Physical Simulation on Weakly Cemented Aquiclude Stability due to Underground Coal Mining
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site
3. Physical Simulation
3.1. Method
3.2. Process
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Aquiclude Fracturing
3.3.2. Aquiclude Displacement
3.3.3. Groundwater Flow
4. Discussion
4.1. Mineral Composition
4.2. Water-Rock Interaction
5. Field Test
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Booth, C.J.; Curtiss, A.M.; Demaris, P.J.; Bauer, R.A. Site-specific variation in the potentiometric response to subsidence above active longwall mining. Environ. Eng. Geosci. 2000, 6, 383–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.-J.; Xu, Z.-M.; Dong, Q.-H.; Liu, S.-D.; Gao, R.-B.; Jiang, Y.-H. Forecasting water disaster for a coal mine under the Xiaolangdi reservoir. J. China Univ. Min. Technol. 2008, 18, 516–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Zhao, Y.; Tan, T.; Zhang, L.; Zhu, S.; Xu, F. Evolution and modeling of mine water inflow and hazard characteristics in southern coalfields of China: A case of Meitanba mine. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 2022, 32, 513–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Q.; Herrera-Herbert, J.; Hidalgo, A. Predicting the risk of fault-induced water inrush using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Minerals 2017, 7, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Fan, G.; Zhang, D.; Li, Q. Physical simulation research on evolution laws of clay aquifuge stability during slice mining. Environ. Earth Sci. 2018, 77, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imaykin, A.; Imaykin, K. The hydrodynamic regime of underground and mine waters in the process and after the cessation of underground mining of the reserves of the shumikhinskoye coal deposit. In Proceedings of the 18 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2–8 July 2018; Volume 18, pp. 683–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Fan, G.; Zhang, D.; Chen, M.; Zhang, C. Study on material properties and similar material proportion of weakly cemented water-resisting strata. Arab. J. Geosci. 2019, 12, 340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, D.; Fan, G.; Ma, L.; Wang, X. Aquifer protection during longwall mining of shallow coal seams: A case study in the Shendong Coalfield of China. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2011, 86, 190–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shepley, M.G.; Pearson, A.D.; Smith, G.D.; Banton, C.J. The impacts of coal mining subsidence on groundwater resources management of the East Midlands Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifer, England. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. 2008, 41, 425–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santana, C.S.; Montalván Olivares, D.M.; Silva, V.H.C.; Luzardo, F.H.M.; Velasco, F.G.; de Jesus, R.M. Assessment of water resources pollution associated with mining activity in a semi-arid region. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 273, 111148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Obiadi, I.I.; Obiadi, C.M.; Akudinobi, B.E.B.; Maduewesi, U.V.; Ezim, E.O. Effects of coal mining on the water resources in the communities hosting the Iva Valley and Okpara Coal Mines in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 2016, 2, 207–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, S.; Fan, G.; Zhang, D.; Li, S.; Chen, M.; Fan, Y.; Luo, T. Impacts of longwall mining speeds on permeability of weakly cemented strata and subsurface watertable: A case study. Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk 2021, 12, 3063–3088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, J.; Tu, C.; Lee, W.; Jheng, Y. Effects of hydraulic conductivity/strength anisotropy on the stability of stratified, poorly cemented rock slopes. Comput. Geotech. 2012, 40, 147–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erguler, Z.A.; Karakuş, H.; Ediz, I.G.; Şensöğüt, C. Assessment of design parameters and the slope stability analysis of weak clay-bearing rock masses and associated spoil piles at Tunçbilek basin. Arab. J. Geosci. 2020, 13, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadir, S.; Akbulut, A. Occurrence of sepiolite in the hirsizdere sedimentary magnesite deposit, Bozkurt-Denizili, SW Turkey. Carbonates Evaporites 2001, 16, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Z.; Liu, H.; Lyu, X.; Wang, L.; Tian, Z.; Sun, J. Experimental study on the damage and deterioration behaviour of deep soft rock under Water-Rock Interaction. Geofluids 2021, 2021, 8811110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Han, L.; Meng, Q.; Jin, Y.; Zhao, W. Investigation of pore structure and water imbibition behavior of weakly cemented silty mudstone. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019, 2019, 8360924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Z.; Li, W.; Wang, Q.; Liu, S.; Hu, Y.; Fan, K. Relationships between the petrographic, physical and mechanical characteristics of sedimentary rocks in Jurassic weakly cemented strata. Environ. Earth Sci. 2019, 78, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Liu, B. Deformation field and acoustic emission characteristics of weakly cemented rock under brazilian splitting test. Nat. Resour. Res. 2021, 30, 1925–1939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Li, Z.-H.; Liu, B.; Teng, T.; Guo, J.-T. Experimental investigation on the tensile properties of weakly cemented sandstone in China Shendong mining area. Therm. Sci. 2020, 24, 3987–3994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Y.; Lin, H. Shear-related roughness classification and strength model of natural rock joint based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2021, 137, 104550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, C.; Liao, J.; Lin, H.; Wang, Y. Coupled seepage-damage effect in fractured rock masses: Model development and a case study. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2021, 144, 104822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, G.; Chen, M.; Zhang, D.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, C.; Li, Q.; Cao, B. Experimental study on the permeability of weakly cemented rock under different stress states in triaxial compression tests. Geofluids 2018, 2018, 9035654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, S.; Zhang, D.; Fan, G.; Guo, W.; Gao, S.; Zhang, S.; Fan, Z.; Yu, W. Aquiclude stability evaluation and significance analysis of influencing factors of close-distance coal seams: A case study of the Yili No. 4 coal mine in Xinjiang, China. Geofluids 2021, 2021, 3518271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zhu, W.; Xu, J.; Han, H.; Fu, X. Mechanism of overlying strata structure instability during mining below unconsolidated confined aquifer and disaster prevention. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Li, W.; Qiao, W.; Li, X.; Wang, Q.; He, J. Zoning method for mining-induced environmental engineering geological patterns considering the degree of influence of mining activities on phreatic aquifer. J. Hydrol. 2019, 578, 124020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Islam, M.R.; Shinjo, R. Mining-induced fault reactivation associated with the main conveyor belt roadway and safety of the Barapukuria Coal Mine in Bangladesh: Constraints from BEM simulations. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2009, 79, 115–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Q.X. Research on Cracks Zone of Clay Aquiclude in Overburden. In Applied Mechanics and Materials; Trans Tech Publications Ltd.: Zurich, Switzerland, 2014; Volume 548–594, pp. 1744–1747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, Z.; Fan, K.; Liu, Z.; Feng, Y.; Wei, H.; Zhou, Y. Experimental study on the mining-induced water-resistance properties of clay aquicludes and water conservation mining practices. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2021, 2021, 4868998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Y.; Ma, L. Application of roadway backfill mining in water-conservation coal mining: A case study in Northern Shaanxi, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Q.; Zhang, J.; Li, M.; Zhou, N. Experimental evaluation of physical, mechanical, and permeability parameters of key aquiclude strata in a typical mining area of China. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 267, 122109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Sun, Q.; Li, M.; Zhao, X. The mining-induced seepage effect and reconstruction of key aquiclude strata during backfill mining. Mine Water Environ. 2019, 38, 590–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, B.; Zhang, H.; Tu, M.; Zhang, X. Deformation and stress distribution of the effective water-resisting rock beam under water-rock coupling action inside the panel floor. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2018, 2018, 2157097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Feng, M.; Mao, X.; Bai, H. Influence of Confined Water on Water Insulating Effect of Water-Resisting Strata in Seam Flood. In Progress In Safety Science and Technology, Proceedings of the 2010 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China, 26–29 October 2010; Beijing Institute of Technology: Beijing, China, 2010; pp. 2558–2565. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.A.; Park, H.D. Coal mining above a confined aquifer. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2003, 40, 537–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Li, L.; Li, Z.; Yu, G. Numerical modelling of mining-induced inrushes from subjacent water conducting karst collapse columns in northern China. Mine Water Environ. 2018, 37, 652–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, H.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, J. Impacts of aquitard properties on an overlying unconsolidated aquifer in a mining area of the loess plateau: Case study of the Changcun Colliery, Shanxi. Mine Water Environ. 2020, 39, 121–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, P.; Jiang, L.; Li, X.; Qin, G.; Wang, E. Physical simulation of mining effect caused by a fault tectonic. Arab. J. Geosci. 2018, 11, 741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Q.; Meng, G.; Sun, K.; Zhang, J. Physical simulation experiment on prevention and control of water inrush disaster by backfilling mining under aquifer. Environ. Earth Sci. 2020, 79, 429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, A.; Ji, B.; Ma, Q.; Ji, Y.; Mu, Q.; Zhang, W.; Mu, P.; Li, L.; Zhao, C. Physical simulation study on grouting water plugging of flexible isolation layer in coal seam mining. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, D.; Fan, G.; Liang, S.; Ma, L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, S. 3D non-destructive monitoring system for solid-liquid coupling ofmining-induced overburden and its application. J. Min. Saf. Eng. 2019, 36, 1071–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Rawas, A.A.; Guba, I.; McGown, A. Geological and engineering characteristics of expansive soils and rocks in northern Oman. Eng. Geol. 1998, 50, 267–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doostmohammadi, R.; Moosavi, M.; Araabi, B.N. A model for determining the cyclic swell—Shrink behavior of argillaceous rock. Appl. Clay Sci. 2008, 42, 81–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kohno, M. Effects of hydraulic gradient and clay type on permeability of clay mineral materials. Minerals 2020, 10, 1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, T.; Fan, G.; Guo, B.; Zhang, S. Experimental study on the influence of hydro-chemical erosion on morphology parameters and shear properties of limestone fractures. Acta Geotech. 2021, 16, 3867–3880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Wu, Y.; Lv, S. Study on the effect of acidic environment on mechanical properties of rock. Sci. Technol. Eng. 2017, 17, 196–201. [Google Scholar]
Lithology | UCS /MPa | Sand /kg | CaCO3 (Bentonite) /kg | Gypsum /kg | Paraffin /kg | Water /kg | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silts | 3.0 | - | - | - | - | - | Replaced by soil |
Gravels | 3.0 | 658.13 | 51.19 | 21.94 | - | 8.00 | Shallow aquifer |
Mudstone | 10.0 | 325.00 | 36.56 (bentonite) | 4.06 | 12.19 | 4.00 | Aquiclude |
Sandstone | 15.2 | 3290.63 | 255.94 | 109.69 | 73.13 | 40.00 | |
Mudstone | 10.0 | 639.84 | 63.98 (bentonite) | 27.42 | 18.28 | 8.00 | |
Sandstone | 12.4 | 658.13 | 51.19 | 21.94 | 14.63 | 8.00 | |
Mudstone | 10.0 | 639.84 | 63.98 (bentonite) | 27.42 | 18.28 | 800 | |
21-1 coal | 3.0 | - | - | - | - | - | Dropping the jacks |
Specimen | Mineral Composition and Proportion (%) | Clay Minerals (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartz | Kaolinite | Montmorillonite | Illite | Plagioclase | Potash Feldspar | ||
1# | 31.0 | 48.2 | 13.8 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 66.8 |
2# | 20.6 | 55.8 | 14.6 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 73.9 |
3# | 30.1 | 49.3 | 13.2 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 66.2 |
Average | 27.2 | 51.1 | 13.9 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 69.0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, S.; Fan, G.; Zhang, D.; Luo, T.; Guo, X.; Dun, S.; Chen, H. Physical Simulation on Weakly Cemented Aquiclude Stability due to Underground Coal Mining. Minerals 2022, 12, 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121494
Zhang S, Fan G, Zhang D, Luo T, Guo X, Dun S, Chen H. Physical Simulation on Weakly Cemented Aquiclude Stability due to Underground Coal Mining. Minerals. 2022; 12(12):1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121494
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shizhong, Gangwei Fan, Dongsheng Zhang, Tao Luo, Xue Guo, Siqin Dun, and Hua Chen. 2022. "Physical Simulation on Weakly Cemented Aquiclude Stability due to Underground Coal Mining" Minerals 12, no. 12: 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121494