νasym(COO) deformations respectively of the oxalate −CO2 groups [23]. The X-ray powder pattern for 1 could be matched to a simulation of the single-crystal structure, indicating phase purity.

Compound 2 was prepared by the same procedure, with ethylenediamine (2.0 mL) replacing diethylamine. Product recovery as above led to a mass of small colorless blocks and rods of 2. IR (KBr, cm−1): ∼3200m, 1583s, 1303m, 1217m, 1150m, 1063s, 887m, 772w. The characteristic 772, 1303 and 1583 cm−1 oxalate bands are assigned as above. Powder diffraction indicated that the product was almost phase pure with possibly a trace of barium oxalate.

The single-crystal data for 1 and 2 were collected on a Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer (graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å) at 120 K. Data reduction with DENZO/HKL [24] then routinely proceeded in each case and empirical (multi-scan) absorption corrections were applied with SADABS [25], as summarized in the paragraphs below. For 1, the structure was solved by direct methods with SHELXS in space group C2/c and the atomic model refined against |F|2 with SHELXL [26]. For 2, attempts to solve the structure in space group C2/m either by direct methods or Patterson maps were not successful and lower symmetry space groups were tried. The structure solved easily in space group Cm but a symmetry check with PLATON [27] indicated that C2/m was the most appropriate symmetry and the atomic model was transformed to the latter space group. Full-matrix least-squares refinement then proceeded as for 1. The “observed data” threshold for calculating the R(F) residuals was set as I > 2σ(I). For 1, the H atoms were located in difference maps and freely refined with the constraint Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(carrier) applied. For 2, the H atoms of the organic cation were geometrically placed (C–H = 0.97, N–H = 0.89 Å) and refined as riding atoms. The water and oxalate H atoms were located in difference maps and refined as riding atoms in their as-found relative positions. The constraint Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(carrier) was applied in all cases. Full details are given in the deposited cifs.

Crystal data for 1: colorless block, 0.09 × 0.06 × 0.05 mm, C2H4Ba2O10P2, Mr = 531.38, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), a = 12.3829 (3) Å, b = 7.9124 (2) Å, c = 11.0858 (3) Å, β = 114.788 (2)°, V = 986.10 (4) Å3, Z = 4, F(000) = 952, T = 120 K, ρcalc = 3.534 g cm−3, μ = 8.304 mm−1, Tmin = 0.522, Tmax = 0.682, 5117 reflections measured (−16 ≤ h ≤ 15, −10 ≤ k ≤ 10, −14 ≤ l ≤ 14; 6.30° ≤ 2θ ≤ 54.98°), RInt = 0.034, 1133 merged reflections, 1115 with I > 2σ(I), 79 parameters, R(F) = 0.016, wR(F2) = 0.040, S (goodness-of-fit) = 1.143, w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + 3.6002P], where P = (Fo2 + 2 Fc2)/3, min./max. Δρ = −0.53, +0.59 e Å−3. Cambridge Database deposition number: CSD-826099.

Crystal data for 2: colorless block, 0.12 × 0.08 × 0.05 mm, C10H18BaN2O18, Mr = 591.6, monoclinic, C2/m (No. 12), a = 12.7393 (7) Å, b = 13.0111 (7) Å, c = 5.6050 (3) Å, β = 104.208 (4)°, V = 900.62 (8) Å3, Z = 2, F(000) = 584, T = 120 K, ρcalc = 2.182 g cm−3, μ = 2.310 mm−1, Tmin = 0.769, Tmax = 0.893, 5144 reflections measured (−15 ≤ h ≤ 16, −16 ≤ k ≤ 16, −7 ≤ l ≤ 7; 6.26° ≤ 2θ ≤ 55.02°), RInt = 0.048, 1084 merged reflections, 1056 with I > 2σ(I), 77 parameters, R(F) = 0.027, wR(F2) = 0.054, S (goodness-of-fit) = 1.091, w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + 0.0083P2 + 2.0292P], where P = (Fo2 + 2 Fc2)/3, min./max. Δρ = −0.69, +0.78 e Å−3. Cambridge Database deposition number: CSD-826100.

4. Conclusions

We have prepared and structurally characterized the new phases Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4. So far as we can ascertain, they are the first examples of barium oxalates in combination with oxo-anions or organic cations. The deposition of the oxalate ion in 1 is notably twisted, whereas it is almost planar in 2. The barium ions show different, distinctive coordination polyhedra in these structures. The number of crystal structures containing nine- and ten-coordinate barium complexes in the Cambridge Structural Database (version 5.32 of November 2010 with two updates) [28] is almost the same, at 73 and 75, respectively.

Crystals 01 00059f1 1024
Figure 1. A fragment of 1 showing 50% displacement ellipsoids for the non-hydrogen atoms. The O–H⋯O hydrogen bond is shown as a double-dashed line. See Table 1 for symmetry codes.
Figure 1. A fragment of 1 showing 50% displacement ellipsoids for the non-hydrogen atoms. The O–H⋯O hydrogen bond is shown as a double-dashed line. See Table 1 for symmetry codes.
Crystals 01 00059f1 1024
Crystals 01 00059f2 1024
Figure 2. The monocapped square anti-prismatic barium-ion coordination polyhedron in 1. See Table 1 for symmetry codes.
Figure 2. The monocapped square anti-prismatic barium-ion coordination polyhedron in 1. See Table 1 for symmetry codes.
Crystals 01 00059f2 1024
Crystals 01 00059f3 1024
Figure 3. Polyhedral view of the (100) sheets of BaO9 polyhedra in 1.
Figure 3. Polyhedral view of the (100) sheets of BaO9 polyhedra in 1.
Crystals 01 00059f3 1024
Crystals 01 00059f4 1024
Figure 4. The molecular structure of 2 showing 50% displacement ellipsoids. Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y, −z; (ii) −x, y, −z; (iii) x, −y, z; (iv) 1−x, −y, 1−z.
Figure 4. The molecular structure of 2 showing 50% displacement ellipsoids. Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y, −z; (ii) −x, y, −z; (iii) x, −y, z; (iv) 1−x, −y, 1−z.
Crystals 01 00059f4 1024
Crystals 01 00059f5 1024
Figure 5. The pentagonal antiprismatic BaO10 coordination polyhedron in 2 showing 50% displacement ellipsoids. The lilac and fuchsia lines delineate the top and bottom pentagonal faces, respectively. Symmetry codes as in Figure 4.
Figure 5. The pentagonal antiprismatic BaO10 coordination polyhedron in 2 showing 50% displacement ellipsoids. The lilac and fuchsia lines delineate the top and bottom pentagonal faces, respectively. Symmetry codes as in Figure 4.
Crystals 01 00059f5 1024
Crystals 01 00059f6 1024
Figure 6. The unit-cell packing for 2 with the BaO10 groups shown as green polyhedra and the H⋯O segments of the hydrogen bonds highlighted in cyan.
Figure 6. The unit-cell packing for 2 with the BaO10 groups shown as green polyhedra and the H⋯O segments of the hydrogen bonds highlighted in cyan.
Crystals 01 00059f6 1024
Table
Table 1. Selected geometrical data (Å, °) for 1.
Table 1. Selected geometrical data (Å, °) for 1.
Ba1–O2i2.6927 (18)Ba1–O12.7322 (18)
Ba1–O2ii2.7519 (18)Ba1–O1iii2.7894 (18)
Ba1–O4iv2.7929 (19)Ba1–O52.8818 (17)
Ba1–O5v2.9101 (18)Ba1–O4vi2.9202 (18)
Ba1–O3iv2.9453 (19)P1–O21.5013 (17)
P1–O11.5015 (19)P1–O31.595 (2)
P1–H11.25 (3)C1–O41.244 (3)
C1–O51.269 (3)C1–C1vi1.550 (5)
O2–P1–O1117.92 (10)O2–P1–O3108.92 (11)
O1–P1–O3110.65 (11)O4–C1–O5126.5 (2)
O4–C1–C1vi117.0 (2)O5–C1–C1vi116.3 (3)
O3–H2⋯O50.79 (4)1.87 (4)2.647 (3)168 (3)

Symmetry codes:(i)½−x, ½−y, 1−z;(ii)x, 1−y, ½+z;(iii)½−x, y−½, 1½−z;(iv)½+x, ½−y, ½+z;(v)½−x, ½+y, 1½−z;(vi)−x, y, 1½−z.

Table
Table 2. Selected geometrical data (Å, °) for 2.
Table 2. Selected geometrical data (Å, °) for 2.
Ba1–O52.781 (2)Ba1–O22.8178 (17)
Ba1–O42.9586 (17)C1–O21.215 (3)
C1–O11.301 (3)C1–C21.548 (2)
C2–O31.240 (3)C2–O41.265 (3)
C3–N11.493 (5)C3–C3iv1.501 (7)
O2–C1–O1125.6 (2O2–C1–C2121.4 (2)
O1–C1–C2113.0 (2)O3–C2–O4127.2 (2)
O3–C2–C1118.3 (2)O4–C2–C1114.4 (2)
N1–C3–C3iv109.5 (4)
O1–H1⋯O4v1.001.502.504 (2)176
O5–H5⋯O3vii0.852.002.841 (2)172
N1–H2⋯O50.891.992.824 (4)156
N1–H3⋯O3vi0.891.982.839 (3)163
N1–H3⋯O1vi0.892.402.9765 (17)123

Symmetry codes:(iv)1−x, −y, 1−z;(v)x, y, 1+z;(vi)½−x, ½−y, 1−z;(vii)½−z, ½−y, −z.

Acknowledgments

We thank the EPSRC national Crystallography Service (University of Southampton, England) for the X-ray data collections.

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Iveson, S.J.; Johnston, C.B.; Harrison, W.T.A. Barium Oxalates Combined with Oxo-Anions and Organic Cations: Syntheses and Structures of Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4. Crystals 2011, 1, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst1020059

AMA Style

Iveson SJ, Johnston CB, Harrison WTA. Barium Oxalates Combined with Oxo-Anions and Organic Cations: Syntheses and Structures of Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4. Crystals. 2011; 1(2):59-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst1020059

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Iveson, Samuel J., Chloe B. Johnston, and William T.A. Harrison. 2011. "Barium Oxalates Combined with Oxo-Anions and Organic Cations: Syntheses and Structures of Ba2(C2O4)(H2PO3)2 and C2H10N2·Ba(H2O)2(HC2O4)4" Crystals 1, no. 2: 59-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst1020059

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