Mycobiota and Mycotoxin Content of Cereal Flours from a Serbian Market †
by
, , , ,
Ferenc Bagi
1,*
,
Olja Todorić
2
,
Miona Belović
2
,
Miloš Radosavljević
3
,
Goran Barać
1,
Renata Iličić
1 and
Aleksandra Torbica
2 1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
2
Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
3
Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023, Belgrade, Serbia, 14–17 November 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091275
Published: 6 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
Abstract
:Altogether, 39 cereal flour samples taken from a Serbian market were analyzed for mycobiota and mycotoxin content, among which were six Triticum aestivum specimens, five Triticum dicoccum specimens, four Hordeum vulgare specimens, five Fagopyrum esculentum specimens, three Secale cereale specimens, five Triticum spelta specimens, four Avena sativa specimens, two Oryza sativa specimens, two Zea mays specimens, and one specimen each of Panicum miliaceum, Triticum monococcum, and Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum. To determine the mycobiota content using dilution techniques, the flour samples were transferred to a non-selective DG18 nutrient. The number of coloniforming units (CFU/g) varied from less than 100 (in the case of five samples, namely, two O. sativa, and one specimen each of S. cereale, H. vulgare, and T. aestivum) to as high as 5000 CFU/g (S. cereale), 6000 (A. sativa), 11,000 (T. aesticum), and 40,000 (Z. mays). The identification of fungal genera and species was performed on Czapex-Dox Agar and Potato dextrose Agar on the basis of the isolates’ colony characteristics and the morphology of the examined reproductive organs. The isolated fungi belonged to the following genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, and Fusarium. Species from these genera are well-known mycotoxin-producing fungi. Among the identified species were A. candidus, A. flavus, A. carbonarius, A. ochraceus, A. oryzae, P. solitum, P. citrinum, P. griseofulvum, P. brevicompactum, A. alternata, F. avenaceum, and F. graminearum. The mycotoxin content was determined via the ELISA technique using Eurofins Technologies Hungary KFT kits for aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. In the case of eighteen samples, the total aflatoxin content was above the limit of detection, and seven of these samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1, eight were contaminated with ochratoxin A, two were contaminated with dexynivalenol, and one was contaminated with zearalenon. Two samples of T. aestivum were contaminated with one or more toxins (33%), and the number of samples contaminated three for T. dicoccum (60%), one for H. vulgare (25%), four for F. esculentum (80%), one for S. cereale (33%), two for T. spelta (40%), three for A. sativa (75%), two for O. sativa (100%), two for Z. mays (100%), one for P. miliaceum (100%), one for T. monococcum (100%), and one for T. turgidum ssp. turanicum (100%).
Author Contributions
Conceptualiyation, F.B. and A.T.; methodology G.B., R.I., O.T. and M.B.; software F.B. and G.B.; validation G.B. and R.I.; formal analysis F.B., G.B., R.I., M.B. and O.T.; investigation F.B., R.I., G.B., A.T., O.T., M.B. and M.R.; resources A.T.; data curation G.B. and R.I.; writing—original draft preparation F.B.; writing—review and editing A.T.; visualization G.B., O.T. and F.B.; project administration A.T.; funding aqusition A.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, IDEAS program, Grant No. 7736059, through the project “Biotechnological tools for optimization of short and medium chain carbohydrates content in cereal-based food to prevent gastrointestinal disorders GutFriendlyCarbs”.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Bagi, F.; Todorić, O.; Belović, M.; Radosavljević, M.; Barać, G.; Iličić, R.; Torbica, A. Mycobiota and Mycotoxin Content of Cereal Flours from a Serbian Market. Proceedings 2023, 91, 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091275
AMA Style
Bagi F, Todorić O, Belović M, Radosavljević M, Barać G, Iličić R, Torbica A. Mycobiota and Mycotoxin Content of Cereal Flours from a Serbian Market. Proceedings. 2023; 91(1):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091275
Chicago/Turabian StyleBagi, Ferenc, Olja Todorić, Miona Belović, Miloš Radosavljević, Goran Barać, Renata Iličić, and Aleksandra Torbica. 2023. "Mycobiota and Mycotoxin Content of Cereal Flours from a Serbian Market" Proceedings 91, no. 1: 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091275
