A Multiphysics Thermoelastoviscoplastic Damage Internal State Variable Constitutive Model including Magnetism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phenomenological Behavior
2.1. Macroscale Level: The Magnetostriction Phenomenon
2.2. Mesoscale Level: Domain Wall Motion
2.3. Nanoscale Level: Ising Model
3. Kinematics
4. Thermodynamics
5. Kinetics
5.1. Experimental Magnetostriction Test
5.2. Cauchy Stress Tensor
5.3. An Internal State Variable for Magnetization
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Spin Alignment | Spin Illustrated in Simplified Plot | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
Ferromagnets | Electron spins align parallel to one another, resulting in a spontaneous magnetization. | Fe, Co, Ni | |
Ferrimagnets | Majority of electron’s spins parallel to one another, some spins are antiparallel, resulting in spontaneous magnetization. | Magnetite (), yttrium iron garnet (YIG) | |
Antiferromagnets | Electron spins align antiparallel to each other, resulting in a null net magnetization. | Cr | |
Paramagnets | Electron spins tend to align parallel when an external magnetic field is applied. | Oxygen, sodium, aluminum, calcium, uranium | |
Diamagnets | Electron spins tend to align antiparallel to an external magnetic field. | Copper, silver, gold, nitrogen |
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Malki, M.; Horstemeyer, M.F.; Cho, H.E.; Peterson, L.A.; Dickel, D.; Capolungo, L.; Baskes, M.I. A Multiphysics Thermoelastoviscoplastic Damage Internal State Variable Constitutive Model including Magnetism. Materials 2024, 17, 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102412
Malki M, Horstemeyer MF, Cho HE, Peterson LA, Dickel D, Capolungo L, Baskes MI. A Multiphysics Thermoelastoviscoplastic Damage Internal State Variable Constitutive Model including Magnetism. Materials. 2024; 17(10):2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102412
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalki, M., M. F. Horstemeyer, H. E. Cho, L. A. Peterson, D. Dickel, L. Capolungo, and M. I. Baskes. 2024. "A Multiphysics Thermoelastoviscoplastic Damage Internal State Variable Constitutive Model including Magnetism" Materials 17, no. 10: 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102412