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Minerals
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Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction
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Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 12914

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shaoping Chu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
Interests: subsurface flow and transport; carbon sequestration; risk assessment; uncertainty analysis; system level modeling
Dr. Rajesh J. Pawar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
Interests: fluid flow in porous media; CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS); reservoir engineering; reservoir simulations

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) evaluation highlights the responsibility of humans regarding climate change. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) introduces a range of efforts to reduce the amount of CO2 release and mitigate its impacts on climate change. These efforts include surface and subsurface characterization of a targeted storage site; data analysis and modeling; engineering design and CO2 capture analysis; and risk mitigation and monitoring. This Special Issue invites the scientific/engineering community to share its findings from research on carbon sequestration and efforts to achieve carbon management and storage.

Dr. Shaoping Chu
Dr. Rajesh J. Pawar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon sequestration
  • risk assessment
  • area of review
  • geologic carbon storage—site characterization
  • geologic carbon storage—predictions
  • geologic carbon storage—coupled processes
  • uncertainty quantification
  • reactive transport
  • numerical simulation
  • USDW impact
  • leakage analysis
  • mitigation and monitoring
  • site characterization

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 19211 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Potential for CO2 Storage and Utilization in the Fractured and Porous Reservoir of the Cambrian Sandstones in West Lithuania’s Baltic Basin
by Saulius Šliaupa, Dainius Michelevičius, Rasa Šliaupienė and Jonas Liugas
Minerals 2024, 14(11), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111112 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 383
Abstract
Cambrian sandstones comprise a large and saline-only aquifer that can be utilized for CO2 geological storage in the Baltic basin, including Lithuania. The two prospective storage sites with the most potential are located in west Lithuania. Despite the larger area of the [...] Read more.
Cambrian sandstones comprise a large and saline-only aquifer that can be utilized for CO2 geological storage in the Baltic basin, including Lithuania. The two prospective storage sites with the most potential are located in west Lithuania. Despite the larger area of the Gargždai elevation (233 km2), the Syderiai uplift (62 km2) is characterized by the largest storage volume. The most significant difference between the studied structures is primarily related to the much higher reservoir quality of the Cambrian sandstones at the Syderiai site. The sandstones’ average porosity is 16% and their permeability measures 310 mD, while the Gargždai site is characterized by poor reservoir quality (average porosity of 7% and permeability as low as 10 mD in the sandstone). The main controlling parameter for the sandstones is authigenic quartz cementation. The reservoir type is classified as the porous sandstone type for the Syderiai site and as the fractured reservoir type for the Gargždai site. The storage volumes of CO2 of the sites were assessed as 56.7 Mt and 31.3 Mt, respectively. The present study determined that the Syderiai uplift was the prospective site with the most potential for the geological storage trapping of CO2, owing to its high reservoir quality, while the Gargždai elevation is characterized as a potential alternative for CO2 storage combined with EOR technology for oil exploitation, despite its poor reservoir quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction)
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23 pages, 1759 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Humic Acid Salts and Their Use for CO2 Reduction
by Tomasz Spietz, Maira Kazankapova, Szymon Dobras, Zhanar Kassenova, Bolat Yermagambet, Andrey Y. Khalimon and Sławomir Stelmach
Minerals 2024, 14(9), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090947 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 946
Abstract
The European Union aims to be climate neutral by 2050. To achieve this ambitious goal, net greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 55% by 2030. Post-combustion CO2 capture methods are essential to reduce CO2 emissions from the chemical [...] Read more.
The European Union aims to be climate neutral by 2050. To achieve this ambitious goal, net greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 55% by 2030. Post-combustion CO2 capture methods are essential to reduce CO2 emissions from the chemical industry, power generation, and cement plants. To reduce CO2, it must be captured and then stored underground or converted into other valuable products. Apromising alternative for CO2 reduction is the use of humic acid salts (HASs). This work describes a process for the preparation of potassium (HmK) and ammonium (HmA) humic acid salts from oxidized lignite (leonardite). A detailed characterization of the obtained HASs was conducted, including elemental, granulometric, and thermogravimetric analyses, as well as 1H-NMR and IR spectroscopy. Moreover, the CO2 absorption capacity and absorption rate of HASs were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the absorption capacity of the HASs was up to 10.9 g CO2 per kg. The CO2 absorption rate of 30% HmA solution was found to be similar to that of 30% MEA. Additionally, HmA solution demonstrated better efficiency in CO2 absorption than HmK. One of the issues observed during the CO2 absorption was foaming of the solutions, which was more noticeable with HmK. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction)
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26 pages, 7956 KiB  
Article
Prospects for Geological Storage of CO2 in Carbonate Formations of the Adriatic Offshore
by Bruno Saftić, Nikolina Bralić, David Rukavina, Iva Kolenković Močilac and Marko Cvetković
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040409 - 16 Apr 2024
Viewed by 949
Abstract
Croatia has both significant CO2 emissions from the point sources and a history of oil and gas exploration, and this is why the CCS technology surfaced as a viable solution for curbing CO2 emissions on a national level. Since approximately half [...] Read more.
Croatia has both significant CO2 emissions from the point sources and a history of oil and gas exploration, and this is why the CCS technology surfaced as a viable solution for curbing CO2 emissions on a national level. Since approximately half of emissions from the stationary industrial sources occur along the Adriatic coastline, the entire offshore area became an exploration target. Regional studies revealed the potential storage plays, one of which is in the aquifer of the Mesozoic carbonate complex with dual porosity extending all along the Croatian offshore area. Three structures were chosen in its central part–Klara, Kate and Perina. For the first two, the models were constructed based on the data from old exploration wells and a regional structural map, while for the Perina structure, a new seismic interpretation was added to better characterise its properties. It came out that the Kate structure appears to be the most prospective in general (45 Mt), with neighbouring Klara as the second (39 Mt), while the initially promising Perina (7 Mt) turned out to be of far lesser importance. The Perina structure case is an example that new seismic interpretation can reduce the capacity estimate if it reveals certain limiting factors, in this case, the limitation of structural closure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction)
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21 pages, 8023 KiB  
Article
Strategic Qualitative Risk Assessment of Thousands of Legacy Wells within the Area of Review (AoR) of a Potential CO2 Storage Site
by Nachiket Arbad, Marshall Watson, Hossein Emadi, Stella Eyitayo and Smith Leggett
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040383 - 6 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1402
Abstract
The subsurface confinement of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) demands robust risk assessment methodologies to identify potential leakage pathways. Legacy wells within the Area of Review (AoR) represent one potential leakage pathway. Robust methodologies require enormous amounts of data, which are not [...] Read more.
The subsurface confinement of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) demands robust risk assessment methodologies to identify potential leakage pathways. Legacy wells within the Area of Review (AoR) represent one potential leakage pathway. Robust methodologies require enormous amounts of data, which are not available for many old legacy wells. This study strategically categorizes 4386 legacy wells within the AoR of a potential CO2 storage site in the Illinois basin and identifies the high-risk wells by leveraging publicly available data—reports and well logs submitted to state regulatory agencies. Wells were categorized based on their proximity to the injection well location, depth, the mechanical integrity of well barriers, and the accessibility to these wells throughout the project lifecycle. Wells posing immediate risks were identified, guiding prioritized corrective actions and monitoring plans. Out of 4386 wells, 54 have high priority for corrective action, 10 have medium priority, and the remainder are of low priority. Case study results from the Illinois basin demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of this approach, to assess the risk associated with legacy wells within the AoR of potential CO2 storage site, strategically categorizing over 4000 such wells despite data limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction)
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24 pages, 6746 KiB  
Article
A Reduced-Order Fluid Flow Model for Gas Injection into Porous Media: For Application in Carbon Sequestration in Mine Tailings
by Durjoy Baidya, Eric Wynands, Parham Samea, Seyed Ali Ghoreishi-Madiseh and Gregory Dipple
Minerals 2023, 13(7), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070855 - 24 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1443
Abstract
One method to accelerate carbon sequestration within mine tailings from remote mines involves the injection of diesel generator exhaust into dry stack tailings. The techno-economic feasibility of this approach heavily depends on understanding the flow characteristics inside the perforated injection pipes embedded within [...] Read more.
One method to accelerate carbon sequestration within mine tailings from remote mines involves the injection of diesel generator exhaust into dry stack tailings. The techno-economic feasibility of this approach heavily depends on understanding the flow characteristics inside the perforated injection pipes embedded within the tailings. Two distinctive yet dynamically coupled transport phenomena were identified and evaluated: (i) gas transport inside the pipe and (ii) gas injection into the porous body of the tailings. This paper presents two models to investigate these transport phenomena, a three-dimensional (3D) and a one-plus-one-dimensional (1 + 1)D model. An experimental investigation of the pressure profile through the injection pipe was carried out to validate the models at the experimental scale. To apply the (1 + 1)D model to larger scales, the results were compared with those of the 3D model, as the (1 + 1)D model required significantly less computational resources and time. To include the effect of the perforations in the pipe on the pressure profile of the (1 + 1)D model, an analytical fluid velocity profile was developed in relation to geometric and physical parameters. The performance of the (1 + 1)D model with an impact factor was then evaluated against the 3D model results for the inlet pressure, pressure profile and gas outflow distribution under various conditions than those investigated experimentally. The developed (1 + 1)D model can be used to design an energy-efficient approach for large-scale implementation with a wide range of desired operating parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction)
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Review

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34 pages, 1192 KiB  
Review
Reactivity of Basaltic Minerals for CO2 Sequestration via In Situ Mineralization: A Review
by Muhammad Hammad Rasool and Maqsood Ahmad
Minerals 2023, 13(9), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091154 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6810
Abstract
The underground storage of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in basalt presents an exceptionally promising solution for the effective and permanent sequestration of CO2. This is primarily attributed to its geochemistry and the remarkable presence of reactive basaltic minerals, which play a [...] Read more.
The underground storage of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in basalt presents an exceptionally promising solution for the effective and permanent sequestration of CO2. This is primarily attributed to its geochemistry and the remarkable presence of reactive basaltic minerals, which play a pivotal role in facilitating the process. However, a significant knowledge gap persists in the current literature regarding comprehensive investigations on the reactivity of basaltic minerals in the context of CO2 sequestration, particularly with respect to different basalt types. To address this gap, a comprehensive investigation was conducted that considered seven distinct types of basalts identified through the use of a TAS (total alkali–silica) diagram. Through a thorough review of the existing literature, seven key factors affecting the reactivity of basaltic minerals were selected, and their impact on mineral reactivity for each basalt type was examined in detail. Based on this analysis, an M.H. reactivity scale was introduced, which establishes a relationship between the reactivity of dominant and reactive minerals in basalt and their potential for carbonation, ranging from low (1) to high (5). The study will help in choosing the most suitable type of basalt for the most promising CO2 sequestration based on the percentage of reactive minerals. Additionally, this study identified gaps in the literature pertaining to enhancing the reactivity of basalt for maximizing its CO2 sequestration potential. As a result, this study serves as an important benchmark for policymakers and researchers seeking to further explore and improve CO2 sequestration in basaltic formations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dioxide Storage, Utilization & Reduction)
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