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28 pages, 43234 KiB  
Article
Responses of Climatic Drought to Vegetation Cover Dynamics: A Case Study in Yunnan, China
by Yangtao Wan, Han Han, Yao Mao and Bao-Jie He
Forests 2024, 15(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101689 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Vegetation cover can regulate regional climate and associated dry–wet variations. However, the effects of the quantitative structure and landscape pattern of vegetation cover on climatic drought remain unclear. Yunnan Province in China, with its abundant vegetation resources, provides a good setting for addressing [...] Read more.
Vegetation cover can regulate regional climate and associated dry–wet variations. However, the effects of the quantitative structure and landscape pattern of vegetation cover on climatic drought remain unclear. Yunnan Province in China, with its abundant vegetation resources, provides a good setting for addressing this research gap. Our objective is to provide guiding recommendations for climate-warming mitigation through the study of the topic. This study adopted four periods of vegetation cover data, from 1992 to 2020, and explored their dynamics. Monthly average precipitation and temperature data from 125 meteorological stations in Yunnan were used to calculate standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for 1992–2020 to understand the responses of climatic drought to vegetation cover dynamics. The correlations between quantitative structure, landscape pattern, and climatic drought were investigated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient in 10 km, 20 km, 30 km, and 40 km grid cells, respectively. The results indicate that changes in the quantitative structure of vegetation could influence regional climates, with the contributions to climatic drought mitigation ranked in the following order: broad-leaved forest > shrubland > needle-leaved forest > cropland > grassland. Landscape patterns significantly affected local climates, where broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests had the strongest and most stable correlations with climatic drought, whereas shrubland and grassland showed weaker correlations. The correlations between landscape patterns and climatic drought were stronger during the dry season than the rainy season. Factors such as the landscape dominance index, fragmentation index, and aggregation index had a significant impact on climatic drought. The dominant and aggregated-distribution broad-leaved forests were conducive to climatic drought mitigation, while needle-leaved forests, croplands, and grasslands might exacerbate climatic drought. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 3rd Volume)
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18 pages, 7532 KiB  
Article
Identifying Regulatory Barriers in the Management of Ecological Corridors in an Increasingly Congested Space
by Orit Rotem-Mindali, Noam Katzir and Oren Perez
Land 2024, 13(10), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101552 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Ecological corridors are essential in facilitating the movement and dispersal of flora and fauna between separate and often isolated habitat patches. In recent years, Israel has confronted significant challenges due to the rapid pace of construction, driven in part by exceptional population growth [...] Read more.
Ecological corridors are essential in facilitating the movement and dispersal of flora and fauna between separate and often isolated habitat patches. In recent years, Israel has confronted significant challenges due to the rapid pace of construction, driven in part by exceptional population growth that sets it apart on the global demographic stage. This accelerated development creates an unprecedented long-term impact on ecosystems. A key obstacle to maintaining ecological corridors is the Israeli government’s decision to construct thousands of housing units using expedited plans that circumvent standard planning processes. Such projects significantly impact these corridors, given that approximately 16% of their designated areas overlap with ecological corridors. This raises two pressing questions: Can the existing ecological corridors endure these changes and remain functional, or does the role of ecological corridors need to be redefined due to increasing urban development? What are the necessary institutional frameworks required to effectively manage these corridors in an environment that is becoming progressively denser? The research focuses on two case studies in the densely populated Central District in Israel, encompassing both local and regional ecological corridors. The regulatory assessment will point out key stakeholders, identify potential threats to the corridors, and explore existing regulatory mechanisms for planning and managing these corridors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Land Use Change and Its Environmental Effects)
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14 pages, 871 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise (PAHRE) in a Population with Hearing Loss
by Marlene Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Montserrat Durán-Bouza and Victoria Marrero-Aguiar
Audiol. Res. 2024, 14(5), 861-874; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14050073 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Background: Speech recognition in noise is one of the difficulties faced by people with hearing loss that increases with age. The recently developed Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise (Prueba Auditiva de Habla en Ruido en Español, PAHRE) allows for the identification [...] Read more.
Background: Speech recognition in noise is one of the difficulties faced by people with hearing loss that increases with age. The recently developed Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise (Prueba Auditiva de Habla en Ruido en Español, PAHRE) allows for the identification of these intelligibility difficulties in noise. The aim of this study was to assess speech recognition in noise in people with hearing loss and to test the benefits of the Lombard effect. Methods: The participants were 104 people with hearing difficulties, ranging in age from 37 to 98 years. The variables age, degree of hearing loss, presence of high-frequency dropout, and years of formal education were assessed. Results: Psychometric curves were obtained as a function of signal-to-noise ratio as well as threshold values of speech reception as a function of age group for mild and moderate hearing loss. The results indicated that the speech reception threshold increased with both age and the degree of hearing loss, becoming particularly significant after the age of 70. Furthermore, it was found that the combined factors of age, degree of hearing loss, and educational level predicted a high percentage of the variability in the speech reception threshold. Conclusions: Therefore, the Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise could be a useful clinical tool for diagnosis, monitoring, auditory rehabilitation planning, and hearing aid fitting. Full article
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15 pages, 797 KiB  
Article
Building Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Banking through Organizational Agility
by Wiweko Probojakti, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Arik Prasetya and Muhammad Faisal Riza
Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8327; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198327 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The fast development of technology in the banking sector has forced a basic review of organizational strategies and structures since banks want to keep ahead of the curve and satisfy the evolving needs of the digital era. This study examines the mediating role [...] Read more.
The fast development of technology in the banking sector has forced a basic review of organizational strategies and structures since banks want to keep ahead of the curve and satisfy the evolving needs of the digital era. This study examines the mediating role of organizational agility in the relationship between transformational leadership and digital transformation on sustainable competitive advantage in the banking sector. The research sample was drawn from a population consisting of head offices, branch offices, and sub-branch offices of regional banks in Indonesia, totaling 185 units. Based on 185 data points collected through surveys distributed to unit leaders, we used PLS-SEM analysis to test the proposed hypotheses. Empirical results indicate that transformational leadership and digital transformation have no significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage. However, organizational agility can significantly mediate this impact on sustainable competitive advantage. The findings underscore the importance of developing agility as an internal factor of organizations that plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Management: Operations Competitiveness, Digital Competence and Supply Chain Network)
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17 pages, 2281 KiB  
Article
Optimising Nitrogen Fertilisation in a Potato–Oat Rotation and Implications for Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Volcanic Soils
by Marta Alfaro, Sara Hube, Francisco Salazar, Ignacio Beltrán, Luis Ramírez and Surinder Saggar
Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102202 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
High nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates are usually applied to increase agricultural yields, leading to high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and depletes the ozone layer. This study aimed to optimise N use [...] Read more.
High nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates are usually applied to increase agricultural yields, leading to high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and depletes the ozone layer. This study aimed to optimise N use efficiency and quantify N2O emission factors (EF1) by measuring the effect of N rates on the yield of a potato-cover crop rotation, apparent N use efficiency (NUE) and N2O emissions. The two-year experiment was carried out on volcanic soils (1.6% carbon, 1.4% N) in southern Chile (40°52′ S, 73°03′ W). Three N application rates were evaluated (80, 150 and 300 kg N ha−1), 35% of which was applied at the planting stage (granular) and 65% at the tubering stage. A control treatment with no N addition was also included. Reducing N fertilisation to 80 kg N ha−1 increased NUE by three times, reduced N2O-N emissions by 33% and reduced emission intensity by 27% without a detrimental impact on crop yield and marketable tuber calibre. No significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the N2O emission factor (EF1) because of a low rainfall year. The results suggest that in rainfed agriculture systems, N fertiliser application can be significantly reduced without sacrificing potato yield, favouring the economic and environmental sustainability of potato production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Management)
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15 pages, 2082 KiB  
Article
Phenotypic and Genotypic Profiles of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Northeastern Thailand
by Sumontha Chaisaeng, Nattamol Phetburom, Pachara Kasemsiri, Nuntiput Putthanachote, Naowarut Wangnadee, Parichart Boueroy, Anusak Kerdsin and Peechanika Chopjitt
Antibiotics 2024, 13(10), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13100917 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The global emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae presents a significant public health threat and complicates antibiotic treatment for infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in a clinical setting, analyze their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and characterize [...] Read more.
The global emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae presents a significant public health threat and complicates antibiotic treatment for infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in a clinical setting, analyze their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and characterize both phenotypic and genetic determinants. A total of 507 non-duplicate clinical isolates of Enterobacterales were collected between 2019 and 2020, and third-generation cephalosporin resistance was screened by disk diffusion. Identification of K. pneumoniae was confirmed using biochemical tests and PCR with species-specific primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using disk diffusion, and phenotypic ESBL production was confirmed using the combined disk method. Multiplex PCR detected ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M) and identified blaCTX-M groups. The genetic relatedness of ESBL-producing strains was assessed using the ERIC-PCR approach. Fitty-four isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers, all classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). All ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime, with high resistance rates for ciprofloxacin (98.2%), azithromycin (94.4%), piperacillin–tazobactam (88.9%), and trimethoprim (83.3%). Genotypic analysis revealed blaCTX-M was present in 94.4% of isolates, blaSHV in 87%, and blaTEM in 55.5%. The blaCTX-M-1 group was the most prevalent, accounting for 96.1% of isolates. Co-harboring of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM occurred in 42.6% of isolates, with co-carrying of blaCTX-M, and blaSHV was observed in 23/54 isolates. The ERIC-PCR analysis revealed 15 distinct types, indicating high genetic diversity. These findings highlight the urgent need for ongoing monitoring to control the spread of ESBL among K. pneumoniae and emphasize the importance of early detection and appropriate antibiotic selection for effectively treating infection caused by these pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 2739 KiB  
Article
A Highly Sensitive, Low Creep Hydrogel Sensor for Plant Growth Monitoring
by Haoyan Xu, Guangyao Zhang, Wensheng Wang, Chenrui Sun, Hanyu Wang, Han Wu and Zhuangzhi Sun
Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6197; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196197 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Ion−conducting hydrogels show significant potential in plant growth monitoring. Nevertheless, traditional ionic hydrogel sensors experience substantial internal creep and inadequate sensitivity, hindering precise plant growth monitoring. In this study, we developed a flexible hydrogel sensor composed of polyvinyl alcohol and acrylamide. The hydrogel [...] Read more.
Ion−conducting hydrogels show significant potential in plant growth monitoring. Nevertheless, traditional ionic hydrogel sensors experience substantial internal creep and inadequate sensitivity, hindering precise plant growth monitoring. In this study, we developed a flexible hydrogel sensor composed of polyvinyl alcohol and acrylamide. The hydrogel sensor exhibits low creep and high sensitivity. Polyvinyl alcohol, acrylamide, and glycerol are crosslinked to create a robust interpenetrating double network structure. The strong interactions, such as van der Waals forces, between the networks minimize hydrogel creep under external stress, reducing the drift ratio by 50% and the drift rate by more than 60%. Additionally, sodium chloride and AgNWs enrich the hydrogel with conductive ions and pathways, enhancing the sensor’s conductivity and demonstrating excellent response time (0.4 s) and recovery time (0.3 s). When used as a sensor for plant growth monitoring, the sensor exhibits sensitivity to small strains and stability for long−term monitoring. This sensor establishes a foundation for developing plant health monitoring systems utilizing renewable biomass materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)
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13 pages, 3208 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Powder Reuse on Electron Beam Melting for Biomedical Implants
by Akshay Mundayadan Chandroth, Paula Milena Giraldo-Osorno, Lars Nyborg, Anders Palmquist and Yu Cao
Materials 2024, 17(19), 4701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194701 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The ability of additive manufacturing to generate intricate structures has led to its popularity and widespread use in a variety of applications, ranging from the production of biomedical implants to aircraft components. Additive manufacturing techniques can overcome the limitations of the traditional manufacturing [...] Read more.
The ability of additive manufacturing to generate intricate structures has led to its popularity and widespread use in a variety of applications, ranging from the production of biomedical implants to aircraft components. Additive manufacturing techniques can overcome the limitations of the traditional manufacturing methods to create complex near-net-form structures. A vast array of clinical applications effectively employ Ti-6Al-4V as a biomaterial. The evolution of additive manufacturing has accelerated the development of patient-specific implants. The surface characteristics play a critical role in tissue healing and adaptation to implants. The present research set out to examine the effects of powder recycling with respect to the powder itself and the surface properties resulting from the electron beam melting (EBM) of the implant material. The printed implants, as well as the powder samples, underwent morphological, surface chemistry, and microstructure analyses. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated with THP-1 macrophages. The overall microstructure of the implant samples showed little variation in terms of powder recycling based on the results. Higher oxygen levels were found in the solid and lattice sections of those implants manufactured with batches of recycled powder, along with marginally better cell viability. This emphasizes how crucial powder quality is to the process of additive manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding Technologies and Additive Manufacturing of Alloys and Metals (2nd Edition))
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15 pages, 4880 KiB  
Article
Guanidine Derivatives Leverage the Antibacterial Performance of Bio-Based Polyamide PA56 Fibres
by Lili Wang, Bobo Zhou, Yuliu Du, Miao Bai, Xiang Xu, Yong Guan and Xiucai Liu
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192707 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Bacterial damage has significantly impacted humanity, prompting the control of harmful microorganisms and infectious diseases. In this study, antibacterial bio-based PA56 fibres were prepared with high-speed spinning using ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA) as the compatibiliser and polypentamethylene guanidine sulphate (PPGS) as the [...] Read more.
Bacterial damage has significantly impacted humanity, prompting the control of harmful microorganisms and infectious diseases. In this study, antibacterial bio-based PA56 fibres were prepared with high-speed spinning using ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA) as the compatibiliser and polypentamethylene guanidine sulphate (PPGS) as the antibacterial agent. The effects of PPGS content on the properties of PA56 draw-textured yarns (DTYs) were investigated. The compatibility between PPGS and PA greatly improved with EMA incorporation. Compared with PA56 fibres, the elongation at break of the sample containing 2.0 wt% EMA and PPGS increased by 25.93%. The inhibition rates of the fibres with 1.0 wt% PPGS against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached over 99.99%. Samples were easily coloured with dyes, exhibiting good colour fastness, regardless of the EMA content. However, the antibacterial performances of dyed DTYs decreased to varying degrees. the inhibition rates of samples of 0.5wt% addition of PPGS against E. coli were reduced from 99.99% to 28.50% and 25.36% after dyeing with Acid Blue 80 and Dispersible Blue 2BLN, respectively. The EMA-modified fibres exhibited the best antibacterial activity after dyeing with neutral gray 2BL. These findings are expected to promote the wider use of biobased PA56 in practical applications that require antibacterial performance and to guide the dyeing process of antimicrobial fibres. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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15 pages, 3150 KiB  
Article
Research on the Conversion Coefficient in Coherent Φ-OTDR and Its Intrinsic Impact on Localization Accuracy
by Zhen Zhong, Ningmu Zou and Xuping Zhang
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100901 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) plays a crucial role in localizing and monitoring seismic waves, underwater structures, etc. Accurate localization of external perturbations along the fiber is essential for addressing these challenges effectively. The conversion coefficient, which links the detected phase signal [...] Read more.
Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) plays a crucial role in localizing and monitoring seismic waves, underwater structures, etc. Accurate localization of external perturbations along the fiber is essential for addressing these challenges effectively. The conversion coefficient, which links the detected phase signal to the perturbation signal on the fiber, has a significant impact on localization accuracy. This makes the characteristic of parameters relative to the conversion coefficient in Φ-OTDR a subject of deep research. Based on the coherent Φ-OTDR mathematical model, parameters like the modulus, the statistical phase, the phase change, and the peak difference are analyzed with and without the static region, respectively. When perturbations are homogeneously distributed along the fiber, the absence of static region on the phase change-fiber length plane leads to a nonlinear phase change relationship. This deviation from the expected linear relationship in the presence of static region means that the static region is essential for higher localization accuracy. The absence of static region results in a standard deviation of 0.042263 m for the localization deviation value, which could be theoretically reduced by a new sensor design with a static region. These findings underscore the importance of the conversion coefficient and the relevance of the static region in Φ-OTDR to achieving accurate and effective localization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advance and Applications of Fiber Optic Measurement: 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 22332 KiB  
Article
Using Hybrid MnO2-Au Nanoflowers to Accelerate ROS Scavenging and Wound Healing in Diabetes
by Ning Jiang, Xinwei Liu, Baiyan Sui, Jiale Wang, Xin Liu and Zun Zhang
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(10), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101244 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Objectives: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic wounds are major contributors to chronic wounds and impaired healing, posing significant challenges in regenerative medicine. Developing innovative drug delivery systems is crucial to address these issues by modifying the adverse microenvironment and promoting effective [...] Read more.
Objectives: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in diabetic wounds are major contributors to chronic wounds and impaired healing, posing significant challenges in regenerative medicine. Developing innovative drug delivery systems is crucial to address these issues by modifying the adverse microenvironment and promoting effective wound healing. Methods: Herein, we designed a novel drug delivery platform using manganese dioxide nanoflower hybridized gold nanoparticle composites (MnO2-Au) synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction, and investigated the potential of MnO2-Au nanoflowers to relieve the high oxidative stress microenvironment and regulate diabetic wound tissue healing. Results: This hybrid material demonstrated superior catalytic activity compared to MnO2 alone, enabling the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and a substantial reduction in ROS levels within dermal fibroblasts. The MnO2-Au nanoflowers also facilitated enhanced dermal fibroblast migration and Col-I expression, which are critical for tissue regeneration. Additionally, a hydrogel-based wound dressing incorporating MnO2-Au nanoflowers was developed, showing its potential as an intelligent drug delivery system. This dressing significantly reduced oxidative stress, accelerated wound closure, and improved the quality of neonatal epithelial tissue regeneration in a diabetic rat skin defect model. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of MnO2-Au nanoflower-based drug delivery systems as a promising therapeutic approach for chronic wound healing, particularly in regenerative medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Regenerative Medicine, 2nd Edition)
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52 pages, 1438 KiB  
Review
Customized 3D-Printed Mesh, Membrane, Bone Substitute, and Dental Implant Applied to Guided Bone Regeneration in Oral Implantology: A Narrative Review
by Federica Di Spirito, Francesco Giordano, Maria Pia Di Palo, Cosimo Ferraro, Luigi Cecere, Eugenio Frucci, Mario Caggiano and Roberto Lo Giudice
Dent. J. 2024, 12(10), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12100303 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Background: The new frontiers of computer-based surgery, technology, and material advances, have allowed for customized 3D printed manufacturing to become widespread in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in oral implantology. The shape, structural, mechanical, and biological manufacturing characteristics achieved through 3D printing technologies allow [...] Read more.
Background: The new frontiers of computer-based surgery, technology, and material advances, have allowed for customized 3D printed manufacturing to become widespread in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in oral implantology. The shape, structural, mechanical, and biological manufacturing characteristics achieved through 3D printing technologies allow for the customization of implant-prosthetic rehabilitations and GBR procedures according to patient-specific needs, reducing complications and surgery time. Therefore, the present narrative review aims to elucidate the 3D-printing digital radiographic process, materials, indications, 3D printed manufacturing-controlled characteristics, histological findings, complications, patient-reported outcomes, and short- and long-term clinical considerations of customized 3D printed mesh, membranes, bone substitutes, and dental implants applied to GBR in oral implantology. Methods: An electronic search was performed through MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, BioMed Central, and Web of Science until 30 June 2024. Results: Three-dimensionally printed titanium meshes and bone substitutes registered successful outcomes in vertical/horizontal bone defect regeneration. Three-dimensionally printed polymeric membranes could link the advantages of conventional resorbable and non-resorbable membranes. Few data on customized 3D printed dental implants and abutments are available, but in vitro and animal studies have shown new promising designs that could improve their mechanical properties and tribocorrosion-associated complications. Conclusions: While 3D printing technology has demonstrated potential in GBR, additional human studies are needed to evaluate the short- and long-term follow-up of peri-implant bone levels and volumes following prosthetic functional loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Tissues Health Management)
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11 pages, 7149 KiB  
Article
Measuring Craniovertebral Angle Reference Values in Adults Using Kinovea Software
by Carlos Antonio Zárate-Tejero, Pere Ramón Rodríguez-Rubio, Lindsay Brandt, John Krauss, Mar Hernández-Secorún, César Hidalgo-García and Orosia Lucha-López
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8639; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198639 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The clinical examination of patients with cervical spine pathology includes measures of posture, mobility, strength, and stability. The forward head position as measured by craniovertebral angle (CVA) has been suggested as a risk factor for cervical spine pathology. The purpose of this study [...] Read more.
The clinical examination of patients with cervical spine pathology includes measures of posture, mobility, strength, and stability. The forward head position as measured by craniovertebral angle (CVA) has been suggested as a risk factor for cervical spine pathology. The purpose of this study was to describe CVA reference values in healthy adults and assess the relationship with age and sex. This prospective cross-sectional observational study measured the CVA in 122 healthy adults using digital analysis of a lateral view photograph. To facilitate this analysis, a marker was placed at the level of the C7 vertebra, with the tragus of the ear visible in the photograph. The CVA was measured using Kinovea 0.8.15 software, where the CVA was calculated using the intersection of a horizontal line with a line joining the spinous process of C7 and the tragus of the ear. Mean CVA values were 48.76° (6.77) across all participants, 50.07° (6.63) for females, and 47.46° (6.71) for males. Linear regression analysis indicated significant relationships with age and with sex. The study established CVA reference values in healthy adults and identified a significant difference in head position between males and females and a 1.6° decrease in CVA per decade of increased age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sensor-Based Devices and Wearables for Clinical Rehabilitation)
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20 pages, 4839 KiB  
Article
Critical Resolved Shear Stress and Work Hardening Determination in HCP Metals: Application to Zr Single Crystals
by Jean-Sébastien Lecomte, Jérôme Crépin and Pierre Barberis
Metals 2024, 14(10), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14101101 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Obtaining precise parameters of deformation modes remains a significant challenge in materials science research. Critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) and work hardening, particularly in hexagonal metals, are crucial parameters for constitutive laws in crystal plasticity. This paper presents a novel approach to determine [...] Read more.
Obtaining precise parameters of deformation modes remains a significant challenge in materials science research. Critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) and work hardening, particularly in hexagonal metals, are crucial parameters for constitutive laws in crystal plasticity. This paper presents a novel approach to determine CRSS and specific hardening matrix coefficients for commercially pure zirconium (α-Zr) at room temperature. In situ methods are employed to measure displacement fields using grids applied to the sample surface, while a comprehensive characterization of the activated deformation systems is performed via SEM and TEM. The CRSS for prismatic ⟨a⟩, pyramidal ⟨a⟩, and 101¯2 and 112¯1 twinning systems, as well as the self-hardening for prismatic slip and several work-hardening coefficients (for prismatic/prismatic and prismatic/pyramidal interactions), are reported in Zr single crystals. Finally, the results are compared with findings from the literature and atomistic simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Plastic Deformation and Forming)
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33 pages, 21369 KiB  
Article
A Simulation-Based Study on Securing Data Sharing for Situational Awareness in a Port Accident Case
by Juhani Latvakoski, Adil Umer, Topias Nykänen, Jyrki Tihinen and Aleksi Talman
Systems 2024, 12(10), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100389 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The cyber–physical systems (CPSs) of various stakeholders from the mobility, logistics, and security sectors are needed to enable smart and secure situational awareness operations in a port environment. The motivation for this research arises from the challenges caused by some unexpected events, such [...] Read more.
The cyber–physical systems (CPSs) of various stakeholders from the mobility, logistics, and security sectors are needed to enable smart and secure situational awareness operations in a port environment. The motivation for this research arises from the challenges caused by some unexpected events, such as accidents, in such a multi-stakeholder critical environment. Due to the scale, complexity, and cost and safety challenges, a simulation-based approach was selected as the basis for the study. Prototype-level experimental solutions for dataspaces for secure data sharing and visualization of situational awareness were developed. The secure data-sharing solution relies on the application of verifiable credentials (VCs) to ensure that data consumers have the required access rights to the data/information shared by the data prosumer. A 3D virtual digital twin model is applied for visualizing situational awareness for people in the port. The solutions were evaluated in a simulation-based execution of an accident scenario where a forklift catches fire while loading a docked ship in a port environment. The simulation-based approach and the provided solutions proved to be practical and enabled the smooth study of disaster-type situations. The realized concept of dataspaces is successfully applied here for both daily routine operations and information sharing during accidents in the simulation-based environment. During the evaluation, needs for future research related to perception, comprehension, projection, trust, and security as well as performance and quality of experience were detected. Especially, distributed and secure viewpoints of objects and stakeholders toward real-time situational awareness seem to require further studies. Full article
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18 pages, 1117 KiB  
Review
Mechanisms of Resistance to Rituximab Used for the Treatment of Autoimmune Blistering Diseases
by Liliana Gabriela Popa, Ioana Dumitras, Calin Giurcaneanu, Ovidiu Berghi, Diana Sabina Radaschin, Cristina Iolanda Vivisenco, Marius Nicolae Popescu and Cristina Beiu
Life 2024, 14(10), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101223 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Autoimmune blistering diseases represent a group of chronic severe, disabling, and potentially fatal disorders of the skin and/or mucous membranes, primarily mediated by pathogenic auto-antibodies. Despite their rarity, these diseases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and profound negative impact on the [...] Read more.
Autoimmune blistering diseases represent a group of chronic severe, disabling, and potentially fatal disorders of the skin and/or mucous membranes, primarily mediated by pathogenic auto-antibodies. Despite their rarity, these diseases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and profound negative impact on the patient’s quality of life and impose a considerable economic burden. Rituximab, an anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibody, represents the first line of therapy for pemphigus, regardless of severity and a valuable off-label therapeutic alternative for subepidermal autoimmune blistering diseases as it ensures high rates of rapid, long-lasting complete remission. Nevertheless, disease recurrence is the rule, all patients requiring maintenance therapy with rituximab eventually. While innate resistance to rituximab in pemphigus patients is exceptional, acquired resistance is frequent and may develop even in patients with initial complete response to rituximab, representing a real challenge for physicians. We discuss the various resistance mechanisms and their complex interplay, as well as the numerous therapeutic alternatives that may be used to circumvent rituximab resistance. As no therapeutic measure is universally efficient, individualization of rituximab treatment regimen and tailored adjuvant therapies in refractory autoimmune blistering diseases are mandatory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Dermatology: Pathology, Clinical Manifestation, Investigation and Therapy: 2nd Edition)
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29 pages, 14321 KiB  
Article
Seismic Damage Assessment of Existing Planar Steel X- or V-Braced Frames Using the Hybrid “M and P” Technique
by Triantafyllos Makarios, Athanasios Bakalis and Evangelos Efthymiou
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8638; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198638 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The effectiveness of a hybrid technique for identifying seismic damage in planar, multistory, steel X- or V-braced frames is demonstrated here through an example of a six-story frame. This proposed technique, referred to as “M and P”, combines the instrumental monitoring [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of a hybrid technique for identifying seismic damage in planar, multistory, steel X- or V-braced frames is demonstrated here through an example of a six-story frame. This proposed technique, referred to as “M and P”, combines the instrumental monitoring (M) with pushover analysis (P). According to the methodology, the diagram of stepping eigenfrequencies of the frame in the inelastic region is initially plotted against seismic roof displacement. The fundamental natural frequency, detected through monitoring, is then utilized in this key diagram to reveal the inelastic roof displacement that corresponds to the damage state of the steel-braced frame. This displacement is subsequently used as the target in the pushover analysis, facilitating the identification of seismic damage within the existing steel-braced frame. Finally, the damage image is correlated with the damage stiffness matrix of the frame at the same inelastic roof displacement. The investigation results indicate that combining instrumental monitoring with pushover analysis using the eigenfrequencies curves established by the “M and P” technique allows for accurate identification of the seismic damage potential in existing damaged steel-braced frames. The “M and P” technique is a straightforward method for immediate damage assessment in steel structures after damage occurs, regardless of the cause. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Analysis for Earthquake-Resistant Design of Buildings)
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14 pages, 675 KiB  
Article
Association between Education and Fertility: New Evidence from the Study in Pakistan
by Khawar Afreen, Patrizia Ordine and Giuseppe Rose
Economies 2024, 12(10), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12100261 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Pakistan is one of those nations that is suffering from the complications of higher fertility and lower levels of education and struggling to improve these demographic factors. In any country, education is considered the reason to control fertility levels. To shed some light [...] Read more.
Pakistan is one of those nations that is suffering from the complications of higher fertility and lower levels of education and struggling to improve these demographic factors. In any country, education is considered the reason to control fertility levels. To shed some light on the importance of this fact, education attainment and total children ever born have been considered by taking micro-level data from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) of 2017–2018 to examine the relationship of education with fertility for women. Due to the nature of the response variable, children ever born, which is a count variable, Poisson regression was used. The results provide evidence that women with secondary and higher education have a negative and significant association with fertility and thus support the hypothesis that educated women have lower fertility. Women with secondary and higher education have fewer children compared to women with no education, while female education at the primary level did not significantly affect fertility in the research. Furthermore, the age of first cohabitation, age at first birth, and wealth index were revealed to be significant determinants of fertility. It interprets that the increase in education is related to greater opportunities and facilitates the participation of women in other activities of the economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Labour and Education)
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21 pages, 2292 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in Laser Powder Bed Fusions Processes of Advanced High-Strength Steels
by Aleksandra Królicka and Julia Malawska
Materials 2024, 17(19), 4699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194699 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
This review is focused on the perspectives of the application of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSSs) in the field of additive technologies directed at the laser powder bed fusion/selective laser melting processes. In principle, AHSSs require significant attention due to their promising mechanical [...] Read more.
This review is focused on the perspectives of the application of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSSs) in the field of additive technologies directed at the laser powder bed fusion/selective laser melting processes. In principle, AHSSs require significant attention due to their promising mechanical properties for usage in the automotive industry towards reducing the weight of vehicles. Although additive manufacturing represents a promising perspective towards expanding the industrialization of AHSSs in a wider area of their applications, they have not been sufficiently investigated concerning their usage in LPBF/SLM processes. AM techniques enable the fabrication of complex machine parts, including those with a cellular structure, which can contribute to further reducing the weight of vehicles or structures. Maraging steels have recently attracted the attention of researchers, and today are a common grade of steel produced by LPBF techniques. The other group of AHSSs are high-Mn steels with an austenitic matrix characterized by the TRIP and TWIP effects. Less published research has been conducted on medium-Mn steels, which require additional intercritical annealing and preheating during printing. Moreover, the advanced bainitic steels and low-density, high-strength steels represent a new window for further research into the use of the LPBF processes for their fabrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing In-Use Properties of Advanced Steels)
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18 pages, 1381 KiB  
Review
High-Pressure Processing of Milk and Dairy Products: Latest Update
by Nawal Ozaybi
Processes 2024, 12(10), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102073 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
The growing global demand for minimally processed fresh foods has driven the development of innovative food processing methods. High-pressure processing (HPP), a leading non-thermal technique, has proven to be environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and versatile across various food types. Its ability to extend shelf [...] Read more.
The growing global demand for minimally processed fresh foods has driven the development of innovative food processing methods. High-pressure processing (HPP), a leading non-thermal technique, has proven to be environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and versatile across various food types. Its ability to extend shelf life and ensure microbial safety is well established, particularly in dairy products. However, further research is needed to fully understand HPP’s impact on improving the digestion of milk compounds and assessing potential safety risks. Recent studies, for example, demonstrate HPP’s efficacy in enhancing the microbial safety and nutritional value of products like cheese, yogurt, and whey protein isolate. This review explores these advancements and highlights HPP’s role in improving the physicochemical, organoleptic, and functional properties of milk and dairy products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)
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13 pages, 7550 KiB  
Article
Effects of Xerophytic Vegetation-Salix on Soil Water Redistribution in Semiarid Region
by Ming Zhao and Qiangmin Wang
Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102200 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Xerophytic vegetation re-regulates and allocates water resources through canopy interception, root water uptake and transpiration, and changes the water budget among precipitation, runoff, interception and infiltration, thus having a significant impact on the processes of the hydrological cycle. In this study, we investigated [...] Read more.
Xerophytic vegetation re-regulates and allocates water resources through canopy interception, root water uptake and transpiration, and changes the water budget among precipitation, runoff, interception and infiltration, thus having a significant impact on the processes of the hydrological cycle. In this study, we investigated the effect of xerophytic shrub-Salix on soil water redistribution and water budget through an in situ monitoring experiment combined with two-dimensional vegetation water consumption modeling. The results showed that, due to the interception effect of root water uptake, it was difficult for precipitation infiltration to recharge deep soil water and groundwater. The measured data of soil moisture content, hydraulic head and precipitation were used to verify and calibrate the performance of the soil water flow model in the vadose zone by HYDRUS-2D. The effect of roots system on soil water was simulated, and the appropriate spacing of Salix replanting was estimated. Combined with the relationship between the transverse roots system and the crown width obtained by the investigation, it was determined that the spacing between the Salix should be greater than five times the crown width, so that the balance between the water consumption of Salix and the water supply of deep soil by precipitation could be considered. The results of this study are important for estimating groundwater recharge in arid areas and provide practical vegetation replanting options for similar regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
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20 pages, 5061 KiB  
Article
Suspension-Sprayed Calcium Phosphate Coatings with Antibacterial Properties
by Maria Carolina Lanzino, Long-Quan R. V. Le, Anika Höppel, Andreas Killinger, Wolfgang Rheinheimer, Sofia Dembski, Ali Al-Ahmad, Hermann O. Mayr and Michael Seidenstuecker
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100281 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Prosthesis loosening due to lack of osteointegration between an implant and surrounding bone tissue is one of the most common causes of implant failure. Further, bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onto implants represent a serious complication after surgery. The enhancement of osteointegration can [...] Read more.
Prosthesis loosening due to lack of osteointegration between an implant and surrounding bone tissue is one of the most common causes of implant failure. Further, bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onto implants represent a serious complication after surgery. The enhancement of osteointegration can be achieved by using bioconductive materials that promote biological responses in the body, stimulating bone growth and thus bonding to tissue. Through the incorporation of antibacterial substances in bioconductive, biodegradable calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings, faster osteointegration and bactericidal properties can be achieved. In this study, Cu-doped CaP supraparticles are spray-dried and suspension-sprayed CaP ceramic coatings with antibacterial properties are prepared using high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS). The objective was to increase the coatings’ porosity and investigate which Cu-doped supraparticles have the strongest antibacterial properties when introduced into the coating layers. Biocompatibility was tested on human Osteosarcoma cells MG63. A porosity of at least 13% was achieved and the supraparticles could be implemented, enhancing it up to 16%. The results showed that the addition of Cu-doped supraparticles did not significantly reduce the number of viable cells compared to the Cu-free sample, demonstrating good biocompatibility. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with Safe Airborne Antibacterial testing showing a significant reduction in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains on the Cu-doped coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
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17 pages, 3223 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role and Pathophysiological Significance of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1B1 (ALDH1B1) in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma
by Ilias Tsochantaridis, Dimitris Brisimis, Margaritis Tsifintaris, Anastasia Anastasiadou, Efthymios Lazos, Antreas Ermogenous, Sylia Christou, Nefeli Antonopoulou, Mihalis I. Panayiotidis, Michail I. Koukourakis, Alexandra Giatromanolaki and Aglaia Pappa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910301 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) constitute a diverse superfamily of NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes pivotal in oxidizing endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Beyond metabolic roles, ALDHs participate in essential biological processes, including differentiation, embryogenesis and the DNA damage response, while also serving as [...] Read more.
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) constitute a diverse superfamily of NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes pivotal in oxidizing endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Beyond metabolic roles, ALDHs participate in essential biological processes, including differentiation, embryogenesis and the DNA damage response, while also serving as markers for cancer stem cells (CSCs). Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 (ALDH1B1) is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the detoxification of lipid peroxidation by-products and metabolism of various aldehyde substrates. This study examines the potential role of ALDH1B1 in human lung adenocarcinoma and its association with the CSC phenotype. To this end, we utilized the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, engineered to stably express the human ALDH1B1 protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Overexpression of ALDH1B1 led to notable changes in cell morphology, proliferation rate and clonogenic efficiency. Furthermore, ALDH1B1-overexpressing A549 cells exhibited enhanced resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents etoposide and cisplatin. Additionally, ALDH1B1 overexpression correlated with increased migratory potential and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), mediated by the upregulation of transcription factors such as SNAI2, ZEB2 and TWIST1, alongside the downregulation of E-cadherin. Moreover, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis using data from 507 publicly available lung adenocarcinoma clinical samples revealed a significant correlation between ALDH1B1 and various molecules implicated in CSC-related signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch, hypoxia, Hedgehog, retinoic acid, Hippo, NF-κΒ, TGF-β, PI3K/PTEN-AKT and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. These findings provide insights into the role of ALDH1B1 in lung tumor progression and its relation to the lung CSC phenotype, thereby offering potential therapeutic targets in the clinical management of lung adenocarcinoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disorders of Alcohol Metabolism in the Occurrence and Development of Cancer)
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11 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Overview of Long-Term Ecosystem Research Datasets at LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal
by Bernhard Zagel, Hans Wiesenegger, Robert R. Junker and Gerhard Ehgartner
Data 2024, 9(10), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/data9100110 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of all currently available datasets of the Long-term Ecosystem Research (LTER) site Oberes Stubachtal. The site is located in the Hohe Tauern mountain range (Eastern Alps, Austria) and includes both protected areas (Hohe Tauern National Park) and [...] Read more.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of all currently available datasets of the Long-term Ecosystem Research (LTER) site Oberes Stubachtal. The site is located in the Hohe Tauern mountain range (Eastern Alps, Austria) and includes both protected areas (Hohe Tauern National Park) and unprotected areas (Stubach valley). While the main research focus of the site is on high mountains, glaciology, glacial hydrology, and biodiversity, the eLTER Whole-System Approach (WAILS) was used for data selection. This approach involves a systematic screening of all available data to assess their suitability as eLTER Standard Observations (SOs). This includes the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and sociosphere. These SOs are fundamental to the development of a comprehensive long-term ecosystem research framework. In total, more than 40 datasets have been collated for the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal and included in the Dynamic Ecological Information Management System—Site and Data Registry (DEIMS-SDR), the eLTER’s data platform. This paper provides a detailed inventory of the datasets and their primary attributes, evaluates them against the WAILS-required observation data, and offers insights into strategies for future initiatives. All datasets are made available through dedicated repositories for FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Spatial Data Science and Digital Earth)
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