Fatigue Performance of Type I and Type II Fibre Bragg Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Inscription through the Coating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Fs-IR pulses facilitate writing through the coating because most polymers are IR transparent [33,34]. The FBGs written through the coating are also known as trans-jacket or trans-coating FBGs. With no requirement to strip the fibre before laser exposure, the manufacturing process is much simpler and lends itself more readily to automation, reducing unit cost and increasing sensor reliability and durability.
- Type II gratings inscribed using fs-IR pulses have similar properties to Type II UV-inscribed gratings regarding thermal stability, but much higher index modulation and superior spectral quality [16].
- High index modulation can be achieved by IR laser exposure without special photosensitisation of the fibre, such as hydrogen loading or special core doping with photosensitive materials.
1.1. FBG Working Principles
1.2. Type I and Type II Characterisations of IR Laser-Induced FBG Sensors
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Microscopic Analysis of the Fibre Surface
2.2. Spectral Analysis of FBG Reflective and Transmissive Properties
2.3. Test Matrix and Fatigue Load
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microscopic Inspection of the FBG Sensor Region
3.2. The Pre- and Post-Fatigue Reflection Spectra Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Type I trans-jacket FBGs written using fs-IR laser with active core alignment have high cyclic failure strain (above 36,000 µε) and fatigue life. Although Type II trans-jacket FBGs have a lower mean failure strain of approximately 17,000 µε, they can withstand more than one million cyclic load applications at 15,000 µε. Since aerospace structures seldom experience strains above 10,000 µε, even under extreme operational conditions, Type II trans-jacket FBGs written using the customised fs-IR grating inscription technique [40] have strong potential for long-term strain monitoring applications in aircraft and other high value engineering structures, particularly in high temperature environments where Type I gratings might be prone to erasure.
- Type II trans-jacket FBGs are prone to breaking at the grating under quasi-static and cyclic loading, confirming the hypothesis that the damage inscription process creates weakness in the optical fibres leading to degradation of their fatigue performance.
- The photosensitisation approach and fibre geometry had no significant impact on the mechanical fatigue performance of Type I and Type II gratings.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Optical Fibre | Deuterium Loaded | Core (Clad) Diameter, µm | Numerical Aperture (Nominal) | Germanium Dopant |
---|---|---|---|---|
OFS: ClearLite POLY (4.6/125, 0.21NA) | Y&N | 4.6 (125 ± 2) | 0.21 | ~10 mol% |
OFS: ClearLite POLY (8.4/125, 0.11NA) | Y&N | 8.4 (125 ± 2) | 0.11 | ~3 mol% |
Fibercore: SM1500 (4.2/80)P | Y&N | 4.2 (80) | 0.29–0.31 | ~20 mol% |
Fibercore: SM1500 (9/125)P | Y&N | 9 (80) | 0.29–0.31 | ~3 mol% |
Type of Inscription | Type I | Type II | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Strain (µε) | 30,000 | 32,000 | 34,000 | 36,000 | 12,000 | 14,000 | 16,000 | 18,000 |
Load Cycles (million) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Fibre Tested | Deuterium Loaded | Specimens Tested | Fatigue Results |
---|---|---|---|
OFS BF04446, ClearLite POLY (8.4/125, 0.11NA) | Y | 15 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
OFS BF04446, ClearLite POLY (8.4/125, 0.11NA) | N | 15 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
OFS BF06160-02, ClearLite POLY (4.6/125, 0.21NA) | Y | 5 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
OFS BF06160-02, ClearLite POLY (4.6/125, 0.21NA) | N | 5 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
FibreCore: SM1500 (4.2/80)P | Y | 15 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
FibreCore: SM1500 (4.2/80)P | N | 15 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
Fibercore: SM1500 (9/125)P | Y | 5 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
Fibercore: SM1500 (9/125)P | N | 5 | Survived 2 million load cycle applications without breaking |
Sample Set | Fibre Type | Deuterium Loaded | Specimens Tested | Mean Failure Strain, µε | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | OFS BF04446, ClearLite POLY (8.4/125, 0.11NA) | Y | 15 | 17,600 | ±324 |
2 | OFS BF04446, ClearLite POLY (8.4/125, 0.11NA) | N | 15 | 17,900 | ±400 |
3 | OFS BF06160-02, ClearLite POLY (4.6/125, 0.21NA) | Y | 5 | 17,600 | ±445 |
4 | OFS BF06160-02, ClearLite POLY (4.6/125, 0.21NA) | N | 5 | 16,200 | ±500 |
5 | FibreCore: SM1500 (4.2/80)P | Y | 15 | 17,300 | ±588 |
6 | FibreCore: SM1500 (4.2/80)P | N | 15 | 18,100 | ±480 |
7 | Fibercore: SM1500 (9/125)P | Y | 5 | 17,100 | ±473 |
8 | Fibercore: SM1500 (9/125)P | N | 5 | 16,400 | ±643 |
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Zhang, N.; Turk, S.; Davis, C.; Chiu, W.K.; Boilard, T.; Bernier, M. Fatigue Performance of Type I and Type II Fibre Bragg Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Inscription through the Coating. Sensors 2022, 22, 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228812
Zhang N, Turk S, Davis C, Chiu WK, Boilard T, Bernier M. Fatigue Performance of Type I and Type II Fibre Bragg Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Inscription through the Coating. Sensors. 2022; 22(22):8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228812
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Naizhong, Suzana Turk, Claire Davis, Wing K. Chiu, Tommy Boilard, and Martin Bernier. 2022. "Fatigue Performance of Type I and Type II Fibre Bragg Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Inscription through the Coating" Sensors 22, no. 22: 8812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228812