Nucleation of Minerals: Precursors, Intermediates and Their Use in Materials Chemistry

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barite; atomic force microscopy (AFM); crystal growth; spiral growth; 2D nucleation growth; polymorphs; sea urchin; mollusk; calcite; vaterite; aragonite; biomineralization; proteins; classical nucleation theory; crystallization by particle attachment; non-classical nucleation; rare earth elements; hydrated rare earth phosphate; apatite; nanoparticle; TEM; crystal growth; nucleation; infrared spectroscopy; XRD data; jarosite; alunite; amine; carbon dioxide; ammonium-carbamate ion pairs; organogel; amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC); crystal growth; amorphous calcium carbonate; colloidal crystals; background electrolytes; dehydration kinetics; calcium carbonate; calcite; clusters; nucleation; vaterite; ACC; amorphous precursor; nucleation; carbonate apatite; amorphous calcium carbonate phosphate; calcium carbonate; phase transition; calcite; needle-like particle; transmission electron microscopy (TEM); apatites; structure; equilibrium shape; growth shape; supersaturation; nucleation; nucleation; multistep pathway; crystal growth; gypsum; additives; in situ atomic force microscopy; nucleation; self-assembly; biomaterials; biomimetic; bioinspired; porous mineral; infiltration analysis; self-assembled monolayer; surface modification; calcium phosphate; calcium carbonate; dental hard tissue; artifact restoration; remineralization; biomaterials; liquid cell TEM; precipitation; confinement; crystallization; apatite; in situ X-ray diffraction; crystallization; nucleation; pyrophosphate; biomimetic materials; biomorphs; barium carbonate; silica; self-assembly; temperature; precipitation kinetics; amorphous calcium carbonate; urinary stones; guinea pig; pathological mineralization; struvite; n/a