Healthcare Costs and Health Status: Insights from the SHARE Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Data
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients Characteristics | Mean (SD) Median [Q1–Q3] |
---|---|
Age [years] | 57.81 (22.29) |
Average LOS [days] | 7.23 (12.47) 4.00 [2.00–8.00] |
BMI | 26.62 (6.84) |
Nights stayed in hospital [per year] | 11.74 (21.38) 6.00 [3.00–12.00] |
Number of chronic diseases | 2.65 (1.83) |
Gender | n (%) |
Female | 5212 (53.88) |
Male | 4461 (46.12) |
Job situation | |
Retired | 6572 (67.94) |
Employed or self-employed | 1325 (13.70) |
Unemployed | 188 (1.94) |
Homemaker | 537 (5.55) |
Permanently sick or disabled | 637 (6.58) |
Other | 191 (4.29) |
Sports or activities that are vigorous | |
More than once a week | 2172 (22.45) |
Once a week | 946 (9.78) |
One to three times a month | 687 (7.10) |
Hardly ever. or never | 5868 (60.66) |
Number of words recalled after learning | |
0–2 | 796 (8.98) |
3–6 | 6176 (69.67) |
7–9 | 1864 (21.35) |
Difficulties with walking 100 m | |
Present | 2404 (24.85) |
Absent | 7268 (75.14) |
Heart attack | |
Present | 2254 (23.30) |
Absent | 7417 (76.68) |
Hypertension | |
Present | 4872 (50.39) |
Absent | 4799 (49.61) |
High blood cholesterol | |
Present | 2764 (28.60) |
Absent | 6907 (71.40) |
Stroke | |
Present | 839 (8.67) |
Absent | 8832 (91.31) |
Diabetes | |
Present | 1941 (20.09) |
Absent | 7730 (79.91) |
Chronic lung disease | |
Present | 1186 (12.28) |
Absent | 8485 (87.72) |
Cancer | |
Present | 1008 (10.44) |
Absent | 8863 (89.56) |
Country | CI n = 8800 | CO n = 873 |
---|---|---|
n (%) | ||
Austria | 749 (92.58) | 60 (7.41) |
Belgium | 892 (90.19) | 97 (9.81) |
Czech Republic | 867 (91.45) | 81 (8.54) |
Denmark | 441 (91.87) | 39 (8.12) |
Estonia | 762 (92.25) | 64 (7.74) |
France | 484 (88.64) | 62 (11.35) |
Germany | 827 (92.71) | 65 (7.29) |
Greece | 356 (91.75) | 32 (8.25) |
Italy | 552 (91.20) | 34 (5.80) |
Luxembourg | 230 (88.80) | 29 (11.19) |
Poland | 297 (88.39) | 39 (11.61) |
Portugal | 197 (89.14) | 24 (10.86) |
Slovenia | 610 (91.18) | 59 (8.81) |
Spain | 639 (90.00) | 71 (10.00) |
Sweden | 496 (89.37) | 59 (10.63) |
Switzerland | 401 (87.36) | 58 (12.65) |
Country | CI n = 8800 | CO n = 873 | Median Outpatient Costs/Median Inpatient Cost | Patient Characteristics Statistically Significantly Differentiate In-patient and Outpatient Costs Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|
In-Patient Costs Median [Q1–Q3] [€/person] | ||||
Austria | 926.94 [463.47–1853.88] | 6643.07 [6025.11–9269.40] | 7.16 | LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; Words; HA; Stroke; CLD; Cancer |
Belgium | 571.56 [142.89–1143.12] | 5144.04 [4286.70–8573.40] | 9.00 | LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; JS; Words; HA; HBP; Stroke |
Czech Republic | 211.68 [120.96–393.12] | 1814.40 [1209.60–2540.16] | 8.57 | LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; Words; Cancer |
Denmark | 756.15 [252.05–1512.30] | 7561.50 [6049.20–11,342.25] | 10.00 | Age; LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV |
Estonia | 183.54 [91.77–305.90] | 1758.92 [1223.60–2753.10] | 9.58 | LOS; NH; DW; SV; Stroke |
France | 417.20 [208.60–834.40] | 4484.90 [3129.00–6779.50] | 10.75 | LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; JS; Words; HA; Stroke |
Germany | 749.22 [374.61–1373.57] | 6118.63 [4994.80–8241.42] | 8.17 | Age; LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; JS; HA; Stroke; Cancer |
Greece | 371.05 [222.63–742.10] | 2226.30 [2226.30–3710.50] | 6.00 | LOS; NH; DW; SV; Cancer |
Italy | 848.52 [282.84–1555.62] | 6929.58 [5373.96–8626.62] | 8.16 | Age; LOS; NH; ChD; DW; Words; Stroke; Cancer |
Luxembourg | 848.52 [282.84–1555.62] | 6929.58 [5273.96–8626.62] | 8.16 | LOS; NH; DW; SV; Words |
Poland | 241.36 [137.92–448.24] | 1586.08 [1413.68–2413.60] | 6.57 | LOS; NH; SV; Cancer |
Portugal | 118.04 [59.02–236.08] | 1711.58 [885.30-2434.57] | 14.5 | LOS; BMI; NH; Gender |
Slovenia | 384.30 [192.15–640.50] | 3202.50 [2690.10–3843.00] | 8.33 | LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; JS |
Spain | 351.80 [140.72–703.60] | 3166.20 [2110.80–4925.20] | 9.00 | LOS; NH; DW; Stroke; Cancer |
Sweden | 546.27 [273.14–1092.54] | 4370.16 [3459.71–6373.15] | 8.00 | LOS; BMI; NH; DW; SV; CLD; Cancer |
Switzerland | 1378.90 [551.56–2206.24] | 9652.30 [7721.84–15,443.68] | 7.00 | Age; LOS; NH; ChD; DW; SV; JS; CLD |
Patient Characteristics | OR | (95% CI) | p-Value* |
---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 1.003 | (0.999–1.006) | NS |
average LOS [days] | 1.224 | (1.210–1.239) | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.979 | (0.970–0.988) | NS |
Nights stayed in hospital [per year] | 1.385 | (1.349–1.421) | <0.001 |
Number of chronic diseases | 1.173 | (1.134–1.214) | <0.001 |
Gender | |||
Female | 1.055 | (0.917–1.213) | NS |
Male | 1 | ||
Current job situation | |||
Retired | 1 | ||
Employed or self-employed | 0.269 | (0.191–0.378) | <0.001 |
Unemployed | 0.428 | (0.210–0.873) | <0.001 |
Homemaker | 0.892 | (0.667–1.193) | NS |
Permanently sick or disabled | 1.811 | (1.416–2.317) | <0.001 |
Other | 2.034 | (1.557–2.657) | <0.001 |
Vigorous sport | |||
More than once a week | 1 | ||
Once a week | 0.718 | (0.479–1.076) | NS |
One to three times a month | 1.001 | (0.666–1.505) | NS |
Hardly ever. or never | 2.813 | 2.269–3.486) | <0.001 |
Number of words learning | |||
0–2 | 1 | ||
3–6 | 0.496 | (0400–0.615) | <0.001 |
7–9 | 0.334 | (0.253–0.440) | <0.001 |
Difficulties with walking 100 m | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 3.305 | (2.868–3.809) | <0.001 |
Heart attack | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 1.501 | (1.289–1.749) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 0.991 | (0.862–1.139) | NS |
High blood cholesterol | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 0.931 | (0.796–1.088) | NS |
Stroke | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 2.258 | (1.856–2.746) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 1.541 | (1.315–1.806) | <0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 1.540 | (1.276–1.859) | <0.001 |
Cancer | |||
Absent | 1 | ||
Present | 2.029 | (1.683–2.446) | <0.001 |
Explanatory Variables | β-Coefficient | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
LOS [days] | 0.198 | 1.219 | (1.205–1.234) | <0.001 |
Employed or self-employed | −0.688 | 0.502 | (0.313–0.806) | 0.004 |
Permanently sick or disabled | 0.503 | 1.654 | (1.173–2.330) | 0.004 |
Difficulties with walking 100 m | 0.572 | 1.771 | (1.433–2.190) | <0.001 |
Heart attack | 0.232 | 1.261 | (1.003–1.586) | 0.004 |
Diabetes | 0.302 | 1.353 | (1.062–1.724) | 0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 0.176 | 1.540 | (1.276–1.859) | <0.001 |
Cancer | 1.054 | 2.869 | (2.232–3.688) | <0.001 |
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Cygańska, M.; Kludacz-Alessandri, M.; Pyke, C. Healthcare Costs and Health Status: Insights from the SHARE Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021418
Cygańska M, Kludacz-Alessandri M, Pyke C. Healthcare Costs and Health Status: Insights from the SHARE Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021418
Chicago/Turabian StyleCygańska, Małgorzata, Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri, and Chris Pyke. 2023. "Healthcare Costs and Health Status: Insights from the SHARE Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021418