Journal Description
Toxics
Toxics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all aspects of the toxic chemicals and materials, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Toxicology) / CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Health and Safety)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.6 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Analyzing the Effects of Age, Time of Day, and Experiment on the Basal Locomotor Activity and Light-Off Visual Motor Response Assays in Zebrafish Larvae
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050349 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The recent availability of commercial platforms for behavioral analyses in zebrafish larvae based on video-tracking technologies has exponentially increased the number of studies analyzing different behaviors in this model organism to assess neurotoxicity. Among the most commonly used assays in zebrafish larvae are
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The recent availability of commercial platforms for behavioral analyses in zebrafish larvae based on video-tracking technologies has exponentially increased the number of studies analyzing different behaviors in this model organism to assess neurotoxicity. Among the most commonly used assays in zebrafish larvae are basal locomotor activity (BLA) and visual motor responses (VMRs). However, the effect of different intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can significantly alter the outcome of these assays is still not well understood. In this work, we have analyzed the influence of age (5–8 days post-fertilization), time of day (8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00; 16:00, 18:00, and 20:00 h), and experiment (three experiments performed at different days) on BLA and VMR results (4004 analyses for each behavior) in 143 larvae. The results from both behaviors were adjusted to a random-effects linear regression model using generalized least squares (GLSs), including in the model the effect of the three variables, the second-way interactions between them, and the three-way interaction. The results presented in this manuscript show a specific effect of all three intrinsic factors and their interactions on both behaviors, supporting the view that the most stable time period for performing these behavioral assays is from 10:00 am to 04:00 pm, with some differences depending on the age of the larva and the behavioral test.
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(This article belongs to the Section Novel Methods in Toxicology Research)
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Open AccessArticle
Exposure to a PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS Mixture during Gestation and Lactation Alters the Liver Proteome in Offspring of CD-1 Mice
by
Emily Kaye, Emily Marques, Juliana Agudelo Areiza, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi and Angela Slitt
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050348 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Perfluroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent man-made chemicals considered to be emerging pollutants, with Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and Perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) being linked to hepatotoxicity and steatosis. PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS can undergo placental and lactational transfer, which results in PFOA,
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Perfluroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent man-made chemicals considered to be emerging pollutants, with Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and Perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) being linked to hepatotoxicity and steatosis. PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS can undergo placental and lactational transfer, which results in PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS distribution to the neonatal liver. Moreover, in pregnant dams, exposure to a PFAS mixture, in combination with a high fat diet, increased hepatic steatosis in offspring at postnatal day 21, but the mechanisms have not been elucidated. It was hypothesized that gestational/lactational PFAS exposure would alter the pup liver proteome and biochemical/signaling pathways. Timed-pregnant CD-1 dams were fed a standard chow or 60% kcal high-fat diet. From GD1 until PND20, dams were dosed via oral gavage with vehicle (0.5% Tween 20), individual doses of PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS at 1 mg/kg, or a mixture (1 mg/kg each, totaling 3 mg/kg). Livers were collected from PND21 offspring and SWATH-MS proteomics was performed. IPA analysis revealed PFAS exposure modified disease and biological function pathways involved in liver damage, xenobiotics, and lipid regulation in the PND21 liver. These pathways included lipid and fatty acid transport, storage, oxidation, and synthesis, as well as xenobiotic metabolism and transport, and liver damage and inflammation. This indicates the pup liver proteome is altered via maternal exposure and predisposes the pup to metabolic dysfunctions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)
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Open AccessReview
Applying Red Mud in Cadmium Contamination Remediation: A Scoping Review
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Jintao Li, Xuwei Li, Matthew Fischel, Xiaochen Lin, Shiqi Zhou, Lei Zhang, Lei Wang and Jiali Yan
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050347 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Red mud is an industrial solid waste rarely utilized and often disposed of in landfills, resulting in resource waste and environmental pollution. However, due to its high pH and abundance of iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides, red mud has excellent adsorption properties
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Red mud is an industrial solid waste rarely utilized and often disposed of in landfills, resulting in resource waste and environmental pollution. However, due to its high pH and abundance of iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides, red mud has excellent adsorption properties which can effectively remove heavy metals through ion exchange, adsorption, and precipitation. Therefore, red mud is a valuable resource rather than a waste byproduct. In recent years, red mud has been increasingly studied for its potential in wastewater treatment and soil improvement. Red mud can effectively reduce the migration and impact of heavy metals in soils and water bodies. This paper reviews the research results from using red mud to mitigate cadmium pollution in water bodies and soils, discusses the environmental risks of red mud, and proposes key research directions for the future management of red mud in cadmium-contaminated environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Environmental Behaviors of Persistent Contaminants: Fate, Distribution, Risk, and Challenges)
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Four Veterinary Antibiotics on Constructed Treatment Wetland Nitrogen Transformation
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Matthew V. Russell, Tiffany L. Messer, Deborah A. Repert, Richard L. Smith, Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, Daniel D. Snow and Ariel P. Reed
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050346 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in agricultural runoff and other biologically active contaminants have the potential to affect nitrate removal efficiency. In
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The use of wetlands as a treatment approach for nitrogen in runoff is a common practice in agroecosystems. However, nitrate is not the sole constituent present in agricultural runoff and other biologically active contaminants have the potential to affect nitrate removal efficiency. In this study, the impacts of the combined effects of four common veterinary antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, lincomycin, monensin) on nitrate-N treatment efficiency in saturated sediments and wetlands were evaluated in a coupled microcosm/mesocosm scale experiment. Veterinary antibiotics were hypothesized to significantly impact nitrogen speciation (e.g., nitrate and ammonium) and nitrogen uptake and transformation processes (e.g., plant uptake and denitrification) within the wetland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, the coupled study had three objectives: 1. assess veterinary antibiotic impact on nitrogen cycle processes in wetland sediments using microcosm incubations, 2. measure nitrate-N reduction in water of floating treatment wetland systems over time following the introduction of veterinary antibiotic residues, and 3. identify the fate of veterinary antibiotics in floating treatment wetlands using mesocosms. Microcosms containing added mixtures of the veterinary antibiotics had little to no effect at lower concentrations but stimulated denitrification potential rates at higher concentrations. Based on observed changes in the nitrogen loss in the microcosm experiments, floating treatment wetland mesocosms were enriched with 1000 μg L−1 of the antibiotic mixture. Rates of nitrate-N loss observed in mesocosms with the veterinary antibiotic enrichment were consistent with the microcosm experiments in that denitrification was not inhibited, even at the high dosage. In the mesocosm experiments, average nitrate-N removal rates were not found to be impacted by the veterinary antibiotics. Further, veterinary antibiotics were primarily found in the roots of the floating treatment wetland biomass, accumulating approximately 190 mg m−2 of the antibiotic mixture. These findings provide new insight into the impact that veterinary antibiotic mixtures may have on nutrient management strategies for large-scale agricultural operations and the potential for veterinary antibiotic removal in these wetlands.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exposure and Toxicity of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Soil)
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Open AccessArticle
Microplastics and Endocrine Disruptors in Typical Wastewater Treatment Plants in Megacity Shanghai
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Yuxiao Tong, Manjun Xie, Hanwen Xv, Ruihua Sun, Qian Wang and Juanying Li
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050345 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The fast development of China’s urbanization has led to a notable release of emerging pollutants, including microplastics (MPs) and endocrine disruptors (EDCs). Generally, these pollutants enter the coastal environment through the discharge of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and finally threaten the organisms in
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The fast development of China’s urbanization has led to a notable release of emerging pollutants, including microplastics (MPs) and endocrine disruptors (EDCs). Generally, these pollutants enter the coastal environment through the discharge of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and finally threaten the organisms in the receiving waterbody. The study investigated the environmental behavior of MPs and EDCs in two typical WWTPs in one of the megacities in China, Shanghai. The abundance of MPs in the influent ranged from 321 to 976 items/L. Four shapes (films, fragments, fibers, and microbead) were found, while fibers and films dominated. Transparent (31–63%) and white (20–47%) MPs were more frequently observed, while polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose, and cellophane were the main polymetric materials. The size of the MPs fell between 15.8 μm and 2220 μm, and the smaller one (<500 μm) dominated. The removal efficiencies of the two WWTPs for MPs ranged from 64% to 92%, and both WWTPs performed better for large pieces of MPs (>500 μm). For EDCs, total concentrations in the influent were detected, ranging from 113 to 2780 ng/L. Two groups, including phenolic estrogens (PEs) and steroid estrogens (SEs), were detected, and PEs, especially bisphenol A (BPA), were the predominant individuals among the studied EDCs. Specifically, PEs ranged from 82.8 to 2637 ng/L, while SEs ranged from 27.3 to 143 ng/L. The removal efficiencies of the WWTPs for EDCs varied (82.8–100%) as well, possibly due to the different treatment compartments and contamination load in the influent. Seasonal variations for both MPs and EDCs were observed. Specifically, concentrations of MPs and EDCs in WWTPs influent were higher in the wet season, as well as the removal efficiency. Furthermore, there was a correlation observed between the concentrations of MPs and EDCs, suggesting that MPs and EDCs may originate from the same source and that EDCs released by MPs cannot be ignored during treatment. Finally, the study evaluated the environmental risk of the effluents. MPs led to a minor risk (Level I), while EDCs might lead to an adverse impact on algae (RQs = 0.0014–0.024) and fish (RQs = 3.4–30.2). In summary, WWTPs received considerable amounts of MPs and EDCs. Although the WWTPs removed the contaminants efficiently, the environmental risk of the effluent needs to be noted.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposure to Microplastics: Effects on Animals and Human Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparative Analysis of Laboratory-Made and Industrial-Made Sewage Sludge Ash: Implications for Effective Management Strategy Development
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Bartłomiej Michał Cieślik, Oskar Ronda, Elżbieta Grządka, Jolanta Orzeł and Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050344 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
In the pursuit of environmentally and economically sustainable sewage sludge ash (SSA) management methods, researchers often employ laboratory-made SSA (L-SSA) as a substitute for industrial-made SSA (I-SSA) produced in fluidized bed furnaces. To check whether L-SSA is a material that imitates I-SSA well,
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In the pursuit of environmentally and economically sustainable sewage sludge ash (SSA) management methods, researchers often employ laboratory-made SSA (L-SSA) as a substitute for industrial-made SSA (I-SSA) produced in fluidized bed furnaces. To check whether L-SSA is a material that imitates I-SSA well, the fractionation of metals whose presence is a significant problem during SSA management was performed. In addition, the grain distribution, specific surface area, and textural properties of the tested materials were examined. Differences in total Pb and Hg content and mobility of Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn were observed between I-SSA and L-SSA. Larger particle sizes of L-SSA compared to I-SSA were confirmed, while comparable textural properties and specific surface area of both types of materials were maintained. Based on the results, it was concluded that L-SSA is chemically different compared to I-SSA, and that L-SSA should not be used as a reference in research focused on the design of SSA management methods. Moreover, fractionation of metals was performed in disposed fluidized beds (FBs), which are diverted to non-hazardous waste landfills without prior analysis. It has been proven that studied metals are present in FBs as abundantly as in SSA, while Cu, Mn, and Ni may show higher mobility than in I-SSA.
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(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)
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Open AccessArticle
Amino Group-Driven Adsorption of Sodium p-Perfluorous Nonenoxybenzene Sulfonate in Water by the Modified Graphene Oxide
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Mengyuan Lu, Yang Liu, Xinning Zheng, Wenjuan Liu, Yang Liu, Jia Bao, Ao Feng, Yueyao Bao, Jiangyong Diao and Hongyang Liu
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050343 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) is one of the key alternatives to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Its widespread tendency has increased extensive contamination in the aquatic environment. However, the present treatment technology for OBS exhibited insignificant adsorption capacity and long adsorption time. In this
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Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) is one of the key alternatives to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Its widespread tendency has increased extensive contamination in the aquatic environment. However, the present treatment technology for OBS exhibited insignificant adsorption capacity and long adsorption time. In this study, three proportions (1:5, 3:5, and 10:1) of chitosan-modified amino-driven graphene oxide (CS-GO) were innovated to strengthen the OBS adsorption capacity, compared with graphene oxide (GO) and graphene (GH). Through the characterization of SEM, BET, and FTIR, it was discovered that CS was synthetized on GO surfaces successfully with a low specific surface area. Subsequently, batch single influence factor studies on OBS removal from simulated wastewater were investigated. The optimum removal efficiency of OBS could be achieved up to 95.4% within 2 h when the adsorbent was selected as CS-GO (10:1), the dosage was 2 mg, and the pH was 3. The addition of inorganic ions could promote the adsorption efficiency of OBS. In addition, CS-GO presented the maximum adsorption energy due to additional functional groups of -NH3, and electrostatic interaction was the foremost motive for improving the adsorption efficiency of OBS. Moreover, OBS exhibited the fastest diffusion coefficient in the CS-GO-OBS solution, which is consistent with the fitting results of adsorption kinetics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)
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Open AccessArticle
The Male Reproductive Toxicity Caused by 2-Naphthylamine Was Related to Testicular Immunity Disorders
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Pengyuan Dai, Mengqian Ding, Jingyan Yu, Yuan Gao, Miaomiao Wang, Jie Ling, Shijue Dong, Xiaoning Zhang, Xuhui Zeng and Xiaoli Sun
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050342 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
2-naphthylamine (NAP) was classified as a group I carcinogen associated with bladder cancer. The daily exposure is mostly from cigarette and E-cigarette smoke. NAP can lead to testicular atrophy and interstitial tissue hyperplasia; however, the outcomes of NAP treatment on spermatogenesis and the
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2-naphthylamine (NAP) was classified as a group I carcinogen associated with bladder cancer. The daily exposure is mostly from cigarette and E-cigarette smoke. NAP can lead to testicular atrophy and interstitial tissue hyperplasia; however, the outcomes of NAP treatment on spermatogenesis and the associated mechanisms have not been reported. The study aimed to investigate the effect of NAP on spermatogenesis and sperm physiologic functions after being persistently exposed to NAP at 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 35 days. We found that sperm motility, progressive motility, sperm average path velocity, and straight-line velocity declined remarkably in the NAP (40 mg/kg) treated group, and the sperm deformation rate rose upon NAP administration. The testis immunity- and lipid metabolism-associated processes were enriched from RNA-sequence profiling. Plvap, Ccr7, Foxn1, Trim29, Sirpb1c, Cfd, and Lpar4 involved in testis immunity and Pnliprp1 that inhibit triglyceride and cholesterol absorption were confirmed to rise dramatically in the NAP-exposed group. The increased total cholesterol and CD68 levels were observed in the testis from the NAP-exposed group. Gpx5, serving as an antioxidant in sperm plasma, and Semg1, which contributes to sperm progressive motility, were both down-regulated. We concluded that the short-term exposure to NAP caused reproductive toxicity, primarily due to the inflammatory abnormality in the testis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identification of Toxic Effects of Emerging Chemicals throughout the Reproductive Process)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparing the Developmental Toxicity Delay and Neurotoxicity of Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives (BTHs) in Juvenile Zebrafish
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Xiaogang Yin, Lei Wang and Lianshan Mao
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050341 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, a semi-static water exposure method was employed to investigate the early developmental and neurotoxic effects of four benzothiazole substances (BTHs), namely benzothiazole (BTH), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (BTON), and 2-aminobenzothiazole (2-ABTH), on zebrafish at an equimolar concentration of 10 μM. The
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In this study, a semi-static water exposure method was employed to investigate the early developmental and neurotoxic effects of four benzothiazole substances (BTHs), namely benzothiazole (BTH), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (BTON), and 2-aminobenzothiazole (2-ABTH), on zebrafish at an equimolar concentration of 10 μM. The findings revealed that all four BTHs exerted certain impacts on early development in zebrafish. MBT stimulated spontaneous movement in juvenile zebrafish, whereas BTON inhibited such movements. Moreover, all four BTHs hindered the hatching process of zebrafish larvae, with MBT exhibiting the strongest inhibition at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). Notably, MBT acted as a melanin inhibitor by suppressing melanin production in juvenile zebrafish eyes and weakening phototaxis. Additionally, both BTH and BTON exhibited significantly lower speeds than the control group and other test groups under conditions without bright field stimulation; however, their speeds increased to average levels after percussion stimulation, indicating no significant alteration in motor ability among experimental zebrafish groups. Short-term exposure to these four types of BTHs induced oxidative damage in zebrafish larvae; specifically, BTH-, MBT-, and BTON-exposed groups displayed abnormal expression patterns of genes related to oxidative damage. Exposure to both BTH and MBT led to reduced fluorescence intensity in transgenic zebrafish labeled with central nervous system markers, suggesting inhibition of central nervous system development. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR results demonstrated abnormal gene expression associated with neural development. However, no significant changes were observed in 2-ABTH gene expression at this concentration. Overall findings indicate that short-term exposure to BTHs stimulates neurodevelopmental gene expression accompanied by oxidative damage.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Environmental Behaviors of Persistent Contaminants: Fate, Distribution, Risk, and Challenges)
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Open AccessArticle
Analytical Method Development and Dermal Absorption of 4-Amino-3-Nitrophenol (4A3NP), a Hair Dye Ingredient under the Oxidative or Non-Oxidative Condition
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Hyang Yeon Kim, Yu Jin Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Hak Rim Kim and Dong-Wan Seo
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050340 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
The chemical 4-amino-3-nitrophenol (4A3NP) is classified as an amino nitrophenol and is primarily utilized as an ingredient in hair dye colorants. In Korea and Europe, it is exclusively used in non-oxidative or oxidative hair dye formulations, with maximum allowable concentrations of 1% and
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The chemical 4-amino-3-nitrophenol (4A3NP) is classified as an amino nitrophenol and is primarily utilized as an ingredient in hair dye colorants. In Korea and Europe, it is exclusively used in non-oxidative or oxidative hair dye formulations, with maximum allowable concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, respectively. Despite this widespread use, risk assessment of 4A3NP has not been completed due to the lack of proper dermal absorption data. Therefore, in this study, both the analytical method validation and in vitro dermal absorption study of 4A3NP were conducted following the guidelines provided by the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). Before proceeding with the dermal absorption study, analytical methods were developed for the quantitation of 4A3NP through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in various matrices, including swab wash (WASH), stratum corneum (SC), skin (SKIN, comprising the dermis and epidermis), and receptor fluid (RF). These developed methods demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9962–0.9993), accuracy (93.5–111.73%), and precision (1.7–14.46%) in accordance with the validation guidelines.The dermal absorption of 4A3NP was determined using Franz diffusion cells with mini-pig skin as the barrier. Under both non-oxidative and oxidative (6% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): water, 1:1) hair dye conditions, 1% and 1.5% concentrations of 4A3NP were applied to the skin at a rate of 10 μL/cm2, respectively. The total dermal absorption rates of 4A3NP under non-oxidative (1%) and oxidative (1.5%) conditions were determined to be 5.62 ± 2.19% (5.62 ± 2.19 μg/cm2) and 2.83 ± 1.48% (4.24 ± 2.21 μg/cm2), respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicokinetics of Chemicals in Consumer Products)
Open AccessArticle
Integrating Epigenetics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics to Reveal the Involvement of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Oridonin-Induced Reproductive Toxicity
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Qibin Wu, Xinyue Gao, Yifan Lin, Caijin Wu, Jian Zhang, Mengting Chen, Jiaxin Wen, Yajiao Wu, Kun Tian, Wenqiang Bao, Pengming Sun and An Zhu
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050339 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Oridonin is the primary active component in the traditional Chinese medicine Rabdosia rubescens, displaying anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antibacterial effects. It is widely employed in clinical therapy for acute and chronic pharyngitis, tonsillitis, as well as bronchitis. Nevertheless, the clinical application of oridonin
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Oridonin is the primary active component in the traditional Chinese medicine Rabdosia rubescens, displaying anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antibacterial effects. It is widely employed in clinical therapy for acute and chronic pharyngitis, tonsillitis, as well as bronchitis. Nevertheless, the clinical application of oridonin is significantly restricted due to its reproductive toxicity, with the exact mechanism remaining unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of oridonin-induced damage to HTR-8/SVneo cells. Through the integration of epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics methodologies, the mechanisms of oridonin-induced reproductive toxicity were discovered and confirmed through fluorescence imaging, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Experimental findings indicated that oridonin altered m6A levels, gene and protein expression levels, along with metabolite levels within the cells. Additionally, oridonin triggered oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, leading to a notable decrease in WNT6, β-catenin, CLDN1, CCND1, and ZO-1 protein levels. This implied that the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and disruption of tight junction might be attributed to the cytotoxicity induced by oridonin and mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in damage to HTR-8/SVneo cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Metabolism and Toxicological Mechanisms)
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Open AccessArticle
Association between Prenatal Dietary Toxicants and Infant Neurodevelopment: The Role of Fish
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Xiruo Kou, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Josefa Canals, Monica Bulló and Victoria Arija
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050338 - 6 May 2024
Abstract
More research is needed to understand how the maternal consumption of fish and fish-borne toxicants impacts infant neurodevelopment. The present analysis was conducted over 460 mother–infant pairs within the ECLIPSES study. Dietary intake of metals and persistent organic pollutants from fish (including white
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More research is needed to understand how the maternal consumption of fish and fish-borne toxicants impacts infant neurodevelopment. The present analysis was conducted over 460 mother–infant pairs within the ECLIPSES study. Dietary intake of metals and persistent organic pollutants from fish (including white fish, blue fish, and seafood) was estimated in pregnant women. The infants underwent cognitive, language, and motor function assessments using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III at the 40-day postpartum. Associations between dietary toxicants and outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. Estimated prenatal exposure to fish-borne toxicants, such as arsenic, inorganic arsenic, methylmercury, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-DL-PCBs, was associated with poorer language functions in infants, whereas no significant associations were found with motor or cognitive functions. Maternal fish consumption exceeding the Spanish recommendation of no more than 71 g per day was linked to these adverse effects on language abilities without affecting motor or cognitive development. This highlights the importance of vigilant monitoring of environmental toxicants and the provision of dietary guidance for pregnant women, with potential implications for public health and child development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology Research of Foodborne Contaminants)
Open AccessArticle
Biological Monitoring of Glyphosate Exposure among Knapsack Sprayers in Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Sunisa Chaiklieng, Kodchakorn Uengchuen, Netsirin Gissawong, Supalax Srijaranai and Herman Autrup
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050337 - 6 May 2024
Abstract
Sprayers’ exposure to glyphosate was analyzed through detection of its biomarker in spot urine biological monitoring, and the health risk was assessed using the biomatrix model. Urine samples were collected from 15 sprayers after spraying, and the glyphosate concentration was determined by using
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Sprayers’ exposure to glyphosate was analyzed through detection of its biomarker in spot urine biological monitoring, and the health risk was assessed using the biomatrix model. Urine samples were collected from 15 sprayers after spraying, and the glyphosate concentration was determined by using the DLLME-HPLC method with a UV detector. The calibration curve for glyphosate was linear in the range of 0.4–100 µg/L, while the limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 µg/L and 0.4 µg/L, respectively. The human health risk was estimated using the hazard quotient (HQ) and the biomatrix of risk assessment. The internal dose ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0021 mg/kg b.w./day. The non-cancer HQ showed no potential health risk concerns (HQ < 1). The biomatrix of health risk assessment, based on urinary glyphosate concentration, exhibited a strong correlation with the health risk matrix model. This correlation was determined by considering the likelihood of exposure, calculated from the quantity of glyphosate used and the usage of personal protective equipment (r = 0.854, p < 0.001). Although low risk was observed in sprayers, proper PPE use and the application of more knowledge are required. The simplified health risk assessment can be used for easy self-assessment of risk in preventive action regarding health risk awareness among sprayers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Pollutant Contamination within the One Health Approach)
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Open AccessArticle
Restricted-Access Media Column Switching Online Solid-Phase Extraction UHPLC–MS/MS for the Determination of Seven Type B Trichothecenes in Whole-Grain Preprocessed Foods and Human Exposure Risk Assessment
by
Xiao Ning, Yongli Ye, Jian Ji, Yanchun Hui, Jingyun Li, Po Chen, Shaoming Jin, Tongtong Liu, Yinzhi Zhang, Jin Cao and Xiulan Sun
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050336 - 6 May 2024
Abstract
With increasing health awareness and the accelerating pace of life, whole-grain prepared foods have gained popularity due to their health benefits and convenience. However, the potential risk of type B trichothecene toxins has also increased, and these mycotoxins in such foods are rarely
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With increasing health awareness and the accelerating pace of life, whole-grain prepared foods have gained popularity due to their health benefits and convenience. However, the potential risk of type B trichothecene toxins has also increased, and these mycotoxins in such foods are rarely regulated. In this study, a quantitative method combining a single-valve dual-column automatic online solid-phase extraction system with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) was developed for the first time using restricted-access media columns. This method can simultaneously determine trace residues of seven type B trichothecenes within 15 min. The method is convenient, sensitive (limit of detection and quantification of 0.05–0.6 μg/kg and 0.15–2 μg/kg, respectively), accurate (recovery rates of 90.3%–106.6%, relative standard deviation < 4.3%), and robust (>1000 times). The established method was applied to 160 prepared food samples of eight categories sold in China. At least one toxin was detected in 70% of the samples. Whole-wheat dumpling wrappers had the highest contamination rate (95%) and the highest total content of type B trichothecenes in a single sample (2077.3 μg/kg). Exposure risk assessment indicated that the contamination of whole-grain prepared foods has been underestimated. The total health risk index of whole-wheat dumpling wrappers, which are susceptible to deoxynivalenol, reached 136.41%, posing a significant threat to human health. Effective measures urgently need to be taken to control this risk.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Environmental Chemicals Exposomics and Metabolomics)
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Open AccessArticle
Tert-Butylhydroquinone Mitigates T-2-Toxin-Induced Testicular Dysfunction by Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats
by
Yun Chen, Xinke Zhang, Shanshan Lan, Shuping Liang, Manyu Zhang, Shuang Zhang, Yijian Liu, Li Li, Hengxi Wei and Shouquan Zhang
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050335 - 5 May 2024
Abstract
Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) has emerged as a promising candidate for mitigating the adverse effects of T-2-induced reproductive toxicity. The protective effects of tBHQ on rat sperm quality, testicular injury, apoptosis, and inflammation induced by T-2 toxin exposure were investigated. Histopathological examination of testicular tissues
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Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) has emerged as a promising candidate for mitigating the adverse effects of T-2-induced reproductive toxicity. The protective effects of tBHQ on rat sperm quality, testicular injury, apoptosis, and inflammation induced by T-2 toxin exposure were investigated. Histopathological examination of testicular tissues revealed severe damage in the T-2-treated group, characterized by disorganized germ cell arrangement, thinning of the convoluted seminiferous tubule walls, and significant cellular necrosis. However, tBHQ administration, either as a preventive or therapeutic measure, mitigated this structural damage. Image analysis confirmed an increase in the cross-sectional area and height of the convoluted seminiferous tubules in the tBHQ-treated groups compared to the T-2-treated group (p < 0.05), indicating tBHQ’s efficacy in alleviating testicular damage. Additionally, tBHQ treatment significantly inhibited T-2-induced apoptosis of testicular tissue cells, as evidenced by the results showing reduced apoptotic cell counts and downregulation of the BAX/BCL2 ratio and caspase-3 expression (p < 0.05). tBHQ significantly increased the concentrations of the antioxidant factors SOD, CAT, TAC, and GSH-PX. Furthermore, tBHQ attenuated the inflammatory response induced by T-2 exposure, as indicated by the decreased mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines Tnf, Il1, and Il10 in testicular tissue (p < 0.05). Additionally, tBHQ treatment alleviated the decline in serum testosterone induced by the T-2 and promoted testosterone synthesis gene expression, including for the genes 17β-HSD and Cyp11a1, in rat testes (p < 0.05). These findings underscore tBHQ’s role as a therapeutic agent combatting T-2-induced reproductive toxicity, highlighting its antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Further elucidation of tBHQ’s mechanisms of action may offer novel strategies for preventing and treating reproductive disorders induced by environmental toxins.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)
Open AccessArticle
Amended Vegetation Filters as Nature-Based Solutions for the Treatment of Pharmaceuticals: Infiltration Experiments Coupled to Reactive Transport Modelling
by
Raisa Gabriela Salvi-Taga, Raffaella Meffe, Virtudes Martínez-Hernández, Angel De Miguel Garcia and Irene De Bustamante
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050334 - 4 May 2024
Abstract
In small populations and scattered communities, wastewater treatment through vegetation filters (VFs), a nature-based solution, has proved to be feasible, especially for nutrient and organic matter removal. However, the presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and their potential to infiltrate through the vadose zone
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In small populations and scattered communities, wastewater treatment through vegetation filters (VFs), a nature-based solution, has proved to be feasible, especially for nutrient and organic matter removal. However, the presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and their potential to infiltrate through the vadose zone and reach groundwater is a drawback in the evaluation of VF performances. Soil amended with readily labile carbon sources, such as woodchips, enhances microbial activity and sorption processes, which could improve pharmaceutical attenuation in VFs. The present study aims to assess if woodchip amendments to a VF’s soil are able to abate concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals in the infiltrating water by quantitatively describing the occurring processes through reactive transport modelling. Thus, a column experiment using soil collected from an operating VF and poplar woodchips was conducted, alongside a column containing only soil used as reference. The pharmaceuticals acetaminophen, naproxen, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, ketoprofen and sulfamethoxazole were applied daily to the column inlet, mimicking a real irrigation pattern and periodically measured in the effluent. Ketoprofen was the only injected pharmaceutical that reached the column outlet of both systems within the experimental timeframe. The absence of acetaminophen, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole in both column outlets indicates that they were attenuated even without woodchips. However, the presence of 10,11-epoxy carbamazepine and atenolol acid as transformation products (TPs) suggests that incomplete degradation also occurs and that the effect of the amendment on the infiltration of TPs is compound-specific. Modelling allowed us to generate breakthrough curves of ketoprofen in both columns and to obtain transport parameters during infiltration. Woodchip-amended columns exhibited Kd and μw values from one to two orders of magnitude higher compared to soil column. This augmentation of sorption and biodegradation processes significantly enhanced the removal of ketoprofen to over 96%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Detection and Bioremediation of Contaminated Water and Soil)
Open AccessArticle
Phytostabilization of Heavy Metals and Fungal Community Response in Manganese Slag under the Mediation of Soil Amendments and Plants
by
Hao Wang, Hui Liu, Rongkui Su and Yonghua Chen
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050333 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The addition of soil amendments and plants in heavy metal-contaminated soil can result in a significant impact on physicochemical properties, microbial communities and heavy metal distribution, but the specific mechanisms remain to be explored. In this study, Koelreuteria paniculata was used as a
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The addition of soil amendments and plants in heavy metal-contaminated soil can result in a significant impact on physicochemical properties, microbial communities and heavy metal distribution, but the specific mechanisms remain to be explored. In this study, Koelreuteria paniculata was used as a test plant, spent mushroom compost (SMC) and attapulgite (ATP) were used as amendments, and manganese slag was used as a substrate. CK (100% slag), M0 (90% slag + 5% SMC + 5% ATP) and M1 (90% slag + 5% SMC + 5% ATP, planting K. paniculata) groups were assessed in a pilot-scale experiment to explore their different impacts on phytoremediation. The results indicated that adding the amendments significantly improved the pH of the manganese slag, enhancing and maintaining its fertility and water retention. Adding the amendments and planting K. paniculata (M1) significantly reduced the bioavailability and migration of heavy metals (HMs). The loss of Mn, Pb and Zn via runoff decreased by 15.7%, 8.4% and 10.2%, respectively, compared to CK. K. paniculata recruited and enriched beneficial fungi, inhibited pathogenic fungi, and a more stable fungal community was built. This significantly improved the soil quality, promoted plant growth and mitigated heavy metal toxicity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the addition of SMC-ATP and planting K. paniculata showed a good phytostabilization effect in the manganese slag and further revealed the response process of the fungal community in phytoremediation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phytoremediation of Soil Polluted with Heavy Metals and Metalloids)
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Open AccessArticle
A Human Skin Explant Test as a Novel In Vitro Assay for the Detection of Skin Sensitization to Aggregated Monoclonal Antibodies
by
Ana Martins-Ribeiro, Arathi Kizhedath, Shaheda Sameena Ahmed, Jarka Glassey, Abbas Ishaq, Matthew Freer and Anne Mary Dickinson
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050332 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Introduction: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics. However, the enhanced potential for aggregation has become a critical quality parameter during the production of mAbs. Furthermore, mAb aggregation may also present a potential health risk in a clinical setting during the administration of mAb
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Introduction: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics. However, the enhanced potential for aggregation has become a critical quality parameter during the production of mAbs. Furthermore, mAb aggregation may also present a potential health risk in a clinical setting during the administration of mAb therapeutics to patients. While the extent of immunotoxicity in patient populations is uncertain, reports show it can lead to immune responses via cell activation and cytokine release. In this study, an autologous in vitro skin test designed to predict adverse immune events, including skin sensitization, was used as a novel assay for the assessment of immunotoxicity caused by mAb aggregation. Material and Methods: Aggregation of mAbs was induced by a heat stress protocol, followed by characterization of protein content by analytical ultra-centrifugation and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a 4% aggregation level of total protein content. Immunotoxicity and potential skin sensitization caused by the aggregates, were then tested in a skin explant assay. Results: Aggregated Herceptin and Rituximab caused skin sensitization, as shown by histopathological damage (grade II–III positive response) together with positive staining for Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Changes in T cell proliferation were not observed. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase of IL-10 for the most extreme condition of aggregation (65 °C at pH3) and a trend for an overall increase of IFN-γ, especially in response to Rituximab. Conclusions: The skin explant assay demonstrated that aggregated mAbs showed adverse immune reactions, as demonstrated as skin sensitization, with histopathological grades II-III. The assay may, therefore, be a novel tool for assessing immunotoxicity and skin sensitization caused by mAb aggregation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Sensitization Testing Using New Approach Methodologies)
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The Impact of Agroecosystems on Nitrous Acid (HONO) Emissions during Spring and Autumn in the North China Plain
by
Jianhui Zeng, Wanyun Xu, Ye Kuang, Weiqi Xu, Chang Liu, Gen Zhang, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou and Xiaobin Xu
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050331 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Solar radiation triggers atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis, producing OH radicals, thereby accelerating photochemical reactions, leading to severe secondary pollution formation. Missing daytime sources were detected in the extensive HONO budget studies carried out in the past. In the rural North China Plain,
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Solar radiation triggers atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis, producing OH radicals, thereby accelerating photochemical reactions, leading to severe secondary pollution formation. Missing daytime sources were detected in the extensive HONO budget studies carried out in the past. In the rural North China Plain, some studies attributed those to soil emissions and more recent studies to dew evaporation. To investigate the contributions of these two processes to HONO temporal variations and unknown production rates in rural areas, HONO and related field observations obtained at the Gucheng Agricultural and Ecological Meteorological Station during spring and autumn were thoroughly analyzed. Morning peaks in HONO frequently occurred simultaneously with those of ammonia (NH3) and water vapor both during spring and autumn, which were mostly caused by dew and guttation water evaporation. In spring, the unknown HONO production rate revealed pronounced afternoon peaks exceeding those in the morning. In autumn, however, the afternoon peak was barely detectable compared to the morning peak. The unknown afternoon HONO production rates were attributed to soil emissions due to their good relationship to soil temperatures, while NH3 soil emissions were not as distinctive as dew emissions. Overall, the relative daytime contribution of dew emissions was higher during autumn, while soil emissions dominated during spring. Nevertheless, dew emission remained the most dominant contributor to morning time HONO emissions in both seasons, thus being responsible for the initiation of daytime OH radical formation and activation of photochemical reactions, while soil emissions further maintained HONO and associated OH radial formation rates at a high level, especially during spring. Future studies need to thoroughly investigate the influencing factors of dew and soil emissions and establish their relationship to HONO emission rates, form reasonable parameterizations for regional and global models, and improve current underestimations in modeled atmospheric oxidation capacity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Its Impact on Human Health and Ecosystem in Asia)
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Identification and Visualization of Polystyrene Microplastics/Nanoplastics in Flavored Yogurt by Raman Imaging
by
Xin Ling, Jun Cheng, Weirong Yao, He Qian, Dazhi Ding, Zhilong Yu, Yunfei Xie and Fangwei Yang
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050330 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed
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The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed Raman imaging for visualization and identification of polystyrene particles synthesized in polymerization reactions, ranging from 400 to 2600 nm. We successfully developed a quantitative model of particle size and concentration for polystyrene, exhibiting excellent fit (R2 of 0.9946). We established procedures for spiked flavored yogurt using synthesized polystyrene, providing fresh insights into microplastic extraction efficiency. Recovery rates calculated from models validated the method’s feasibility. In practical applications, the assessment of the size, type, shape, and quantity of microplastics in unspiked flavored yogurt was conducted. The most common polymers found were polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene, with the smallest polystyrene sizes ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Additionally, we conducted exposure assessments of microplastics in branded flavored yogurt. This study established a foundation for developing a universal method to quantify microplastics in food, covering synthesis of standards, method development, validation, and application.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Risk Assessment of Undesirable Chemical Residues in Food)
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