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Article

Quantitative Scale Analysis of the Channel Bar in a Braided River and Its Internal Architecture

by
Haichen Li
1,
Jianghai Li
1 and
Zhandong Li
2,*
1
Institute of Oil and Gas, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2
Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate Efficient Development, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010257
Submission received: 21 August 2023 / Revised: 4 November 2023 / Accepted: 8 November 2023 / Published: 27 December 2023
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Abstract

:
This paper proposes a new research method for braided river sedimentation on the beach shore based on the action of tidal currents. This study conducts a statistical analysis of the length and width of a single braided river and channel bar sand body, and establishes the relationship function model of the quantitative scale of a single braided river and the channel bar. According to the core and logging data of the Nanwu area of the target oilfield, a quantitative methodology based on the calculation of a single accretion scale is established from three perspectives: the architecture interface identification of the accretion, the occurrence and scale calculation of the interlayer, and the scale calculation of the single accretion. In the Nanwu area, the inclination angle of the accretion interface in the direction of the long axis is 0.78–1.32°, and the inclination angle of the accretion interface in the direction of the short axis is 2.02–3.78°. The density of a single well group is generally 2–3 per well. The length of the single accretion in the channel bar is 700–1500 m. Based on these findings, this paper completes the construction of the architecture of the channel bar, and establishes the quantitative scale calculation method for architecture elements for different levels of braided river reservoirs. The research results provide support for the prediction of the braided river reservoir architecture and the remaining oil in similar blocks.

1. Introduction

Reservoir architecture refers to the shape, scale, direction, and spatial superposition relationship of reservoir units and interbeds at different levels. For mature oil fields that have entered the stage of a high water cut and ultra-high water cut, reservoir architecture analysis is one of the keys to achieve a fine reservoir description [1], aiming at enhancing the stable production, tapping potential, and oil recovery technology of the oil field. In a braided river reservoir, the braided river and channel bar are essential sand bodies in reserving oil and gas, but the internal architecture of a braided river reservoir is very complex due to the frequent overlapping of the river channel and channel bar in different developing stages of the reservoir, as well as the mud deposits, such as the silting layer of the channel bar, in the reservoir.
Since the last century, in response to current reports on reservoir architecture of braided rivers, scholars all over the world have achieved great results in the methodology for the architecture of river reservoirs [2,3,4,5]. Benefiting from the application of data and technology such as high-precision, ground-penetrating radar, and shallow seismic and dense well patterns, the study of braided river sedimentation (architecture) has transited from one-dimensional lithofacies combination models (such as trench) and two-dimensional architecture unit combination relationships (such as outcrop profile) to three-dimensional space distribution models (such as ground-penetrating radar) [6,7,8]. Based on high-resolution satellite photos, the spatial observation scale of rivers has increased, and the study of river geomorphological characteristics has developed from local to overall [9,10,11,12,13]. In general, a lot of research has been carried out on braided river sedimentation, and the sedimentary architecture patterns of several braided river examples have been established [7,14,15,16,17,18,19]. However, many research cases show that the sedimentary architecture models of braided rivers established by different scholars or based on different cases are significantly different. Due to the lack of a systematic study on the formation mechanism and applicable conditions of differential sedimentary models, it is difficult to select a suitable braided river type and matching sedimentary architecture model in the prediction of underground braided river reservoirs [9,12,18,19]. Other methodologies have different limitations. Field outcrop observation is the most intuitive way and also the closest way to approach the actual underground river landform [20]. However, due to the limitation of outcrop data on the earth’s surface, this method can only showcase a certain geological information point, which lacks comprehensiveness. The qualitative and quantitative characterization of interlayer thickness, dip angle, and distribution range is performed through the comparison of small well-spacing wells, combined with the dynamic data of injection production wells [21,22]. The architectural structure of braided river reservoirs is still in the qualitative and quantitative exploration stage. Physical experiment simulation is a commonly used research method for river sedimentation, which is simple and not restricted by climate or season [23], but this method tends to be greatly influenced by human factors. Moreover, underground river sedimentation is a long historical process, while simulation based on sedimentation experiments is a short process, which means that the time scales of the two processes are asymmetric and cannot truly reflect the long reconstruction process of braided river reservoirs. Satellite photos of modern rivers can reflect the river sedimentation process at different times [24], but due to space-time and human factors, and the same asymmetry issue as with the physical experiment simulation method, it is also difficult to truly reflect the long reconstruction process of braided river reservoirs. Core data of core wells are the most detailed first-hand data [25], but due to the influence of the drilling–coring cycle and the coring costs, core data of oil field exploratory wells are relatively limited, and thus unsuitable to be used as the main research methodology for the reservoir architecture of braided rivers. At present, research on the configuration of braided river reservoirs mainly focuses on the identification and division of configuration interfaces and configuration units, as well as the analysis of single microfacies-scale profiles and planar configurations. In terms of existing research results, there is no unified understanding of the hierarchical structure and quantification degree of braided river configurations [26,27,28,29]. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing previous research results, this paper innovatively proposes a research method for braided river sedimentation on the beach store based on the action of tide. This method combines the advantages of both river beach shore and core data. Single-channel bar sedimentation can illustrate the corresponding relationships of the main configuration parameters of braided rivers. Core data help analyze the matching of interbeds (configuration interfaces) within the channel bar sedimentation, guiding the analysis of vertical stacking patterns and the formation process of channel bar sedimentary bodies in braided river settings. Combined with the detailed profile map of the development wells of the Saertu Oilfield in Daqing Placanticline of Songliao Basin, this study uses a quantitative research method to examine the internal quantitative architecture of the sandy channel bar of braided rivers, in order to achieve the restoration of the construction and evolution process of braided river sedimentation, aiming to provide important guiding significance for tapping the potential of underground residual oil.

2. Data Acquisition

It is worth mentioning that, in terms of methodology, the configuration method in this study combines the advantages of both a river’s beach shore and core data. The braided river sedimentation of the beach shore is helpful for distinguishing between the bar sedimentation and single river channel. Additionally, they allow for direct measurements of parameters such as length, width, dip, and trend of the main sand bodies in braided rivers, including bar sedimentation and sand bodies. Statistical analysis can be performed to determine their relationships. The aspect ratios and length-to-width ratios exhibit similar variation patterns to those of channel bar. Core data provide a more intuitive reflection of key configuration interfaces (growth bodies, interbeds, lithostratigraphic boundaries, etc.), guiding the analysis of vertical stacking patterns and the formation processes of channel bar sedimentary bodies in braided river settings.
This research selects two beaches of the South China Sea, namely Dongfang Beach Park and Yazhou Bay Beach. Dongfang Beach Park is located in Dongfang, Hainan Province. The sea area, with a north-south coastline, belongs to the large semienclosed bay on the east coast of Beibu Gulf, facing the ocean in the west in a semifan shape. Multiple runoffs of different scales are developed along the coast. The slope of the beach is relatively gentle, and the sea water depth is about 100 m. Located in the low-latitude monsoon region of East Asia, Dongfang is in the intersection zone where summer monsoon and cold air from the north interact. Therefore, it is dominated by tropical monsoon climate all year round, resulting in a relatively stable marine sedimentary environment. Wave lifting is the main driving force for sediment incipient motion, and also the source power for the deformation of the beach shore caused by erosion and sedimentation. In this sea area, there is less sand coming from the land area. The power of the tide is weaker in the absence of large winds and waves. The sand content in the water body is low. The deformation extent of the beach shore simply caused by the tide is not large. However, under the action of the waves, the nearshore sediment is lifted up and transported along the coast under the action of the currents. Under the joint action of waves and tides in the Beibu Gulf Sea area, the water flow in the sea area shows obvious reciprocating movement characteristics during the ebb and flow. The ebb and flow patterns of different tidal types are similar, but the flow rate is different. The average tide range in the Dongfang sea area is 1.49 m. This sea area is dominated by wind and waves, which account for about 98.1%. The average annual wave height is 0.8 m. The wave is mainly in NNE and SSW directions. Combined with the local hydrological conditions, four survey areas were selected along the coast according to different slopes during the spring tide and neap tide from February to March 2020. Yazhou Bay is in the southwest of Sanya, Hainan Province, whose coastline is mainly in a narrow east-west direction. The slope of its beach shore is gentler than the beach shore in Dongfang Beach Park. Yazhou Bay belongs to the tropical oceanic monsoon climate zone, with an average tide range of 0.79 m. The tidal power is relatively weak, but the waves are mainly s-directional waves. The average wave height variation of the nearshore of Yazhou Bay is between 0.6–1.02 m. The wave coefficient is greater than 1, which is a weak tide-wave-controlled coast. According to the local hydrological conditions, four survey areas were selected in Yazhou Bay beach shore during the ebb period from December 2020 to January 2021 (Figure 1).
According to the dynamic sedimentology theory [30,31], this study describes the topographic characteristics of the braided river at the far end of the two beaches through the particle size parameters of the sediment on the beach, and measures the length and direction of the long axis and short axis of each channel bar in the braided river, analyzes the beach sedimentation characteristics and sediment transport characteristics, and studies the development law of the reservoir architecture of channel bar in the braided river in combination with the actual oil field data. It is worth mentioning that some uncertainties in the results are possible given the limited amount of data processed.

3. Results

3.1. Braided Flow Zone Sedimentation and Quantitative Scale Analysis

The coastal beach of the braided flow zone widely extends to the sea. The reservoir sand body in the single braided flow zone is mainly composed of braided river channel and channel bar (Figure 2). Channel bar is the major microfacies type in the sedimentary reservoir of braided river, whose development is controlled by the scale of the river and the waves. In the early stage, the braided river section is narrow, the water is deep and rapid, and the channel bar is more complete and stable in the upper part of the braided river zone. Influenced by water energy, the sediment source supply, and the erosion and trans-formation of waterways, the number of branch channels increases but their scale becomes smaller. As a result, the development of the channel bar is unstable in the lower part of the braid zone, and some of the channel bars are cut by ditches, forming a number of fractured and small sand dams. The single channel bar is mainly in ellipsoidal shape and laterally distributed along the direction of provenance to the downstream. The length of a single channel bar is 38.8–62.2 cm. The width is 9.9–29.9 cm. The lithology is dominated by fine-grained sandstone sediment with pure sand, and has moderate thickness. Affected by the erosion of the braided river, the continuity between two channel bars is poor. However, the continuity between the channel bar and the braided channel is quite good. They cut each other and move continuously. Channel bars on the shoal with different slopes can be independent or connected to each other, constituting a set of sedimentary water system in the braided river. The internal of the channel bar has a complex structure with low slurry content. On the plane, the degree of connectivity is high, resulting in a multi-level and multi-layer structure distribution on the plane [32,33]. The sand body of the braided waterway has developed numerous inner architecture hierarchical interfaces with various forms. Braided channel sediments are mainly filled with sand. The core of the river is mainly fine sandstone, with few argillaceous sediments. The channel reconstruction is strong. The curvature coefficient of the braided channel is about 1.4. The average length and width of a single channel bar in the braided river are 45 cm and 6.3 cm, respectively.

3.2. Study on the Architecture Elements of Channel Bar

(1)
The Identification Method for Single Channel Bar
The identification of a single channel bar is the top priority of the quantitative study on the inner architecture of the channel bar. Due to the complex underground structural conditions, the diverse types of sand, the short formation duration of the beach sedimentation driven by the tide, and the limited observation view, this method cannot help achieve an accurate understanding of the sedimentation process of the single underground channel bar. Therefore, in order to accurately depict the spatial distribution characteristics of channel bar, combined with the inter-well comparison of the dense well pattern of oilfields, the PI3 sublayer of Putaohua in the Nanwu area of Daqing Oilfield in Songliao Basin, located in northeast China, is selected as a typical area for the comprehensive depiction of the scale of single channel bar. The common method is to use the difference in elevation of the channel bar and the sandstone top depth microstructure map to calculate the scale of the single channel bar, because the sandstone top depth and high value area usually indicate a complete channel bar development area [34]. In general, the bottom of the channel bar is flat while the top is convex. The bottom of the braided river channel is convex while the top is flat. The thickness of the channel bar is obviously greater than the thickness of the river channel, which causes h1, the elevation between the top surface of the channel bar sand body and the top surface of the layer, to be smaller than h2, the elevation between the top surface of the braided river sand body and the top surface of the sublayer. Therefore, the elevation difference between the sand body of the channel bar and the sand body of the river channel is formed (Figure 3). Through leveling the sandstone top structure, the microstructure of the sandstone top surface as well as the sand body of the same channel bar can be identified.
(2)
Quantitative Analysis of Single Channel Bar
In order to more clearly and quantitatively study the scale of the single channel bar, the single channel bar dam is divided into several parts horizontally, including the head, the main body, the wing, and the tail. The head is the upstream face. Affected by the erosion of the water current, the steep erosion surfaces are likely to develop in the head area (Figure 4a). The end of single channel bar is gentle, while the wings on both sides are tangent to the direction of the current, and they are generally symmetrically developed [35]. This study measured the width and length of the eight selected channel bar sand bodies (Figure 4b–d), and recorded the corresponding data in sheets. In order to better characterize the characteristics of channel bar sand bodies, the length of the channel bar Lb is defined as the longest distance along the long axis of the dam body in the downstream direction, i.e., Lb = L3 + L4 + L5. The width of the single channel bar Wb is defined as the longest distance in the transverse direction of the braided flow; that is, Wb = 2L1 + L2.
Similarly, for a single braided river sand body, the length of the braided river is defined as Lh, which is the length along the long axis of the channel bar from the top to the bottom. The width of the single braided river sand body is defined as Wh, which is the maximum width between the embankment and the center of the channel bar in the cross-cutting direction of the flowing water. The actual measurement area is bounded by the line when the river bank suddenly becomes steep [36]. According to the length and width of the selected eight single channel bar sand bodies, this study establishes the relevant function relationship. With reference to previous research results, and according to the square value of R (the closer to 1 indicates the better fitting effect), the fitting function method is optimized. Through fitting regression, the length and width of the channel bar, and the length and width of the braided river, demonstrate a good e-index function relationship (Figure 5 and Figure 6), with determination coefficients of above 0.75.
The fitting function of the width and length of single braided river is as follows:
W h = 0.664 L h − 15.433     R 2 = 0.8074
The fitting function of the width and length of the sand body of single channel bar is as follows:
W b = 0.2776 L b − 2.0084     R 2 = 0.825
In the above formulas, Lh is the length of a single braided river sand body (unit: m). Wh is the width of the single braided river sand body (unit: m). Lb is the length of the single channel bar (unit: m). Wb is the width of the single channel bar (unit: m).
Combined with the sedimentary characteristics and the width of braided river and channel bar, the correlation between the width of the river sand body and the width of the channel bar is relatively good. Figure 7 shows a positive linear relationship, with a decision coefficient of 0.9598. It means that the larger the development scale of the channel bar, the wider the braided river.
Its function relationship is as follows:
W h = 0.2802 W b + 0.3242     R 2 = 0.8703
Combined with the above formulas of beach shore sedimentation, the scale of the single braided river and single channel bar in the dense well pattern area of the Nanwu area are calculated. The minimum length of the channel bar in PI3 layer in the south five area is 600 m, and the maximum channel bar length reaches 1000 m. The minimum width of the channel bar is about 400 m, and the maximum width is up to 500 m. The width of the single braided channel shows relatively narrow distribution, whose overall distribution is between 90–140 m (Figure 8).
Generally, through the statistical analysis of sand body configuration parameters, it is found that there is a good positive correlation between the length and width of the core beach and the width and thickness, and the correlation coefficient is usually more than 0.8. There is also a positive correlation between channel length and width, and the correlation coefficient is above 0.5, and the correlation between width and thickness is good. The width-to-thickness ratio and length-to-width ratio have similar change rules with the core beach body.

3.3. Quantitative Study on the Internal Architecture Elements of the Channel Bar

3.3.1. Calculation of the Size of Single Accretion

(1)
Interface Identification of Accretion Architecture
The focus of the identification of the internal of accretion is the identification of the interlayer. Under the existing dense well pattern conditions, interlayers which are a few centimeters thick can be intuitively identified according to the core data of the core well. Combining with the logging curve of the dense well pattern in the development zone, the interface identification of the accretion architecture becomes more meaningful [36].
There are three types of interfaces of the internal accretion architecture of channel bar, namely, calcareous interlayer interface, silty interlayer interface, and mud gravel interlayer interface. Among them, the internal silty interlayer is the main phase marker that divides the vertical deposited sand. Due to the different hydrodynamic conditions and sedimentary environments, the development of different parts of the silty layer is also different. Combined with the analysis of the data of the 1–42 well in the south five district (Figure 9), it can be seen that the silty layer mainly includes two types, namely, the argillaceous silty layer and the physical silty layer. The lithology of the argillaceous silty layer is dominated by mudstone and silty mudstone, with a slightly thicker thickness of about 0.5 m. It mainly develops in the upper part of the sand body of the channel bar, which is a product of the period when the hydrodynamic conditions are weak. The lithology of the physical silty layer is mainly siltstone, argillaceous fine sandstone, etc., which has a certain porosity and permeability, but it is much different from the physical properties of the upper and lower vertical deposited sand, and the thickness is thinner than the argillaceous silty layer, generally about 0.2 m. The silty layer on the core is mostly manifested as the sedimentation of a small number of fine particles with small thickness sandwiched in the thick layer of sandstone. The resistivity curve and the natural gamma curve have obvious returns, and the natural potential curve also has slight returns. The degree of curve return is positively correlated with the thickness of the silty layer. The larger the thickness, the greater the curve return amplitude. In addition, due to the influence of hydrodynamic erosion, the vergence direction and the dip angle of the silty layer are the same as all proluvial bodies on the channel bar.
According to Li, Z., et al. [37], the interlayer in the center of channel bar is always approximately horizontal. In the long axis direction, the interlayer facing the water is slightly steeper and the back side is gentler, while the interlayer in the short axis direction is slightly inclined to the two wings of the channel bar. According to the principle of trigonometric function, combined with the comparison diagram of the skeleton profile of single channel bar well tie (Figure 10), it is obtained that in the channel bar in PI3 layer, the inclination angle of the accretion interface in the direction of the long axis is 0.78–1.32°, and the inclination angle of the accretion interface in the direction of the short axis is 2.02–3.78°.
(2)
The Occurrence and Density of Interlayer
Through the comparison of dense well groups, it is concluded that when the interlayer is in the well pattern with a well spacing of less than 70 m, the interlayer usually has good comparability and continuity. Vertically, the upper and middle interlayers of the channel bar have better continuity, and the width is basically equivalent to the width of the channel bar. The continuity of the lower interlayer is poor, and the width is smaller than the width of the channel bar. According to the interlayers of 250 development wells in the Nanwu area, the density of a single well group is generally 2–3 per well. Vertically, the densest part of the interlayer is the middle of channel bar, which is as high as 80%, while the upper and lower parts account for 10%, respectively. The reason is the impact of river erosion, which makes the interlayers not easy to retain.
(3)
Single Accretion Calculation
On the basis of the architecture interface identification of the accretion and the calculation of its inclination angle, combined with the empirical formula and the interwell comparison method in the dense well area, the scale of the single accretion in the channel bar can be determined. According to the empirical formula for the size of the single accretion from Kelly [38], the width of the single accretion can be calculated through its thickness.
w b i = 15.954 t b i 1.3726     R 2 = 0.88
In the above formula, wbi is the width of the sand body of the single accretion i (unit: m). tbi is the length of the sand body of the single accretion i (unit: m).
Concerning the lithological profile data of the core well in the PI3 sublayer of the Nanwu area, the thickness of the single accretion is 3–10 m. The width range of the single accretion can be calculated according to Formula 4, which is 100–400 m. On this basis, the length range of the single accretion can be determined; that is, in the water flow direction which may cause progradation, the length of the single accretion in the channel bar is 700–1500 m.

3.3.2. The Architecture Pattern of Channel Bar

After the determination of the inclination angle of the architecture interface of the accretion, as well as the width and length of the accretion, this study establishes the architecture model of the vertical deposited sand in PI3 sublayer in the dense well pattern area in the Nanwu area [39]. The cross-paleocurrent direction is nearly horizontal, while the paleocurrent direction is slightly inclined to the downstream direction (Figure 11). According to the characteristics of the architecture interface between the proluvial bodies, a single channel bar can be completely divided into four stages of proluvial bodies longitudinally, and each stage of the vertical deposited sand gradually becomes smaller from the bottom to the top, and the change is especially obvious near the top. However, the horizontal change of the thickness of each stage of the vertical deposited sand is not large, indicating that in the formation process of a channel bar, the scale of flood in each period is roughly the same. The silty layer and channel sedimentation can be seen locally in the single accretion, all of which are filled with fine sandstone. The continuity of the silty layer is good, but the sediment is not very thick, only with tens of centimeters of thickness. The sedimentary characteristics of channel sedimentation is similar to that of the braided river; that is, the top is flat, while the bottom is concave. However, the scale of channel sedimentation is relatively small and has poor continuity on the plane. It shows a crosscutting relationship with the silty layer, and has meter-level thickness.

4. Conclusions

(1)
This study quantitatively measures the shape of some typical braided rivers and the channel bar sand body, and conducts statistical analysis of the length and width of single braided river and channel bar sand body, and establishes functional models of the relationship between the width and length of single braided river.
(2)
Through the statistical analysis of sand body configuration parameters, it is found that there is a good positive correlation between the length and width of the core beach and the width and thickness. The calculation shows that the length of the channel bar in PI3 layer in the Nanwu area is 600–1000 m. The width of the channel bar is 400–500 m. The width of braided river is 90–140 m.
(3)
According to the logging data of the core of the cored well and the dense well location, a quantitative method based on the calculation of single accretion scale is established from three perspectives: the architecture interface identification of the accretion, the occurrence and the scale calculation of interlayer, and the scale calculation of the single accretion. The inclination angle of the accretion interface in the direction of the long axis is 0.78–1.32°, and the inclination angle of the accretion interface in the direction of the short axis is 2.02–3.78°. The density of a single well group is generally 2–3 per well. The length of the single accretion in the channel bar is 700–1500 m.
(4)
Based on the quantitative scale analysis of single accretion, the architecture model of the channel bar is established. There are four stages of accretions inside the channel bar in the target research area. A sedimentary interface exists between the accretions, where two sedimentary architecture units—a channel and silty layer—are developed.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L.; Methodology, Z.L.; Validation, Z.L.; Investigation, J.L.; Data curation, J.L.; Writing—original draft, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors are grateful for science and technology innovation ability cultivation project of Hebei provincial planning (22E50590D), and priority research project of Langfang education sciences planning (JCJY202130).

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Scale measurement of the sand body on the beach shore of the braided river under the action of different tide times.
Figure 1. Scale measurement of the sand body on the beach shore of the braided river under the action of different tide times.
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Figure 2. Scale measurement of composite braided channel, single braided channel, and single channel bar under the action of tides.
Figure 2. Scale measurement of composite braided channel, single braided channel, and single channel bar under the action of tides.
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Figure 3. Identification method of a single channel bar based on the elevation difference of a sand body.
Figure 3. Identification method of a single channel bar based on the elevation difference of a sand body.
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Figure 4. Channel bar on the beach shore of the braided river under the action of tides.
Figure 4. Channel bar on the beach shore of the braided river under the action of tides.
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Figure 5. Curve of the length and width of the braided river sand body.
Figure 5. Curve of the length and width of the braided river sand body.
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Figure 6. Length and width relationship curve of the channel bar sand body.
Figure 6. Length and width relationship curve of the channel bar sand body.
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Figure 7. Relationship curve between the width of the sand body of single braided river and the width of the channel bar.
Figure 7. Relationship curve between the width of the sand body of single braided river and the width of the channel bar.
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Figure 8. Plane graph of reservoir architecture facies of the braided river in the PI3 sublayer.
Figure 8. Plane graph of reservoir architecture facies of the braided river in the PI3 sublayer.
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Figure 9. Collective logging diagram of a typical cored well in the PI3 sublayer, (a) parallel to the bedding, silty mudstone of core image; (b) fine sandstone of core image; (c) sandy conglomerate of core image; (d) parallel to the bedding, oil-rich fine sandstone of core image; (e) argillaceous siltstone of core image; (f) oblique bedding, sandstone of core image; (g) oil patch sandstone of core image.
Figure 9. Collective logging diagram of a typical cored well in the PI3 sublayer, (a) parallel to the bedding, silty mudstone of core image; (b) fine sandstone of core image; (c) sandy conglomerate of core image; (d) parallel to the bedding, oil-rich fine sandstone of core image; (e) argillaceous siltstone of core image; (f) oblique bedding, sandstone of core image; (g) oil patch sandstone of core image.
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Figure 10. Spatial distribution characteristics of the architecture elements within the channel bar.
Figure 10. Spatial distribution characteristics of the architecture elements within the channel bar.
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Figure 11. Spatial distribution characteristics of the architecture elements within channel bar (modified by Reference [40]).
Figure 11. Spatial distribution characteristics of the architecture elements within channel bar (modified by Reference [40]).
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Li, H.; Li, J.; Li, Z. Quantitative Scale Analysis of the Channel Bar in a Braided River and Its Internal Architecture. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010257

AMA Style

Li H, Li J, Li Z. Quantitative Scale Analysis of the Channel Bar in a Braided River and Its Internal Architecture. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(1):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010257

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Haichen, Jianghai Li, and Zhandong Li. 2024. "Quantitative Scale Analysis of the Channel Bar in a Braided River and Its Internal Architecture" Applied Sciences 14, no. 1: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010257

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