Human In Vitro Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) Increases Urinary Albumin Excretion in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. LDL Isolation
4.2. Copper-Dependent Oxidation of LDL
4.3. Animals
4.4. Experimental Protocol
- PBS group, receiving phosphate-buffered saline injections;
- LDL group, receiving LDL injections (4 mg of LDL protein/kg of b.w.);
- oxLDL group, receiving oxidized LDL injections (4 mg of LDL protein/kg of b.w.).
4.5. Metabolic Characterization
4.6. Statistical Analysis
4.7. Materials
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Female |
---|---|
Lp(a) before first LA, mg/dL | 137 |
Age of first LA, years | 55 |
Year of starting LA | 2013 |
Coronary artery disease | yes |
Age of coronary artery disease diagnosis, years | 48 |
Acute coronary syndrome | No |
Acute coronary syndrome, age of first | NA |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 3 |
Age of first percutaneous coronary intervention | 48 |
Coronary artery bypass graft | no |
Coronary artery bypass graft, age | NA |
Transient ischemic attack | no |
Stroke | no |
Stroke, age of first attack | NA |
Carotid artery disease | no |
Peripheral artery disease | no |
Revascularization of carotid or peripheral artery | no |
BMI, body mass index | 24 |
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia | yes |
Diabetes | no |
Hypertension | yes |
Smoking history | yes |
Family history of early ASCVD in 1st-degree relative | yes |
Chronic kidney disease | no |
LVEF, left-ventricle ejection fraction (%) | 60 |
Concentration (Relative Amount) | Low-Density Lipoprotein Compounds | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phospholipids | Triacylglycerols | Free Cholesterol | Esterified Cholesterol | Proteins | |
mg/dL | 305.00 ± 9.80 | 104.20 ± 2.60 | 139.70 ± 7.80 | 610.90± 23.30 | 335.70 ± 16.60 |
(%) | 24.40 ± 0.20 | 7.00 ± 0.20 | 9.30 ± 0.20 | 40.90 ± 0.50 | 22.40 ± 0.40 |
Parameter | Lipoprotein | |
---|---|---|
nLDL | oxLDL | |
TBARS (nmol/mg LDL protein) | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 6.36 ± 0.64 * |
Conjugated dienes (OD at λ = 234 nm) | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 1.59 ± 0.03 * |
Free ε-amino groups (nmol/mg LDL protein) | 400.40 ± 13.62 | 149.10 ± 28.86 * |
Parameter | Experimental Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
PBS | LDL | oxLDL | |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82.00 ± 12.00 | 75.00 ± 4.00 | 71.00 ± 9.00 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 121.00 ± 21.00 | 84.00 ± 31.00 | 132.00 ± 44.00 |
TBARS (µmol/L) | 2.32 ± 0.49 | 2.09 ± 0.36 | 1.82 ± 0.36 |
Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 2.15 ± 0.18 | 2.42 ± 0.49 | 2.27± 0.47 |
Urinary Excretion | Experimental Groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PBS | LDL | oxLDL | ||||
Pre-Injection | Postinjection | Pre-Injection | Postinjection | Pre-Injection | Postinjection | |
Water (mL/24 h) | 8.00 ± 1.00 | 8.00 ± 2.00 | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 12.00 ± 3.00 | 9.00 ± 2.00 | 9.00 ± 1.00 |
TBARS (µmol/24 h) | 67.00 ± 11.00 | 68.00 ± 6.00 | 97.00 ± 8.00 | 96.00 ± 17.00 | 93.00 ± 14.00 | 93.00 ± 12.00 |
8-iso-PGF2α (ng/24 h) | 3.65 ± 1.89 | 3.89 ± 0.98 | 3.39 ± 0.86 | 2.88 ± 0.67 | 3.36 ± 1.57 | 3.00 ± 0.87 |
8-OHdG (µg/24 h) | 1.86 ± 0.13 | 1.85 ± 0.28 | 2.19 ± 0.38 | 2.57 ± 0.83 | 1.78 ± 0.33 | 1.82 ± 0.10 |
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Dąbkowski, K.; Kreft, E.; Sałaga-Zaleska, K.; Chyła-Danił, G.; Mickiewicz, A.; Gruchała, M.; Kuchta, A.; Jankowski, M. Human In Vitro Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) Increases Urinary Albumin Excretion in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105498
Dąbkowski K, Kreft E, Sałaga-Zaleska K, Chyła-Danił G, Mickiewicz A, Gruchała M, Kuchta A, Jankowski M. Human In Vitro Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) Increases Urinary Albumin Excretion in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105498
Chicago/Turabian StyleDąbkowski, Kamil, Ewelina Kreft, Kornelia Sałaga-Zaleska, Gabriela Chyła-Danił, Agnieszka Mickiewicz, Marcin Gruchała, Agnieszka Kuchta, and Maciej Jankowski. 2024. "Human In Vitro Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) Increases Urinary Albumin Excretion in Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105498