Short-Term Effects of Crackers on Glycemic Index and Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults †
by
, , and
Emilia Papakonstantinou
1,*
,
Vasilis Alsab
1,
Foteini Lympaki
1,
Sofia Chanioti
2,
Marianna Giannoglou
2 and
George Katsaros
2 1
Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
2
Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, Attiki, 14123 Lykovrisi, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023, Belgrade, Serbia, 14–17 November 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091303
Published: 8 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
Abstract
:Introduction: This study aimed to determine the glycemic index (GI)/glycemic load (GL) of three crackers made with different flours. A control cracker (CC), with a 30% w/w substitution of wheat by whole wheat flour (WWC) and with a 30% w/w substitution of wheat by sunflower seed flour (SFC), differing significantly in protein and fiber content, is compared to the reference D-glucose drink. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, crossover design, 11 healthy participants (23.5 (1) years; seven women; BMI 23 (1) kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive three cracker meals (CC, WWC, and SFC), all containing 50 g of available carbohydrates and 50 g of D-glucose as a reference drink. Results: SFC provided medium GI, low GL values (GI: 56 on glucose scale, GL: 6 per serving), whereas WWC and CC provided high GI, medium GL values (GI: 77 and 90 on glucose scale, respectively; GL: 11 and 12 per serving, respectively). Both SFC and WWC provided lower postprandial glucose concentrations, lower glucose excursions, and lower peak glucose values compared to glucose and CC. All crackers were pleasurable and increased satiety when compared to glucose, without any significant differences between them. Conclusion: SFC and WWC, regardless of soluble fiber and/or protein content, attenuated postprandial glycemic response and improved subjective satiety, which may offer advantages for body weight and glycemic control. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05702372.
Author Contributions
Conseptualization, E.P., V.A. and G.K.; methodology, E.P., V.A., S.C., M.G. and G.K.; formal analysis, F.L., E.P., V.A., S.C. and M.G.; resources, E.P. and G.K.; data curation, F.L. and E.P.; draft preparation, E.P.; writing-review and editing, E.P., V.A., F.L., S.C., M.G. and G.K.; supervision, E.P., M.G. and G.K.; project administration, E.P. and G.K.; funding acquisition, E.P. and G.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was partially funded by Pavlos N. Pettas S.A., Greece who also provided the sunflower seed flour.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Agricutural University of Athens Ethics Committee (EIDE Reference Number: 80/12.10.2022).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Papakonstantinou, E.; Alsab, V.; Lympaki, F.; Chanioti, S.; Giannoglou, M.; Katsaros, G. Short-Term Effects of Crackers on Glycemic Index and Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults. Proceedings 2023, 91, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091303
AMA Style
Papakonstantinou E, Alsab V, Lympaki F, Chanioti S, Giannoglou M, Katsaros G. Short-Term Effects of Crackers on Glycemic Index and Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults. Proceedings. 2023; 91(1):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091303
Chicago/Turabian StylePapakonstantinou, Emilia, Vasilis Alsab, Foteini Lympaki, Sofia Chanioti, Marianna Giannoglou, and George Katsaros. 2023. "Short-Term Effects of Crackers on Glycemic Index and Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults" Proceedings 91, no. 1: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091303
