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Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature, with only a fraction able to cause infection and disease in plants, animals, or humans. But what defines a pathogen? Bacterial species dominate the microbial world, existing in a wide range of environments, from soil, aquatic, or extreme habitats to animal and a...

Fungi cause infections of humans, animals, insects, and plants. These pathogens have a significant impact on global human health and threaten our food supplies by causing widespread infections of plants and animals. In the last half century, the threat of fungal pathogens has become more acute. R...

The immune system detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, playing a key role in protecting the host from infections. The immune system can be divided into two main subsystems: the innate immune system and adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is an older evolutionary defen...

Parasitic diseases are caused by numerous and diverse infectious organisms, ranging from protozoa to helminths. Many of these pathogens have complex life cycles and require trans...

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This section is open to research on novel and current vaccines, their mechanism of action and efficacy in the face of emerging variants and new pathogens, as well as traditional, natural, and pharmacologic treatment of infections in different species. AI-assisted methodology and identification of...

Viruses infect all forms of life, including humans, animals, plants, bacteria, and archaea. Viral infections in humans can cause mild to severe and sometimes fatal diseases, such as the common cold, flu, chickenpo...