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Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymeric Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2024 | Viewed by 13857

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Prof. Dr. Ivan Chodák

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Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: multiphase systems with polymeric matrices; electrically conductive composites; nanocomposites; biodegradable polymer blends; compatibilization by crosslinking
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hamed Peidayesh

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Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: bioplastics; biodegradable polymer blends; rubber composites; electrically conductive composites; structure-property relationship in polymers and polymer nanocomposites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After our successful first volumes of the Special Issue “Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composite”, we have decided to create a second volume to collect and publish state-of-the-art research in the field of polymer matrices, polymer blends, polymer composites and their understanding. Therefore, We would like to invite you and would be pleased very much if you submit your scientific paper, either as your original research paper, communication, or a review article.

Any topic related to the title of the Special Issue will be considered for publication, examples of the scope of the papers are listed below:

Polymer composites and blends aimed to achieving special unique properties
Polymer nanocomposites
Advanced technologies for processing of multiphase systems, including reactive processing or procedures creating special morphologies
Chemical or physical modification of components and additives of multiphase systems
New achievements in characterization of polymer composites and blends
Interactions on the phase boundaries in multicomponent systems, advances in compatibility control
Theory, simulation, and modelling multiphase systems
Special properties of multiphase systems, e.g. electrical and thermal conductivity, biodegradability, optically unique materials, high-temperature-resistant materials, etc.
Medical applications of multiphase polymeric systems
Environmental aspects of application of multiphase systems, including recycling, composting, etc.
Advanced applications of multiphase polymeric systems, e.g. in automotive, aviatics, food industry, packagings, etc.

The Open access journal Materials has a current Impact Factor 3.748 and 5-Year Impact Factor 4.042 (2021), ranking in Q1 and Q2 in the category of Condensed Matter Physics. It is indexed by WoS, Scopus, citations available in PubMed, full-text archived in PubMed Central, and other databases.

Prof. Dr. Ivan Chodák
Dr. Hamed Peidayesh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Dual-Network Polymer Hydrogels with Anti-Freezing, Highly Conductive, and Self-Healing Properties

by Yuchen Jin, Lizhu Zhao, Ya Jiang, Xiaoyuan Zhang and Zhiqiang Su

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061275 - 10 Mar 2024

Viewed by 836

Abstract

We report the synthesis of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (PAMAA/CMC-Na) hydrogels, and subsequent fabrication of dual-network polymer hydrogels (PAMAA/CMC-Na/Fe) using as-prepared via the salt solution (FeCl₃) immersion method. The created dual-network polymer hydrogels exhibit anti-swelling properties, frost resistance, high conductivity, and good mechanical performance. The hydrogel swells sightly when immersed in solution (pH = 2~11). With the increase in n_AA:n_AM, the modulus of elasticity experiences a rise from 1.1 to 1.6 MPa, while the toughness undergoes an increase from 0.18 to 0.24 MJ/m³. Furthermore, the presence of a high concentration of CMC-Na also contributes to the enhancement of mechanical strength in the resulting hydrogels, ascribing to enhanced physical network of the hydrogels. The minimum freezing point reaches −21.8 °C when the CMC-Na concentration is 2.5%, owing to the dissipated hydrogen bonds by the coordination of Fe³⁺ with carboxyl (-COO⁻) in CMC-Na and PAMAA. It is found that the conductivity of the PAMAA/CMC-Na/Fe hydrogels gradually decreased from 2.62 to 0.6 S/m as the concentration of CMC-Na rises. The obtained results indicates that the dual-network hydrogels with high mechanical properties, anti-swelling properties, frost resistance, and electrical conductivity can be a competitive substance used in the production of bendable sensors and biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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21 pages, 18282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous CF/PA6 Composite Aircraft Window Frame Manufactured via a Novel Winding Compression Process

by Hongfu Li, Zengru Ge, Yanfei Zhang, Boming Zhang and Ying Wu

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061236 - 7 Mar 2024

Viewed by 680

Abstract

Using fiber-reinforced polymer composite to replace metal in window frames has become a trend in aircraft manufacturing to achieve structural weight reduction. This study proposes an innovative winding compression molding process for continuous production of aircraft window frames using continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 thermoplastic composite filaments (CF/PA6). Through process parameter optimization, the production cycle of CF/PA6 composite window frames was controlled within 5 min, with an ultra-low porosity of 0.69%, meeting aviation application standards. Combining mechanical property experimental tests and finite element analysis, the mechanical performance of window frames made from three different materials was compared and evaluated. In the hoop direction, the mechanical performance of the continuous CF/PA6 thermoplastic window frames were significantly higher than that of chopped CF/epoxy compression molding window frames and aluminum alloy window frames. In the radial direction, the maximum strain occurred at the corner with the highest curvature of the frame due to the absence of fiber reinforcement, resulting in weak pure interlayer shear. Nevertheless, the thermoplastic CF/PA6 winding compression molded window frame still exhibited a high resistance to crack propagation and damage, as evidenced by the absence of any detectable sound of microdamage during testing with a 9000 N load. It is believed that achieving a further-balanced design of hoop–radial performance by appropriately introducing radial ply reinforcement can lead to a significant weight reduction goal in the window frame. The findings in this study provide an innovative process reference that can be universally applicable to high-speed and near-net-shape manufacturing without material waste of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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19 pages, 4883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradable Nanocomposites Based on Blends of Poly(Butylene Adipate–Co–Terephthalate) (PBAT) and Thermoplastic Starch Filled with Montmorillonite (MMT): Physico-Mechanical Properties

by Hamed Peidayesh, Leoš Ondriš, Simona Saparová, Mária Kovaľaková, Oľga Fričová and Ivan Chodák

Materials 2024, 17(3), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030540 - 23 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 989

Abstract

Poly(butylene adipate–co–terephthalate) (PBAT) is widely used for production of biodegradable films due to its high elongation, excellent flexibility, and good processability properties. An effective way to develop more accessible PBAT-based bioplastics for wide application in packaging is blending of PBAT with thermoplastic starch (TPS) since PBAT is costly with prices approximately double or even triple the prices of traditional plastics like polyethylene. This study is focused on investigating the influence of TPS/PBAT blend ratio and montmorillonite (MMT) content on the physical and mechanical properties and molecular mobility of TPS–MMT/PBAT nanocomposites. Obtained TPS–MMT/PBAT nanocomposites through the melt blending process were characterized using tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as solid-state ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties demonstrated that the addition of TPS to PBAT leads to a substantial decrease in the tensile strength as well as in the elongation at break, while Young’s modulus is rising substantially, while the effect of the MMT addition is almost negligible on the tensile stress of the blends. DMTA results confirmed the formation of TPS domains in the PBAT matrix. With increasing TPS content, mobility of starch-rich regions of TPS domains slightly increases. However, molecular mobility in glycerol-rich regions of TPS domains in the blends was slightly restricted. Moreover, the data obtained from ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectra indicated that the presence of TPS in the sample decreases the mobility of the PBAT chains, mainly those located at the TPS/PBAT interfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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13 pages, 2729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Peroxide and Sulfur Curing Systems on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Nitrile Rubber Composites: A Comparative Study

by Hamed Peidayesh, Zuzana Nógellová and Ivan Chodák

Materials 2024, 17(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010071 - 22 Dec 2023

Viewed by 744

Abstract

This study compares the effect of sulfur and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) vulcanizing systems on the physical and mechanical properties of rubber compounds based on acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). NBR compounds cured by different amounts of DCP and NBR vulcanizates filled with various concentrations of carbon black (CB) and a constant amount of sulfur or DCP were prepared. The vulcanizates were characterized by tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and cross-link density determination. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus were found to increase with the rising amount of DCP and CB, while elongation at break decreased. The samples vulcanized by the sulfur system and filled with CB show a substantial increase in tensile strength from 13.1 to 21.2 MPa. Higher storage modulus and glass transition temperature were observed with the increase in the amount of peroxide and filler, and consequently, the increase in cross-link density, indicating rigidity increase and lower molecular mobility. The changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the NBR vulcanizates were in correlation with the changes in solvent uptake and cross-link density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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15 pages, 6940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Synergistic Antibacterial Study of Copper-Doped Polydopamine on Ti₃C₂T_x Nanosheets with Enhanced Photothermal and Fenton-like Activities

by Zhuluni Fang, Qingyang Zhou, Wenbo Zhang, Junyi Wang, Yihan Liu, Miao Yu, Yunfeng Qiu, Zhuo Ma and Shaoqin Liu

Materials 2023, 16(24), 7583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247583 - 10 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1127

Abstract

In response to the trend of drug−resistant and super bacteria, the existing single antibacterial methods are not sufficient to kill bacteria, and the development of multifunctional antibacterial nanomaterials is urgent. Our study aims to construct copper−doped polydopamine−coated Ti₃C₂T_x (CuPDA@Ti₃C₂T_x) with an enhanced photothermal property and Fenton−like activity. The nanocomposite hydrogel consisting of CuPDA@Ti₃C₂T_x and alginate can improve the antioxidant activity of two−dimensional MXene nanosheets by coating them with a thin layer of PDA nanofilm. Meanwhile, Cu ions are adsorbed through the coordination of PDA−rich oxygen−containing functional groups and amino groups. Calcium ions were further used to crosslink sodium alginate to obtain antibacterial hydrogel materials with combined chemotherapy and photothermal therapy properties. The photothermal conversion efficiency of CuPDA@Ti₃C₂T_x is as high as 57.7% and the antibacterial rate of Escherichia coli reaches 96.12%. The photothermal effect leads to oxidative stress in bacteria, increases cell membrane permeability, and a high amount of ROS and copper ions enter the interior of the bacteria, causing protein denaturation and DNA damage, synergistically leading to bacterial death. Our study involves a multifunctional synergistic antibacterial nanodrug platform, which is conducive to the development of high−performance antibacterial agents and provides important research ideas for solving the problem of drug−resistant bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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21 pages, 10556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compatibility of Sustainable Mater-Bi/poly(ε-caprolactone)/cellulose Biocomposites as a Function of Filler Modification

by Aleksander Hejna, Mateusz Barczewski, Paulina Kosmela, Olga Mysiukiewicz, Adam Piasecki and Agnieszka Tercjak

Materials 2023, 16(20), 6814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206814 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Despite their popularity and multiplicity of applications, wood–polymer composites (WPCs) still have to overcome particular issues related to their processing and properties. The main aspect is the compatibility with plant-based materials which affects the overall performance of the material. It can be enhanced by strengthening the interfacial adhesion resulting from physical and/or chemical interactions between the matrix and filler, which requires introducing a compatibilizer or a proper modification of one or both phases. Herein, the impact of cellulose filler modifications with varying contents (1–10 wt%) of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) on the compatibility of Mater-Bi/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based biocomposites was evaluated. An analysis of surface wettability revealed that the filler modification reduced the hydrophilicity gap between phases, suggesting compatibility enhancement. It was later confirmed via microscopic observation (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)), which pointed to the finer dispersion of modified particles and enhanced quality of the interface. The rheological analysis confirmed increased system homogeneity by the reduction in complex viscosity. In contrast, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the efficient modification of filler and the presence of the chemical interactions at the interface by the shift of thermal decomposition onset and the changes in the degradation course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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21 pages, 4935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Effect of Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Maleic Anhydride Compatibilizer and Halloysite Nanotubes on Morphology and Properties of Polylactide/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Blends

by Nawel Mokrane, Mustapha Kaci, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta and Nadjet Dehouche

Materials 2023, 16(19), 6438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196438 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1123

Abstract

Given the global challenge of plastic pollution, the development of new bioplastics to replace conventional polymers has become a priority. It is therefore essential to achieve a balance in the performances of biopolymers in order to improve their commercial availability. In this topic, this study aims to investigate the morphology and properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) (at a ratio of 75/25 (w/w)) blends reinforced with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and compatibilized with poly(lactic acid)-grafted maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MA). HNTs and PLA-g-MA were added to the polymer blend at 5 and 10 wt.%, respectively, and everything was processed via melt compounding. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that HNTs are preferentially localized in PHBHHx nodules rather than in the PLA matrix due to its higher wettability. When HNTs are combined with PLA-g-MA, a finer and a more homogeneous morphology is observed, resulting in a reduction in the size of PHBHHx nodules. The presence of HNTs in the polymer blend improves the impact strength from 12.7 to 20.9 kJ/mm². Further, with the addition of PLA-g-MA to PLA/PHBHHX/HNT nanocomposites, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength all improve significantly, rising from roughly 42 MPa, 14.5%, and 20.9 kJ/mm² to nearly 46 MPa, 18.2%, and 31.2 kJ/mm², respectively. This is consistent with the data obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The thermal stability of the compatibilized blend reinforced with HNTs is also improved compared to the non-compatibilized one. Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of combining HNTs and PLA-g-AM for the properties enhancement of PLA/PHBHHx blends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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16 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Coffee and Polishing Systems on the Color Change of a Conventional Resin Composite Repaired by Universal Resin Composites: An In Vitro Study

by Gözde Aksoy Vaizoğlu, Nuran Ulusoy and Laden Güleç Alagöz

Materials 2023, 16(17), 6066; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176066 - 4 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1095

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of repaired aesthetic restorative resin matrix materials after immersion in coffee and the effect of polishing systems after staining. One hundred and eighty cylindrical discs (8 mm × 2 mm) were prepared using a conventional nano-fill resin composite (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic A2 shade) with round cavities (3 × 1 mm). Cavities were repaired by three resin composite materials: Clearfil Majesty Esthetic A2 shade, one-shaded nano-fill resin composite (Omnichroma) and group-shaded nano-hybrid resin composite (Optishade, medium shade). Each group was polished with three polishing systems (n = 20); aluminum oxide (Soflex Spiral Wheels, 3M ESPE), silicon carbide (Occlubrush, Kerr, CA, USA) and diamond particulate (Twist Dia Spiral Wheels, Kuraray, Okayama, Japan). Color change (ΔE₀₀) measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer at the baseline. Half of the polished samples were either kept in distilled water or immersed in coffee for 15 days, and color measurements were repeated before and after polishing. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Repaired samples showed different color correspondence values in all groups. All three restorative materials showed significant color changes (ΔE₀₀) after immersion in coffee (p ≤ 0.05). Repolishing of stained samples showed color improvement values in all groups. The content of the polishing system played an important role in removing the stains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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21 pages, 8669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Surface-Modified Montmorillonite Clays on the Properties of Elastomeric Thin Layer Nanocomposites

by Adam Olszewski, Aleksandra Ławniczak, Paulina Kosmela, Marcin Strąkowski, Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń, Aleksander Hejna and Łukasz Piszczyk

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041703 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

In recent years, polyurethane nanocomposites have attracted more attention due to the massive demand for materials with increasingly exceptional mechanical, optical, electrical, and thermal properties. As nanofillers have a high surface area, the interaction between the nanofiller and the polymer matrix is an essential issue for these materials. The main aim of this study is to validate the impact of the montmorillonite nanofiller (MMT) surface structure on the properties of polyurethane thin-film nanocomposites. Despite the interest in polyurethane–montmorillonite clay nanocomposites, only a few studies have explored the impact of montmorillonite surface modification on polyurethane’s material properties. For this reason, four types of polyurethane nanocomposites with up to 3% content of MMT were manufactured using the prepolymer method. The impact of montmorillonites on nanocomposites properties was tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), contact angle measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The results showed that chemical and physical interactions between the polymer matrix and functional groups on the montmorillonite surface have a considerable impact on the final properties of the materials. It was noticed that the addition of MMT changed the thermal decomposition process, increased T_2% by at least 14 °C, changed the hydrophilicity of the materials, and increased the glass transition temperature. These findings have underlined the importance of montmorillonite surface structure and interactions between nanocomposite phases for the final properties of nanocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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10 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Addition of Alumina Nanofibers on the Strength of Epoxy Resins

by M. M. Simunin, A. S. Voronin, Yu. V. Fadeev, S. S. Dobrosmyslov, A. A. Kuular, T. A. Shalygina, K. A. Shabanova, D. Yu. Chirkov, S. Yu. Voronina and S. V. Khartov

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041343 - 4 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

The paper describes the effect of the addition of alumina nanofibers on the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin. Alumina nanofibers functionalized with epoxypropyl functional groups are used in this work. The dependence of the mechanical characteristics on the amount of the additive, as well as the features of its distribution in the material, is investigated. In the work, nanocomposites were obtained, which are epoxy resin with aluminum oxide nanofibers. The mechanical properties of the samples were studied by bending tests and differential mechanical analysis (DMA). It has been shown that the addition of alumina nanofibers leads to an increase in ultimate flexural strength. The maximum of this increase is near the percolation threshold of alumina nanofibers in epoxy resin. With the addition of 0.2% alumina nanofibers, the ultimate flexural strength increases from 41 to 71 MPa. It is shown that after exceeding the percolation threshold of nanofibers, the ultimate strength decreases. In this case, the elastic modulus increases from 0.643 to 0.862 GPa. DMA is shown that the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing amount of the additive. This indicates a decrease in the molecular weight of the polymer. By implication, this suggests that the hardener connects the epoxypropyl functional groups on the nanofibers and the epoxy groups in the resin, and as a result of this process, the nanofibers become natural polymer chain length limiters. The data obtained from mechanical testing and differential mechanical analysis can be used to strengthen epoxy resins in polymer composite materials and molding compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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11 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement in Processability for Injection Molding of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate by Addition of Low-Density Polyethylene

by Yuki Kuroda, Ken-Ichi Suzuki, Genzo Kikuchi, Nantina Moonprasith, Takumitsu Kida and Masayuki Yamaguchi

Materials 2023, 16(2), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020866 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

The rheological properties and processability at injection molding were studied for bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) that was modified by low-density polyethylene (LDPE) having a low shear viscosity. The LDPE addition significantly decreased the steady-state shear viscosity, especially in the high shear rate region. The decrease did not originate from slippage on the die wall but due to interfacial slippage between the PC and dispersed LDPE droplets that deformed to the flow direction to a great extent. As a result of the viscosity decrease, injection pressure largely decreased from 150 to 110 MPa with the addition only 5 wt.% of LDPE. The enhanced flowability also reduced the warpage of the molded product significantly, demonstrating that the processability at injection molding was improved by the addition of LDPE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Systems with Polymeric Matrices: Polymer Blends and Composites II)

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