Horticulturae

16 pages, 1035 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Quantifying Intergenerational Plasticity in Tomato: Temporal Divergence as a Cost-Effective Survival Strategy Against Drought Following Parental Ultrasound Priming

by Dóra Farkas and Judit Dobránszki

Horticulturae 2026, 12(4), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040422 - 30 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1201

Abstract

Understanding intra- and intergenerational adaptive strategies is essential for developing resilient crops. This study investigated these dynamics in Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom by subjecting parental plants to ultrasound priming and drought stress, followed by drought treatment in the progeny. We introduced the [...] Read more.

Understanding intra- and intergenerational adaptive strategies is essential for developing resilient crops. This study investigated these dynamics in Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom by subjecting parental plants to ultrasound priming and drought stress, followed by drought treatment in the progeny. We introduced the Intergenerational Plasticity Ratio (IPR) as a framework to quantify how stress-response strategies shift across generations. Our results reveal a divergence in adaptation: while parental plants prioritize immediate survival through morphological reductions, the progeny exhibit refined phenological shifts as a cost-effective mechanism. The results suggest that ultrasound may serve as a priming stimulus, preparing internal signaling pathways for heightened stress readiness. These phenotypic shifts suggest that ultrasound-based priming could be explored as a potential non-chemical approach to influence crop resilience. This may allow plants to exhibit adaptive developmental timing in response to specific stressors; however, further research is needed to determine the scalability and stability of these effects across different environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decoding Plant Physiology in Abiotic Stress Conditions)

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46 pages, 2530 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Climate-Driven Pest and Disease Dynamics in Greenhouse Vegetables: A Review

by Dimitrios Fanourakis, Theodora Makraki, Theodora Ntanasi, Evangelos Giannothanasis, Georgios Tsaniklidis, Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis and Georgia Ntatsi

Horticulturae 2026, 12(4), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040415 - 27 Mar 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

Greenhouse cultivation enables year-round vegetable production and high yields through precise environmental regulation. Yet, the same stable microclimate that promotes crop growth also favors the proliferation of pests and diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how greenhouse climate variables govern pest and [...] Read more.

Greenhouse cultivation enables year-round vegetable production and high yields through precise environmental regulation. Yet, the same stable microclimate that promotes crop growth also favors the proliferation of pests and diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how greenhouse climate variables govern pest and disease epidemiology in tomato, cucumber, and sweet pepper. Only greenhouse-based studies were included to ensure direct relevance to protected horticulture. Microclimatic stability determines infection probability, vector behavior, and host susceptibility. Warm, humid conditions promote fungal and bacterial pathogens, whereas dry, high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) environments favor mites and thrips and enhance virus transmission. Species-specific traits further modulate vulnerability. Tomato is dominated by virus–bacterium complexes and foliar/stem fungal diseases, cucumber by phytopathogenic fungi favored by high relative humidity (RH) and soilborne pathogens, and sweet pepper by virus–vector systems and long-cycle fungal infections. Temperature exerts the strongest influence, while RH and VPD jointly regulate surface moisture and vector activity. Light intensity and spectral composition also affect pest orientation and fungal sporulation. Integrating environmental sensing, biological control, and adaptive climate regulation offers a pathway toward preventive, climate-smart Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The review highlights the emerging role of climate-informed decision-support systems (DSSs) and the need for greenhouse-specific datasets to improve pest and disease forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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14 pages, 1204 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Postharvest Application of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) and Methyl Salicylate (MeSA) on Storage of Yellow Pitahaya at Two Temperatures

by Alex Erazo-Lara, Blanca Alexandra Oñate-Bastidas, María Emma García-Pastor, Pedro Antonio Padilla-González, Vicente Agulló, María Serrano and Daniel Valero

Horticulturae 2026, 12(4), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040398 - 24 Mar 2026

Viewed by 977

Abstract

Yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw.) is increasing in popularity and is considered to be an exotic fruit with great potential for consumption due to its content of both nutritive and bioactive compounds with health-related properties. Pitahaya plants, grown in Ecuador, were treated [...] Read more.

Yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw.) is increasing in popularity and is considered to be an exotic fruit with great potential for consumption due to its content of both nutritive and bioactive compounds with health-related properties. Pitahaya plants, grown in Ecuador, were treated with two elicitors: methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA), both at a 0.1 mM concentration. After harvesting, the fruits were transported to Spain and stored at two temperatures, 2 and 10 °C, for 55 days. The analytical determinations were physiological parameters (ethylene and respiration rates), organoleptic traits [firmness, color, total soluble solids (TSSs) and total acidity (TA)], and phytonutrients (total phenolics, carotenoids and total antioxidant activity). The results show that all the parameters evolved more rapidly at 10 °C than at 2 °C, which is due to storage temperature effects on fruit metabolism. For TSSs, reductions were observed at the two temperatures, while, for TA, a major reduction was obtained at 2 °C. Regarding storage, the respiration rates increased, especially at 2 °C. At the end of storage, total phenolics were higher in treated pitahayas. Moreover, fruits developed chilling injury (CI) at 2 °C based on the highest respiration rate and accelerated softening. Collectively, all the data suggest that both MeJA and MeSA could modulate yellow pitahaya ripening without detrimental effects on quality during postharvest storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Treatments for Preserving Quality and Reducing Food Loss in Horticultural Products)

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16 pages, 2663 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Foliar Potassium Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Capacity and Expression of Potassium and Sugar Transporters in Peach (Prunus persica)

by Ziqi Wang, Chenjia Yao, Yong Yang, Silas Segbo, Xiaoyu Xu, Ximeng Lin, Pengyu Zhou, Feng Gao, Zhaojun Ni, Ting Shi and Zhihong Gao

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030388 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 780

Abstract

Potassium (K⁺) is a vital macronutrient for plant growth and stress resilience, with KT/HAK/KUP transporters playing a central role in its homeostasis. Although these transporters are known to influence photosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms by which fertilization promotes assimilate accumulation in peach [...] Read more.

Potassium (K⁺) is a vital macronutrient for plant growth and stress resilience, with KT/HAK/KUP transporters playing a central role in its homeostasis. Although these transporters are known to influence photosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms by which fertilization promotes assimilate accumulation in peach crops remain poorly understood. In this study, 17 PpHAK genes were identified based on the peach genome and classified into four distinct clades through phylogenetic analysis, a classification further supported by conserved gene structures and motifs. Interspecific collinearity analysis revealed that transporters are highly conserved among Rosaceae species. Physiological measurements demonstrated that foliar application significantly enhanced photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by a 33% increase in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and improved photoelectron yield (Y(II)). At the same time, the transcript levels of the transporters PpHAK1, PpHAK5, and PpHAK9 were significantly upregulated, as confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport, particularly PpPLT5-1, was significantly induced. Collectively, these results indicate that foliar K⁺ application enhances photosynthesis and promotes assimilate accumulation by modulating the expression of both K⁺ and sugar transporters. These findings offer a theoretical basis for optimizing nutrient management to improve fruit quality in stone fruit production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Developmental Biology of Fruit Trees)

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23 pages, 5058 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Detection Method for Tomato Pose Estimation and Grasping Point Localization in Robotic Harvesting Based on YOLOv8s-ECC

by Yu Zhuang, Yiran Wang, Le Zheng, Jize Dai, Hao Liu, Jiayuan Zhu and Zhiping Cui

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030369 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 997

Abstract

In the intelligent tomato-picking scenario, challenges such as insufficient accuracy in recognizing the growth pose of target tomatoes and inaccurate positioning of picking and grasping points have led to low efficiency in automated picking. To address these issues, this paper introduces an object [...] Read more.

In the intelligent tomato-picking scenario, challenges such as insufficient accuracy in recognizing the growth pose of target tomatoes and inaccurate positioning of picking and grasping points have led to low efficiency in automated picking. To address these issues, this paper introduces an object detection optimization model based on Yolov8s, termed YOLOv8S-ECC. The model focuses on “Judging tomato pose by the spatial vector of the relative position between the calyx and the center point of the fruit,” aiming to enhance high-precision positioning of both the tomato calyx and fruit, thereby laying the groundwork for subsequent pose judgment and picking point positioning. We have integrated the ECA (Efficient Channel Attention) and Coordinate attention mechanisms into the Backbone network and introduced the CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention mechanism into the Neck network. The combined effect of these attention mechanisms effectively overcomes the recognition challenges posed by the calyx’s color texture, which closely resembles the environment. This integration has also enhanced the model’s robustness in complex field environments. Test results indicate significant improvements: the accuracy rate, recall rate, and mAP@50 for detecting tomato fruits and calyces are 81.7% and 87.5%, 92.7% and 85.9%, and 89.7% and 91.3%, respectively, compared to the original model. By encapsulating the algorithm and integrating it with the picking robot, tests in a simulated environment (different lighting conditions and foliage occlusion situations) show picking success rates of 93.02%, with an average picking operation time of 14.2 ± 0.855 s, including an image recognition and processing time of 0.035 s. This research offers an effective technical solution for high-precision visual perception and pose judgment in fruit and vegetable picking robots, contributing to improved quality in tomato industry picking operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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29 pages, 1195 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multidimensional Evaluation of Sustainable Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Production: Agronomic, Sensory, and Economic Criteria Using the Fuzzy PIPRECIA–Fuzzy MARCOS Model

by Radomir Bodiroga, Milena Marjanović, Vuk Maksimović, Đorđe Moravčević, Zorica Jovanović, Slađana Savić and Milica Stojanović

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030368 - 16 Mar 2026

Viewed by 849

Abstract

Although greenhouse vegetable production is rapidly shifting toward innovative soilless systems, soil-based conventional cultivation still dominates globally. This production system faces growing pressure to transition to sustainable practices. However, introducing biofertilisers into intensive systems often yields inconsistent results. Specifically, their effects on different [...] Read more.

Although greenhouse vegetable production is rapidly shifting toward innovative soilless systems, soil-based conventional cultivation still dominates globally. This production system faces growing pressure to transition to sustainable practices. However, introducing biofertilisers into intensive systems often yields inconsistent results. Specifically, their effects on different lettuce traits vary due to complex relationships between genotype, biofertiliser, environmental conditions, and market demands. Single-parameter evaluations fail to balance conflicting criteria, necessitating multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods for selecting optimal choices. This study aims to overcome these inconsistencies through an integrated fuzzy MCDM-based optimisation model. Three lettuce cultivars (‘Carmesi’, ‘Aquino’, and ‘Gaugin’) were grown in an unheated Surčin (Serbia) greenhouse during a 58-day autumn experiment using a complete block design. Four treatments were applied: a control (without fertilisation), effective microorganisms, a Trichoderma-based fertiliser, and their combination. Biofertilisers were applied before transplanting and four times foliarly during the vegetation period via battery sprayer. This defined 12 production models (cultivar–fertiliser pairs), evaluated across 10 criteria: agronomic (core ratio, number of leaves), quality (nitrate content, total antioxidant capacity, total soluble solids, and chlorogenic acid), sensory (overall taste, overall quality), and economic (total variable costs, total income). Four decision-making experts from the Faculty of Agriculture and the ready-to-eat salad industry assessed weighting coefficients using the fuzzy PIPRECIA (PIvot Pairwise RElative Criteria Importance Assessment) method. The fuzzy MARCOS (Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to COmpromise Solution) method was used to rank the alternatives. To confirm the stability of the obtained ranking with the fuzzy MARCOS method, we performed sensitivity analysis through 20 different scenarios. Applied fuzzy methods identified alternative A11—‘Aquino’ cultivar with combined biofertilisers—as the best-ranked option, followed by A6 and A7. This study validates fuzzy PIPRECIA and fuzzy MARCOS as effective tools for optimising lettuce production models. They support farmers in selecting the most favourable solution based on multiple criteria, aiding the shift from mineral fertilisers to sustainable biofertiliser-based systems in intensive production—especially helpful for producers making this transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Agrochemical-Conventional Management in Horticultural Crops)

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25 pages, 3993 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Growth and Fruit Quality of Watermelon Affected by Different Supplemental Light Sources in a Greenhouse

by Yumin Jeon, Cheolku Youn, Eun-Jeong Kim, Kyu-Hoi Lee, Myung-Min Oh and Ki-Ho Son

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030358 - 14 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1012

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of various LED spectra—white (W), red and blue (RB), W plus far-red (FR), and RB plus FR—on the growth, fruit quality, and phytochemical accumulation of greenhouse-grown hydroponic watermelon. Watermelons were cultivated with controlled temperature and humidity and subjected [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of various LED spectra—white (W), red and blue (RB), W plus far-red (FR), and RB plus FR—on the growth, fruit quality, and phytochemical accumulation of greenhouse-grown hydroponic watermelon. Watermelons were cultivated with controlled temperature and humidity and subjected to four LED treatments at an equivalent PPFD of 200 ± 3 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ and a 15 h light period for 43 days, with sunlight as a control. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were significantly higher in the RB LEDs than in all other treatments. Fv/Fm and PIABS exhibited time-dependent differences among treatments after 13:00, with all LED treatments showing higher values than the control, except for the Fv/Fm of RB LEDs. SPAD, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were the highest in the RB LEDs, and 40%, 30%, and 19% higher than those in the control group, respectively. Growth characteristics, such as plant height and node and leaf number, were highest in the control group and were significantly higher than the RB LEDs. Petiole length tended to increase in LEDs treated with FR. Sweetness was the highest in W LEDs. Therefore, supplemental LED lighting can potentially improve the production and fruit quality of greenhouse watermelons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue LED Lighting Effects on the Growth and Development of Fruits and Vegetables)

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23 pages, 3713 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Favor Vegetative Development and Optimize Nutrient Uptake in Lisianthus

by Tsujmejy Gómez-Navor, Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Juan José Almaraz-Suárez, Marco Polo Carballo-Sánchez, J. Cruz García-Albarado and Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030350 - 13 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1102

Abstract

Lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners] is among the 10 most produced and marketed cut flowers in the world. However, its slow growth represents a challenge for its production. This study evaluated the efficiency of rhizobacterial strains in vegetative growth and nutrient acquisition [...] Read more.

Lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners] is among the 10 most produced and marketed cut flowers in the world. However, its slow growth represents a challenge for its production. This study evaluated the efficiency of rhizobacterial strains in vegetative growth and nutrient acquisition in lisianthus plants. Freshly germinated seeds of lisianthus cv. Mariachi Blue Double were used. Seven rhizobacterial strains and two controls (sterile distilled water and nutrient broth) were evaluated in a completely randomized design. Replication varied among treatments and variables: shoot growth traits were assessed on 10–12 plants per treatment, root biomass on a destructive subsample of six plants per treatment and shoot nutrient contents on four composite samples per treatment. Measurements taken 149 days after sowing showed that plants inoculated with the strains Acinetobacter vivianii C48, Achromobacter xylosoxidans C56, and Arthrobacter pokkalii JLB4 had greater height, leaf area, leaf number, and fresh and dry biomass, both aerial and in the root. These strains also enhanced N and P uptake in shoot tissues. In contrast, the Bacillus pumilus strain R44 significantly decreased height and leaf number. The results suggest that strains C48, C56 and JLB4 can stimulate nutrition, accelerate plant growth, and shorten the vegetative phase in lisianthus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 2841 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of a Hybrid Fertilizer Based on Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Supported on Zeolite in a Tomato Crop

by Estrella K. Hernández-Vázquez, María de la L. Guerrero-González, José M. Guzmán-Palomino, María Fernanda Quintero-Castellanos, Erika Padilla-Ortega and Pablo Delgado-Sánchez

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030347 - 12 Mar 2026

Viewed by 868

Abstract

In recent years, phosphorus (P) nanoparticles have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional fertilizers. This study evaluated zeolite-fixed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP) for greenhouse tomato cultivation, comparing their efficiency with phosphate rock (positive P input) and quartz sand (negative P Carrier). Material characterization by [...] Read more.

In recent years, phosphorus (P) nanoparticles have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional fertilizers. This study evaluated zeolite-fixed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP) for greenhouse tomato cultivation, comparing their efficiency with phosphate rock (positive P input) and quartz sand (negative P Carrier). Material characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and zeta potential analysis revealed that zeolite was identified predominantly as clinoptilolite, phosphate rock as phosphate-bearing aluminosilicates, and quartz sand as crystalline quartz; in all cases, the materials exhibited negatively charged surfaces. Hybrid fertilizers were formed through electrostatic interactions between zeolite and nHAP, confirming the successful development of a zeolite-based carrier for nanohydroxyapatite delivery. Application of 0.01 g·L⁻¹ nHAP increased the effective quantum yield of Photosystem II by 0.64 compared to the control at midday. Fruit firmness showed no significant differences among treatments. The highest sugar and soluble solids content was observed with 0.1 g·L⁻¹ nHAP (6.84 °Brix), whereas the 1 g·L⁻¹ treatment enhanced pigment concentrations, reaching 5.9 mg·g⁻¹/g chlorophyll a, 2.92 mg·g⁻¹ chlorophyll b, and 2.82 mg·g⁻¹ carotenoids. The 0.01 g·L⁻¹ dose of nHAP maintained quality characteristics and marginally increased yield; however, yield decreased at higher nHAP concentrations, opening new research opportunities to optimize this nanofertilizer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Uptake and Efficiency of Horticultural Crops)

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21 pages, 3089 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Regulatory Effects of Different Girdling Treatments on Leaf Senescence Characteristics and Fruit Quality in Kiwifruit

by Siyu Wang, Qian Chen, Meng Zhang, Huihui Tao, Guiqing Tu and Chao Xu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030332 - 10 Mar 2026

Viewed by 788

Abstract

This study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of girdling on leaf senescence and fruit quality in ‘Jinyan’ kiwifruit, providing a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation. Ten-year-old vines were subjected to single (5 mm, 9 mm) and double (5 mm, 9 mm) girdling [...] Read more.

This study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of girdling on leaf senescence and fruit quality in ‘Jinyan’ kiwifruit, providing a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation. Ten-year-old vines were subjected to single (5 mm, 9 mm) and double (5 mm, 9 mm) girdling treatments at two distinct stages: peak flowering stage (Group A) and 10 days post-anthesis (Group B). Physiological markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme activities, were monitored at 10, 35, and 70 days post-treatment and integrated with fruit quality metrics using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Physiologically, girdling induced a transient oxidative burst, characterized by increased ROS accumulation proportional to girdling intensity. This triggered a robust antioxidant defense response, where superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities peaked at 35 days, effectively mitigating oxidative damage (MDA) during the healing phase. Concurrently, metabolic substrates (soluble protein, starch, and sugar) were significantly enriched in leaves. Agronomically, all treatments enhanced fruit yield, single-fruit weight, and soluble solids content (SSC). Notably, double girdling treatments specifically promoted fruit elongation and dry matter accumulation. Comprehensive evaluation identified distinct optimal strategies: while moderate single girdling (A2) was superior during flowering, double girdling (B3, B4) proved most effective post-anthesis. Ultimately, double girdling performed 10 days post-anthesis emerged as the optimal regimen, effectively balancing source-sink relationships to maximize both physiological function and fruit quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cultivation and Breeding of Kiwifruit)

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20 pages, 27729 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of the Heat-Stress-Mitigating Effect of Kaolin in Grapevine: A Comparative Study in Two Vineyards

by Luca Pallotti, Tania Lattanzi, Vania Lanari and Oriana Silvestroni

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030325 - 9 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1029

Abstract

Climate change is intensifying summer stress conditions, with significant impacts on vine physiology and grape production. Kaolin is commonly used to mitigate heat stress, though its effectiveness may vary depending on vineyard conditions. This study aimed to compare the effects of kaolin application [...] Read more.

Climate change is intensifying summer stress conditions, with significant impacts on vine physiology and grape production. Kaolin is commonly used to mitigate heat stress, though its effectiveness may vary depending on vineyard conditions. This study aimed to compare the effects of kaolin application (K) with an untreated control (C) on Verdicchio grapevines across two distinct vineyard sites differing in environmental conditions over two consecutive growing seasons, focusing on leaf gas exchange, leaf temperature, grape composition and yield, and wine characteristics. Results showed that the effects of kaolin varied between sites. Under high thermal stress and low vine vigor, kaolin application improved gas exchange, sustained higher photosynthetic rates, and reduced leaf temperature. Conversely, in higher-vigor vineyards, the effects were less pronounced and mainly limited to reductions in leaf temperature. Under low-vigor conditions, K resulted in higher berry weight and lower total soluble solids. Wines from kaolin-treated grapes exhibited slightly reduced alcohol content and pH. These findings suggest that kaolin’s effectiveness is strongly influenced by climatic conditions and vine vigor. In Mediterranean regions, where heatwaves and drought are common, kaolin application may be a promising tool to alleviate heat stress, supporting improved grape yield and composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Climate Change on Grapevines, Berries, Wine: Present and Future)

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14 pages, 891 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving Water Use Strategies in Greenhouse Tomato with Superabsorbent Polymers: Effects on Fruit Yield Under Deficit Irrigation

by Stefania Toscano, Aurora Maio, Tommaso La Malfa, Francesca Calderone, Elisa Bonanno and Fabio Gresta

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030321 - 8 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Water scarcity is increasingly challenging greenhouse tomato production, particularly in Mediterranean and semi-arid regions where irrigation water availability is becoming progressively limited. This study evaluated whether a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) can support water-saving irrigation in tomato grown in coconut fibre. Plants were cultivated [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is increasingly challenging greenhouse tomato production, particularly in Mediterranean and semi-arid regions where irrigation water availability is becoming progressively limited. This study evaluated whether a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) can support water-saving irrigation in tomato grown in coconut fibre. Plants were cultivated in pots under four irrigation amounts (100, 75, 50, and 25% of crop water requirement—WC) combined with two SAP levels (0 and 2 g L⁻¹). Irrigation was managed by a lysimetric control system. Reducing irrigation decreased total fruit yield (averaged across SAP treatments) from 100% WC (1212 g plant⁻¹) to 50–25% WC (914 and 624 g plant⁻¹, respectively), while non-marketable fruit number was unchanged (15.4 fruit plant⁻¹, on average). SAP increased total yield, averaged across irrigation treatments (from 925 to 1022 g plant⁻¹), and marketable fruit number (from 26.3 to 32.3 fruit plant⁻¹), without affecting unitary fruit weight (20.4 g fruit⁻¹, on average). SAP also increased net photosynthesis (from 16.0 to 17.4 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), while stomatal conductance (0.14–0.15 mol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹) and WUE (4.0 µmol CO₂ mmol⁻¹ H₂O) were not affected by SAP. Total soluble solids increased under severe deficit (7.8 °Brix at 25% WC) and were enhanced by SAP (from 6.9 to 7.6 °Brix), while colour parameters were mainly driven by irrigation. Overall, the irrigation amount was the primary driver of performance. Moderate deficit irrigation (75% WC) maintained a marketable fruit number and total fruit weight comparable to full irrigation (100% WC). SAP amendment acted as a complementary tool to improve marketable production and net photosynthesis across irrigation levels, providing an additive benefit to crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses of Vegetable Crops—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1748 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hot-Water Dipping and Storage Temperature Interact to Reduce Dehydration and Modulate Peel Oxidative Markers in ‘Owari’ Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.)

by Martina Skendrović Babojelić, Ivna Štolfa Čamagajevac, Tomislav Jemrić, Jana Šic Žlabur, Vera Cesar, Branka Levaj, Marko Vuković, Ana Batar and Hrvoje Lepeduš

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030300 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1023

Abstract

Satsuma mandarin is a non-climacteric fruit with limited storage potential, as dehydration and physiological stress can accelerate postharvest quality loss. This study evaluated the combined effects of hot-water dips (HWD; 48 °C or 52 °C for 3 min) and cold storage temperatures (1 [...] Read more.

Satsuma mandarin is a non-climacteric fruit with limited storage potential, as dehydration and physiological stress can accelerate postharvest quality loss. This study evaluated the combined effects of hot-water dips (HWD; 48 °C or 52 °C for 3 min) and cold storage temperatures (1 °C or 3 °C for 8 weeks, followed by 7 days at 18–20 °C) on ‘Owari’ (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit quality and peel oxidative status. HWD reduced weight loss compared with untreated fruit at both temperatures, and total weight loss at 1 °C was 17.85% (HWD 48) and 18.27% (HWD 52), compared with 22.26% in the control. Storage at 1 °C reduced fruit weight loss compared with 3 °C, while fruit stored at 3 °C retained higher juiciness. Peel hydrogen peroxide level was lower at 1 °C, with the lowest value in HWD 48 fruit (5.56 nmol g⁻¹ FW). Lipid peroxidation increased after storage across treatments but was lowest in HWD 48 at 1 °C (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 11.82 nmol g⁻¹ FW). HWD 48 at 1 °C also maintained the highest α-tocopherol level (411.18 µg g⁻¹ FW) and showed the highest catalase activity. Overall, HWD 48, combined with storage at 1 °C, provided the most favourable peel oxidative stability. However, the risk of chilling injury at low temperatures must be assessed using a defined scoring protocol before commercial recommendation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Postharvest Fruit Quality and Physiological Mechanism: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1758 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Earthworms Interact to Increase Nitrogen Sequestration in Soil Glomalin Pools of Trifoliate Orange

by Lu-Lu Meng, Yue Wen, Ying-Ning Zou, Qiang-Sheng Wu and Hong-Ling Liu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030298 - 3 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The individual contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and earthworms to soil nitrogen (N) cycling are well-established; however, their combined effects on N sequestration through glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSPs) are not elucidated. This study evaluated their individual and interactive impacts on plant–soil N [...] Read more.

The individual contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and earthworms to soil nitrogen (N) cycling are well-established; however, their combined effects on N sequestration through glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSPs) are not elucidated. This study evaluated their individual and interactive impacts on plant–soil N dynamics, with an emphasis on GRSP-mediated mechanisms. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) plants were treated with an AM fungus (Funneliformis mosseae), earthworms (Pheretima guillelmi), and their co-inoculation. Measurements were conducted on plant biomass and N content, soil N fractions, GRSP levels, GRSP-sequestered N (N_GRSP), contribution of N_GRSP to soil total N, and N-metabolizing enzymes. Co-inoculation of F. mosseae and P. guillelmi demonstrated synergistic effects, significantly increasing leaf and root N by 26% and 77%, respectively, compared to individual treatments (14–21% increases). All inoculations significantly elevated levels of total N (by 102–405%), nitrate-N (by 24–62%), soluble organic N (by 35–73%), and total dissolved N (by 31–53%), while ammonium-N decreased only with F. mosseae, with the most pronounced effect in the co-inoculation. Individual and combined inoculations significantly increased difficultly extractable (DEG) and total GRSP (TG) levels and their sequestered N content, with co-inoculation showing superior efficacy (N_DEG and N_TG increased by 53% and 42%). Adding F. mosseae alone and co-inoculation enhanced all N_GRSP contributions to soil total N (by 17–56%), whereas P. guillelmi alone only increased N_DEG and N_TG contributions (by 13–17%), with co-inoculation revealing greater effects on N_EEG contribution to soil total N than individual inoculations. All inoculations elevated nitrate reductase (by 72–101%) and urease (by 29–80%) activity while diminishing catalase (by 42–58%) activity, with synergistic enhancement of urease and catalase activity under co-inoculation. The synergistic interaction between earthworms and AM fungi facilitates N sequestration within the rhizosphere and promotes plant uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Fertilizers and Fungi to Enhance Horticulture Crop Resilience)

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16 pages, 9502 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

DgWRKY6 Mediates Cold Tolerance by Activating DgGST for ROS Scavenging in Chrysanthemum

by Yan Feng, Qihang Zhou, Jie Yang, Xixi Xu, Yating Wang, Lei Zhang and Qinglin Liu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030283 - 27 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 652

Abstract

Cold stress is a major limiting factor for growth and quality in chrysanthemum. Enhancing cold tolerance helps plants better cope with low-temperature stress, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, and effectively inhibit excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study identifies the transcription factor [...] Read more.

Cold stress is a major limiting factor for growth and quality in chrysanthemum. Enhancing cold tolerance helps plants better cope with low-temperature stress, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, and effectively inhibit excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study identifies the transcription factor DgWRKY6 as a key positive regulator in chrysanthemum’s cold response. DgWRKY6 is localized in the nucleus and shows high expression levels in leaf tissue, which is strongly induced by cold stress. Cold treatment also activates its promoter region. Physiological assays demonstrate that overexpression of DgWRKY6 enhances ROS scavenging, reduces membrane damage, and improves cold tolerance by increasing the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and peroxidase (POD), whereas DgWRKY6 knockout lines exhibit the opposite phenotype. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), dual-luciferase reporter assays (Dual-LUC), and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) confirmed that DgWRKY6 directly binds to the W-box element and activates DgGST transcription. In conclusion, DgWRKY6 plays a positive regulatory role in enhancing cold tolerance in chrysanthemum by activating DgGST transcription in response to cold stress, ultimately increasing GST activity, reducing ROS accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant responses under low temperatures. This finding provides a valuable molecular target for cold tolerance breeding in chrysanthemum and other related horticultural crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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17 pages, 747 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in the Regulation of Carnation Flower Senescence: Hormonal Control and Emerging Molecular Layers

by Toan Nguyen and Suong Ha

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030277 - 26 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1020

Abstract

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a globally important cut flower, and its postharvest longevity is a key determinant of commercial value. Flower senescence in carnation is a genetically programmed yet environmentally modulated process involving coordinated physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and molecular changes. This [...] Read more.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a globally important cut flower, and its postharvest longevity is a key determinant of commercial value. Flower senescence in carnation is a genetically programmed yet environmentally modulated process involving coordinated physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and molecular changes. This review synthesizes recent advances in the regulation of carnation petal senescence, with a particular focus on ethylene (ETH)-dependent signaling, hormonal crosstalk, metabolic regulation, and emerging molecular control layers. ETH acts as the central regulator of senescence, interacting with abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellins, and auxins to control the timing and progression of petal aging. Recent studies have identified key regulatory genes, including DcACS1, DcACO1, DcEIL3-1, DcWRKY75, DcNAP1/2, DcATX1, and m⁶A methylation-related factors, revealing multilayered control of senescence progression. Emerging evidence further demonstrates that RNA m⁶A modification links ETH signaling with antioxidant capacity and metabolic homeostasis. We propose an integrated regulatory network model that connects hormonal crosstalk, environmental cues, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional regulation. This updated framework provides mechanistic insights into developing targeted postharvest treatments and breeding strategies to extend vase life of cut carnation flowers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Physiology and Preservation Technology of Horticultural Plants)

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24 pages, 1342 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Pest Management Strategies Under Greenhouse Conditions in Countries of the Global South

by Harold Ubaque, Carlos A. Hincapié and Marisol Osorio

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030273 - 26 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1392

Abstract

Greenhouse agricultural production systems are becoming increasingly important as they allow for higher yields and better control of environmental variables, among other advantages. However, these conditions are also ideal for the proliferation of pests and diseases, which are commonly controlled with synthetic chemical [...] Read more.

Greenhouse agricultural production systems are becoming increasingly important as they allow for higher yields and better control of environmental variables, among other advantages. However, these conditions are also ideal for the proliferation of pests and diseases, which are commonly controlled with synthetic chemical products that have a negative impact on the environment and human health. Current conditions in production systems, environmental care, human health, and market trends have led this type of production system to seek new alternatives to the use of such products. These alternatives revolve around biological, ecological, regulatory, technological, and genetic control, among others. Furthermore, technology and most scientific literature on pest and disease control in greenhouses have been developed for countries in the Global North, most of which experience four seasons and have a more advanced industry in this field. These results are not easily adaptable to countries in the Global South, primarily as many are located in tropical regions, owing to the specificity of pests and diseases, the underdevelopment of the biological control industry, and economic reasons. This review found that most research focuses on strategies such as the use of plant extracts and biological control agents, especially fungi and bacteria. This systematic review identified the current status, trends, and best practices in greenhouse pest control in Global South countries. We hope that this information will serve as input for new research and/or implementation in greenhouses in these regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)

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12 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Applied Pre-Plant with Liquid Fertilizer Increased Russet Potato Yield Without Affecting Quality

by Salah Abdelsalam, Samuel Y. C. Essah and Jessica G. Davis

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030268 - 26 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 625

Abstract

Potato is a vital crop in the United States, and increasing its production is essential. Due to their differences in rooting characteristics and nitrogen (N) needs, each potato cultivar generally receives specific research-based N recommendations. However, limited research exists on how other fertilizer [...] Read more.

Potato is a vital crop in the United States, and increasing its production is essential. Due to their differences in rooting characteristics and nitrogen (N) needs, each potato cultivar generally receives specific research-based N recommendations. However, limited research exists on how other fertilizer nutrients, including micronutrients and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), affect potato yield and quality. This study evaluated the response of Mesa Russet potatoes to various pre-plant and foliar fertilizer treatments on sandy, alkaline soil in Colorado, USA for two growing seasons. Six fertilizer treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications: (1) 4-13-17-1S (control), also known as the Farmer’s Standard, (2) 3-10-13, (3) 3-10-13 + PGPR, (4) 3-10-13-1S-1Zn, (5) 9-15-3-1S-0.25Zn + K-acetate foliar, and (6) 9-15-3-1S-0.25Zn + 0-0-15-5S foliar. The results showed that treatment PGPR maximized tuber bulking rate by 1.5 g plant⁻¹ day⁻¹, and 3.3 g plant⁻¹ day⁻¹ in 2016 and 2017, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Also, treatment 3-10-13 + PGPR had the highest total and larger tuber (>114 g, >170 g and >284 g) yields in both years. In contrast, the control (4-13-17-1S) had the lowest yield in both years. Treatment 9-15-3-1S-0.25Zn + K-Ac foliar resulted in total yields in both years that were statistically similar to the PGPR treatment; this treatment had the highest N, P, and Zn applications compared to all other treatments. Treatment 9-15-3-1S-0.25Zn + 0-0-15-5S foliar exhibited marketable yields (tubers > 114 g) comparable to the PGPR treatment in both years; this treatment had the highest S application as compared to the others. Further testing of PGPRs, S, and Zn individually and in combination is needed to evaluate their impact on other Russet potato cultivars grown in sandy soils prior to broadening these recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Horticultural Plants)

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18 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phenolic Compounds, Phytohormones, and Biological Agents in the Post-Harvest Conservation of ‘Nanicão’ Banana Produced Under Deficit Irrigation

by Brencarla de Medeiros Lima, Valéria Fernandes de Oliveira Sousa, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Pedro Dantas Fernandes, Geovani Soares de Lima, Patrick Lima do Nascimento, Francisco Jean da Silva Paiva, Rafaela Aparecida Frazão Torres, Valeska Karolini Nunes Oliveira, Reynaldo Teodoro de Fátima, Luderlândio de Andrade Silva, Hans Raj Gheyi, Michack Djibo, Jessica Pedrosa de Lima and Evanilson Souza de Almeida

Horticulturae 2026, 12(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12030264 - 25 Feb 2026

Viewed by 689

Abstract

Banana is a nutritious food of great global economic importance. However, water deficit negatively impacts banana plant development. Therefore, it is essential to study efficient water use and develop technologies capable of maintaining fruit quality after harvest, extending the shelf life, and reducing [...] Read more.

Banana is a nutritious food of great global economic importance. However, water deficit negatively impacts banana plant development. Therefore, it is essential to study efficient water use and develop technologies capable of maintaining fruit quality after harvest, extending the shelf life, and reducing losses. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of post-harvest applications of salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, and Trichoderma harzianum on ‘Nanicão’ banana fruits produced under controlled water deficit during different phenological stages, aiming to extend the shelf life and maintain nutritional quality. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, comprising four irrigation management strategies based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc)—100% ETc throughout the cultivation cycle (E1) and 50% ETc during the juvenile stage (E2), fruiting stage (E3), and both juvenile/fruiting stages (E4)—and four post-harvest fruit conservation strategies: WC, control (distilled water); GA3, 200 mg L⁻¹ of gibberellic acid; SA, 4.5 mM of salicylic acid; and TRIC, 1.5 mL L⁻¹ of Trichoderma harzianum. There were four replications. The use of gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹ is the most effective strategy to extend the shelf life and maintain the post-harvest quality of ‘Nanicão’ banana fruits produced under water restrictions during the juvenile stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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18 pages, 2044 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Field-Based Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Sweet Cherry Rootstocks Reveals Integrated Morphological and Physiological Adaptation Mechanisms

by Huifeng Luo, Hui Liu, Jiabo Pei, Ruoxin Ruan, Chen Zhang, Dujun Xi, Yongping Li and Kangkang Huang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020240 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 934

Abstract

High summer temperatures increasingly constrain sweet cherry production, yet field-validated assessments of rootstock resilience remain scarce. To fill this gap, this study presents a pioneering multidimensional evaluation of five widely used sweet cherry rootstocks (Gisela 6, Gisela 12, Krymsk 5, Colt, and Lanting) [...] Read more.

High summer temperatures increasingly constrain sweet cherry production, yet field-validated assessments of rootstock resilience remain scarce. To fill this gap, this study presents a pioneering multidimensional evaluation of five widely used sweet cherry rootstocks (Gisela 6, Gisela 12, Krymsk 5, Colt, and Lanting) under prolonged natural heat stress. Morphological traits, leaf anatomical characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD), lipid peroxidation (MDA), phytohormones (ABA and JA), and osmotic regulators were assessed. Traits with high coefficients of variation, including POD activity, ABA, JA, and soluble protein content, were identified as sensitive indicators of heat stress. Lanting exhibited the strongest heat tolerance, characterized by thicker leaves, fewer heat-induced lesions, and enhanced antioxidant capacity, whereas Gisela 6 showed severe leaf abscission, elevated MDA and ABA accumulation, and the weakest defense capacity. Correlation analysis indicated that root sucker number was positively associated with SOD activity and soluble sugar content, suggesting a potential role of whole-plant carbon allocation in mitigating oxidative stress. Using the Entropy Weight–TOPSIS model, we provided a robust ranking that identifies Lanting and Colt as superior heat-resilient genotypes. The results provide a field-validated framework that bridges the gap between controlled-environment theory and practical orchard management, offering critical guidance for expanding sweet cherry cultivation into high-temperature regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Rootstock on Fruit Production and Quality)

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13 pages, 3879 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Trichoderma harzianum Inoculation on the Growth, Nutrient Absorption, and Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes of Citrus Under Salt Stress

by Meilan Zhao, Peng Wang, Xiao Liu and Longfei Jin

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020233 - 14 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L.) is one of the most widely utilized rootstocks in citrus production; however, it exhibits a relatively high sensitivity to salt stress. When cultivated in salinized soil, it frequently develops nutrient uptake disorders, leaf chlorosis, as well as [...] Read more.

Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L.) is one of the most widely utilized rootstocks in citrus production; however, it exhibits a relatively high sensitivity to salt stress. When cultivated in salinized soil, it frequently develops nutrient uptake disorders, leaf chlorosis, as well as reduced fruit yield and quality. To enhance the salt stress tolerance of citrus plants, this study investigated the effects of Trichoderma harzianum inoculation on the growth and response mechanisms of citrus seedlings under salt stress conditions. The results showed that salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of citrus seedlings, while T. harzianum inoculation effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect. After treatment with T. harzianum, the plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and biomass of citrus seedlings increased significantly. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content were significantly increased by T. harzianum inoculation. Meanwhile, T. harzianum inoculation increased the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper, and decreased sodium content in citrus seedlings. In addition, T. harzianum inoculation significantly up-regulated the expression of stress-responsive genes such as SOSs, PIPs, TIP1, TIP4, and TIP9. In conclusion, T. harzianum inoculation improved the salt stress tolerance of citrus seedlings through increasing photosynthetic efficiency, promoting nutrient absorption, sodium efflux, and water utilization via up-regulating the expression of SOSs and aquaporin genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Citrus Cultivation Management and Quality)

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19 pages, 3223 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Irrigation, Water Deficit and Crop Load Effects on ‘Hass’ Avocado Fruit Size Under New Zealand Growing Conditions

by Teruko Kaneko, Nick Gould, David Campbell and Michael John Clearwater

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020230 - 13 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

The potential for ‘Hass’ avocado production is predicted to increase with climate warming in New Zealand, a country where avocado orchards often lack irrigation because of a cooler and wetter climate compared to most other major growing regions. However, intermittent summer droughts are [...] Read more.

The potential for ‘Hass’ avocado production is predicted to increase with climate warming in New Zealand, a country where avocado orchards often lack irrigation because of a cooler and wetter climate compared to most other major growing regions. However, intermittent summer droughts are also predicted to increase in frequency and intensity. This study assessed the effects of summer soil water deficits on fruit growth of ‘Hass’ avocado in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, by comparing irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. Rainfall was variable over the three years of the study (2016–17, 2017–18, and 2018–19), but each summer there was a dry period without any rainfall for 2–3 weeks that decreased soil water content in the non-irrigated treatment. Fruit number and final yields were highly variable between trees and years, an effect of variable fruit set during the spring flowering period, and were not affected by the irrigation treatments because soil water deficits did not occur until later, during the summer. Increasing tree crop load caused decreasing individual fruit weight and dry matter content at harvest. However, in the year with the highest average crop load a dry period occurred during early fruit development, and mean fruit weight at harvest was decreased by 26.4 g (10%) in the non-irrigated treatment, an effect that was only apparent after accounting for the effects of variable crop load. The trees responded to dry conditions by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 20%, preventing midday leaf water potential (Ψ_leaf) from decreasing below −0.25 MPa. Irrigation of avocado under the conditions at this site is therefore recommended when soil tension decreases below −30 kPa at 30 cm depth, and adverse effects on fruit growth are likely when tension decreases below −50 kPa. Irregular bearing of avocado under New Zealand growing conditions causes highly variable crop loads that obscure economically significant effects of mild to moderate water deficits on fruit growth. However, irrigation is still an important consideration for avocado production under current growing conditions and is likely to become more important under future climate scenarios as the risk of summer droughts increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1273 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dopamine and GR24 Alleviate Cadmium Stress and Reduce Cadmium Uptake in Grapevines

by Fei Wang, Xinglin Liu, Xiaoyu Dong, Lijin Lin, Xiulan Lv and Jin Wang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020226 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 804

Abstract

To alleviate cadmium (Cd) stress and reduce Cd uptake in fruit trees, the effects of dopamine (100 μmol/L, based on previous studies) and strigolactone analog GR24 (1 μmol/L, based on previous studies) on the growth and Cd accumulation of grapevines under Cd stress [...] Read more.

To alleviate cadmium (Cd) stress and reduce Cd uptake in fruit trees, the effects of dopamine (100 μmol/L, based on previous studies) and strigolactone analog GR24 (1 μmol/L, based on previous studies) on the growth and Cd accumulation of grapevines under Cd stress (5 mg/L, based on preliminary study) were investigated. Compared with control, Cd treatment inhibited grapevine growth by decreasing the plant height, root length, biomass, and photosynthetic capacity. In contrast, under Cd stress, treatments with dopamine or GR24 increased the plant height, root length, biomass, and photosynthetic capacity compared with Cd treatment. Dopamine and GR24 treatments also affected the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and the levels of osmotic regulatory substances (soluble protein, proline, and soluble sugar) in different ways. Moreover, dopamine and GR24 treatments reduced the Cd content and translocation factor in grapevines under Cd stress. Specifically, compared with Cd treatment, dopamine treatment reduced root Cd content by 18.92% and shoot Cd content by 35.18%, whereas GR24 treatment reduced root Cd content by 10.93% and shoot Cd content by 22.61%. In conclusion, both dopamine and GR24 treatments can mitigate Cd stress, promote growth, and reduce Cd uptake in grapevines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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20 pages, 598 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Light Intensity Drives Species-Specific Growth and Phytochemical Accumulation in Microgreens

by Tatiana P. L. Cunha-Chiamolera, Tarik Chileh-Chelh, Miguel Urrestarazu and José Luis Guil-Guerrero

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020200 - 5 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 946

Abstract

Microgreens are nutrient-dense functional foods whose yield and phytochemical composition can be regulated through light management in controlled-environment agriculture. This study evaluated species-specific responses to light intensity by analysing growth, nutrient uptake, and phytochemical accumulation in carrot, basil, arugula, and radish microgreens grown [...] Read more.

Microgreens are nutrient-dense functional foods whose yield and phytochemical composition can be regulated through light management in controlled-environment agriculture. This study evaluated species-specific responses to light intensity by analysing growth, nutrient uptake, and phytochemical accumulation in carrot, basil, arugula, and radish microgreens grown under LED lighting at four photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD: 67, 100, 140, and 174 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹). Drainage pH and electrical conductivity remained stable across treatments, indicating consistent fertigation conditions. Increasing light intensity enhanced water, nitrate, and potassium uptake and promoted biomass accumulation in all species, although responses varied in magnitude. Phytochemical profiles were strongly modulated by irradiance. Intermediate PPFD levels (100–140 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) generally maximised carotenoid, sterol, and squalene accumulation, whereas lower irradiance (67 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) increased vitamin C and tocopherol contents, indicating activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Principal component analysis showed that species identity was the primary driver of phytochemical variability, with light intensity acting as a secondary modulator. Carrot and basil responded most strongly to intermediate irradiance, while arugula and radish exhibited greater vitamin C accumulation under lower light. These results support the use of species-specific light strategies to optimise microgreen yield and nutritional quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Green Leafy Vegetables)

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21 pages, 4815 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Habitat Characteristics and Root Mycobiome Diversity of Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen in the Changbai Mountains

by Yuze Shan, Jiahui Yu, Nan Jiang, Yiting Xiao, Qingtao Cao, Sulei Wu, Qi Wang, Shizhuo Wang, Mayi Zhao, Yi Yuan, Dina Zhang, Yue Sun and Lifei Chen

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020199 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 623

Abstract

Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen has high ornamental value; it relies on specific habitats and fungi. Wild C. shanxiense populations need urgent conservation because they are declining rapidly. This study investigated three wild C. shanxiense populations under different canopy densities in the Changbai [...] Read more.

Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen has high ornamental value; it relies on specific habitats and fungi. Wild C. shanxiense populations need urgent conservation because they are declining rapidly. This study investigated three wild C. shanxiense populations under different canopy densities in the Changbai Mountains, analyzing habitat characteristics and plant morphology. Tissue isolation methods, molecular identification techniques, and metagenomic approaches were applied separately to purify root-colonizing fungi and to investigate the composition and functions of rhizosphere fungi, thereby revealing the diversity of root mycobiome in C. shanxiense. Results revealed that C. shanxiense achieved the best growth when the canopy density was 85.29%, and the lowest growth was under 96.13% canopy density. Soil phosphorus and potassium contents reached their highest levels under 69.33% canopy density, while soil nitrogen and organic matter contents peaked at 85.29%. Soil organic matter and available nitrogen constitute the core nutrient factors for the growth of C. shanxiense. A total of 16 fungal strains were mainly enriched in the roots, all belonging to Ascomycota. Including numerous growth-promoting fungi and pathogenic fungi. The rhizosphere fungi were mainly enriched with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Functional genes related to replication, recombination, and repair, and Glycoside Hydrolases. This study clarifies the optimal growth conditions of this species and the dominant rhizosphere and root fungi, providing a scientific basis for the ecological restoration and conservation of rare species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Practices in Ornamental Horticulture Through Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 1532 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Adventitious Shoot Regeneration in Peach Cultivar and Hybrid Rootstock Genotypes by LED Light Spectrum Modulation

by Miriam Romero-Muñoz, Gema Fructuoso-Orenes, Jose M. Gambín-Sánchez, José E. Cos-Terrer and Margarita Pérez-Jiménez

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020197 - 4 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1003

Abstract

Adventitious shoot regeneration is an essential prerequisite for the application of biotechnological tools such as CRISPR-Cas in woody fruit crops. Nonetheless, many Prunus species exhibit strong recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration. Light quality has emerged as an important environmental factor influencing morphogenic responses [...] Read more.

Adventitious shoot regeneration is an essential prerequisite for the application of biotechnological tools such as CRISPR-Cas in woody fruit crops. Nonetheless, many Prunus species exhibit strong recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration. Light quality has emerged as an important environmental factor influencing morphogenic responses under in vitro conditions. In this study, the effect of different LED light spectra on adventitious shoot regeneration was evaluated in three peach-related genotypes: the commercial peach cultivar ‘Siroco 5’ (Prunus persica L.) and the hybrid rootstocks ‘GF677’ and ‘Garnem’ (P. persica × P. dulcis). Callus explants derived from the basal region of in vitro proliferation cultures were exposed for 30 days to five LED light treatments: white (control), blue, red + far-red, mixed (red + far-red + blue), and sequential LED light. Regeneration efficiency was assessed through the frequency of organogenic callus formation (FOC), the number of regenerated shoots per explant, the organogenic rate, and the fresh weight of the regenerated explants. While FOC was consistently high across genotypes and light treatments, shoot regeneration was significantly influenced by both genotype and light spectrum. The hybrid rootstocks exhibited a higher regeneration capacity than the commercial cultivar under most conditions. Red + far-red LED light promoted the highest regeneration efficiency across all of the genotypes, particularly enhancing shoot regeneration and fresh weight in ‘Siroco 5’. These results demonstrate that LED light spectrum modulation, especially red + far-red, is an effective strategy to optimize adventitious shoot regeneration in peach cultivar and hybrid rootstock genotypes, providing a robust basis for future applications in micropropagation and genetic improvement programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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38 pages, 6253 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Does Partial Organic Fertilization Maintain Physiological and Biometric Performance in Apple Trees?

by Susana Ferreira, Marta Gonçalves, Margarida Rodrigues, Francisco Martinho, Verónica Amado, Sidónio Rodrigues, Pedro Bulcão, Jorge Vieira, Mariana Mota and Miguel Leão de Sousa

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020192 - 3 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

The MOPLUS project, funded by the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR), aims to enhance soil organic matter, soil structure, and water retention in apple orchards located in the “Maçã de Alcobaça” Protected Geographical Indication area through organic fertilization based on locally available [...] Read more.

The MOPLUS project, funded by the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR), aims to enhance soil organic matter, soil structure, and water retention in apple orchards located in the “Maçã de Alcobaça” Protected Geographical Indication area through organic fertilization based on locally available livestock effluents, thereby reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers under Mediterranean climatic conditions. This study evaluated the physiological and biometric responses of apple trees subjected to four fertilization strategies (M1–M4) in three commercial ‘Gala’ orchards in central Portugal over three growing seasons (2023–2025). Measurements included leaf functional traits, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, spectral indices, vegetative growth, fruit production per tree and mean fruit weight. Interannual climatic variability and orchard-specific conditions were the dominant drivers of tree response, while fertilization effects were smaller and mainly expressed through interactions with year and orchard. When analyzed within the same orchard, fertilization strategies M2 and particularly M3 maintained physiological performance, vegetative growth, and fruit production per tree at levels comparable to full mineral fertilization. Among treatments, M3 showed the most consistent responses across sites and years, indicating that partial mineral substitution with pig slurry can sustain tree functioning while maintaining or enhancing fruit production per tree. The most restrictive strategy (M4) occasionally showed reduced photosynthetic performance under specific orchard–year combinations, suggesting a threshold effect associated with stronger mineral reduction, but without evidence of generalized physiological stress. Overall, these findings demonstrate that partial substitution of mineral fertilizers by organic amendments—especially pig slurry (M3) and, to a lesser extent, composted cattle manure (M2)—is agronomically viable, allowing apple tree performance and productivity to be maintained while enhancing system resilience under Mediterranean climatic variability. These results also provide practical decision support for site-adapted fertilization management in commercial drip-irrigated apple orchards, supporting reduced mineral fertilizer dependence without compromising productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Quality of Fruit: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tomato Cultivar and Rootstock Evaluation Under Mg Deficiency: Growth, Mg Uptake, and Leaf Gas Exchange

by Branimir Urlić, Karmen Radovani, Marko Runjić, Maja Veršić Bratinčević, Marijana Popović, Ivana Generalić Mekinić, Zed Rengel and Gvozden Dumičić

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020179 - 31 Jan 2026

Viewed by 447

Abstract

The importance of magnesium (Mg) is often overlooked in modern crop production. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is commonly grafted onto appropriate rootstock to improve the nutrient uptake, which may have a negative effect on the tomato Mg leaf concentration and possibly influence [...] Read more.

The importance of magnesium (Mg) is often overlooked in modern crop production. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is commonly grafted onto appropriate rootstock to improve the nutrient uptake, which may have a negative effect on the tomato Mg leaf concentration and possibly influence the carbohydrate partitioning required for optimal crop yield and quality. The aim of this study was to screen tomato cultivars and rootstocks under Mg deficiency using two experiments. The first experiment included a panel of 14 tomato cultivars and 10 rootstocks grown with 1 or 0.1 mM Mg in nutrient solution. The second experiment consisted of four cultivars either self-grafted or grafted onto four rootstocks chosen from the first experiment. In both experiments, most of the plants grown under low-Mg conditions, on average, had a higher biomass production. The magnesium concentrations in the leaves and stems (but not in the roots) of both cultivars and rootstocks, non-grafted or grafted, were significantly higher under optimal Mg supply. Regarding the Mg content, the differences between the Mg supplies were up to three-fold for cultivars, up to two-fold for the rootstocks, and up to five-fold for the combinations of grafted plants. Our results showed that genotypic differences between used tomato cultivars and rootstocks in response to Mg can be observed at early developmental stages and can possibly serve as a tool in screening programs, but further research is needed to assess their relationship with long-term cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology of Vegetables Under Biotic/Abiotic Stress Conditions)

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24 pages, 1667 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

ddRADseq Applications for Petunia × hybrida Clonal Line Breeding: Genotyping and Variant Identification for Target-Specific Assays

by Angelo Betto, Francesco Scariolo, Giovanni Gabelli, Damiano Riommi, Silvia Farinati, Alessandro Vannozzi, Fabio Palumbo and Gianni Barcaccia

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020160 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 928

Abstract

Molecular genotyping is a key factor for plant breeding programming and plant variety protection (PVP). However, its potential still remains to be elucidated when considering ornamental plants like Petunia × hybrida. In this study, a petunia breeding clone collection, including sister line [...] Read more.

Molecular genotyping is a key factor for plant breeding programming and plant variety protection (PVP). However, its potential still remains to be elucidated when considering ornamental plants like Petunia × hybrida. In this study, a petunia breeding clone collection, including sister line groups, was genotyped through double digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq), and its genetic diversity and structure were studied. In addition to estimating the high genetic similarity observed among sister lines, this approach allowed the unique discrimination of each clone too. Molecular results agreed with genealogy data, supporting the assessment of genotyping effectiveness. In addition, the minimal number of variants able to uniquely discriminate and/or correctly cluster the experimental lines was investigated. The loci number could be reduced to eight to achieve line discrimination, and a method to identify the specific variant sets is presented. Conversely, to preserve the original clustering with minor adjustments, one hundred loci were required and were obtained through minor allele frequency (MAF) filtering. Moreover, analysis of the chromosomal distribution of variants revealed a predominant accumulation in distal regions. Genetic analyses were repeated considering only variants located in coding sequences and results were in agreement with what previously observed, disclosing the potential of the expressed regions for genotyping purposes. Eventually, the applied approach enabled the investigation of SNPs within genes putatively involved in traits of interest. Our findings encourage the adoption of high-throughput and cost-effective sequencing techniques for petunia genotyping aimed at achieving PVP, supporting new variety registration, and developing marker-assisted breeding (MAB) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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19 pages, 2502 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Sugar-Acid-Aroma Balance: Integrating the Key Components of Fruit Quality and Their Implications in Stone Fruit Breeding

by Muhammad Muzammal Aslam, Wenjian Yu, Fengchao Jiang, Junhuan Zhang, Li Yang, Meiling Zhang and Haoyuan Sun

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020170 - 30 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1194

Abstract

Improving fruit quality is one of the most critical core tasks in fruit tree breeding. However, the complexity of the constituent factors of fruit quality and their interrelationships, the significant influence of environmental factors on quality, and the diversity of consumer demands, among [...] Read more.

Improving fruit quality is one of the most critical core tasks in fruit tree breeding. However, the complexity of the constituent factors of fruit quality and their interrelationships, the significant influence of environmental factors on quality, and the diversity of consumer demands, among other factors, make quality breeding a more challenging endeavor than other breeding objectives. Essentially, fruit quality is defined by the delicate balance of sugar, acid, and aromas, which collectively influence the fruit’s flavor, consumer satisfaction, and economic value. While substantial progress has been made in the depiction of the metabolic pathways underlying these traits, the molecular mechanism coordinating carbon partitioning and competition between sugars, acids, and volatiles remains unknown. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding stone fruit metabolism and identifies key gaps in knowledge. We emphasize the need for integrated approaches combining spatial metabolomics, transcriptomics, genetics, and genomics to reveal the regulatory networks underlying metabolomic variation during fruit development and ripening. We also discuss the application of molecular tools, such as marker-assisted selection and metabolite-associated markers, to accelerate the breeding of flavor-balanced stone fruit cultivars. By adapting these advances in breeding practices, we can achieve coordinated improvement and precise regulation of various components of fruit quality, thereby developing elite stone fruit cultivars with improved flavor that meet prevailing consumer demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biology of Fruit Quality in Horticulture: Formation and Regulation)

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14 pages, 4702 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological and Biochemical Aspects in Physalis angulata L. Accessions Cultivated Under Water Deficit

by Robson de Jesus Santos, Marilza Neves do Nascimento, Romeu da Silva Leite, Gabriela Torres-Silva, Uasley Caldas De Oliveira, Aritana Alves da Silva, Maryelle Vanilla de Abreu Cerqueira and Gabrielly dos Santos Lima Oliveira

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020172 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 752

Abstract

Drought is the primary stress factor in semiarid environments. Consequently, selecting plant genetic resources capable of tolerating temporary periods of water scarcity, such as Physalis angulata, becomes essential. This study aimed to identify P. angulata accessions with potential for use under water [...] Read more.

Drought is the primary stress factor in semiarid environments. Consequently, selecting plant genetic resources capable of tolerating temporary periods of water scarcity, such as Physalis angulata, becomes essential. This study aimed to identify P. angulata accessions with potential for use under water deficit conditions by evaluating plant water status and physiological and biochemical responses. Five accessions, including two from Bahia (BA1 and BA2), Pará-PA, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, and Piauí-PI, were grown under well-watered and water deficit conditions. Relative water content, gas exchange parameters, and organic solute accumulation were assessed. All accessions exhibited changes in plant water status and reductions in CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration under water deficit. The accumulation of compatible solutes varied among accessions, with notable contrasts between Bahia accession 2 and Pará accession, particularly for total soluble sugars and reducing sugars. These findings highlight the complexity of the species and the distinct mechanisms underlying its response to limited water availability. Overall, gas exchange was the trait most sensitive to water restriction, followed by alterations in biochemical attributes. Therefore, the Physalis angulata accessions from Bahia accession 2 and Pará accession show potential for use under water-deficit conditions and could provide valuable insights, particularly through transcriptome analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops against Abiotic Stresses: Adaptation Skills and Agronomic Strategies)

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24 pages, 4756 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological and Molecular Basis of Delayed Bud Dormancy Release by Exogenous Ethylene Treatment in Blueberry

by Meng Wang, Hong Deng, Qiannan Wang, Rui Ma, Yu Zong, Aoqi Duan, Wenrong Chen, Li Yang, Fanglei Liao, Yongqiang Li and Weidong Guo

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020154 - 29 Jan 2026

Viewed by 808

Abstract

Global warming leads to premature dormancy release and untimely flowering in southern highbush blueberry during winter, resulting in chilling injury and yield losses. However, effective strategies to delay flowering by modulating dormancy progression without compromising fruit quality remain lacking. This study demonstrated through [...] Read more.

Global warming leads to premature dormancy release and untimely flowering in southern highbush blueberry during winter, resulting in chilling injury and yield losses. However, effective strategies to delay flowering by modulating dormancy progression without compromising fruit quality remain lacking. This study demonstrated through field trials that spraying 1 mg/mL ethephon (ETH) during the early endodormancy stage effectively delayed dormancy release and reduced the bud break rate of spring shoots by approximately 33.92% relative to the control, with no adverse effects on fruit quality. The treatment also reduces sucrose content in floral buds, a change potentially associated with dormancy maintenance. To explore the molecular basis of this process, we examined two ethylene-responsive transcription factors, VcERF112 and VcERF115, previously identified in our laboratory. Their expression was rapidly upregulated following ETH treatment. Heterologous expression of either gene in Arabidopsis delayed both seed germination and flowering, suggesting a conserved growth-suppressive function. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that VcERF112 and VcERF115 bind to the T2 region (−2310 to −1595 bp) of the VcBRC1 (VcBRANCHED1) promoter and enhance its expression. In contrast, sucrose treatment suppressed VcBRC1 expression. Collectively, these results propose that ethylene may sustain bud dormancy through a coordinated mechanism that operates independently of the classic abscisic acid (ABA)/gibberellins (GA) balance, a relationship not addressed in this study. This mechanism involves the induction of VcERF112/115 to activate VcBRC1, coupled with the reduction in sucrose levels to alleviate its repressive effect on VcBRC1. These findings provide new molecular insights into the ethylene-mediated regulatory network underlying bud dormancy in blueberry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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17 pages, 2461 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Peach Yield Prediction Models: The Importance of Climate Variables and Different Machine Learning

by Jean Michel Moura-Bueno, Débora Leitzke Betemps, Gilmar A. B. Marodin, Moreno Toselli, William Natale and Gustavo Brunetto

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020155 - 29 Jan 2026

Viewed by 628

Abstract

Peach yield production prediction models are little known worldwide. This gap can be filled by combining machine learning techniques and well-documented databases. The aims of this study are: (i) to assess the effect of different prediction variable inputs applied to peach yield prediction [...] Read more.

Peach yield production prediction models are little known worldwide. This gap can be filled by combining machine learning techniques and well-documented databases. The aims of this study are: (i) to assess the effect of different prediction variable inputs applied to peach yield prediction models adopted to peach trees grown in orchards under different subtropical climate; (ii) to test the prediction accuracy performance of models calibrated through different machine learning methods; and (iii) to quantify the relevance of peach trees’ yield predictor variables. A database (soil and leaf nutrient content, climatic and plant variables) with information from 208 peach trees (Prunus persica) in production, belonging to the cultivars ‘Maciel’ and ‘Chimarrita’ grown in Southern Brazil, was used. The models were developed by using three machine learning methods: Radom Forest, Multiple Linear Regression, and Support Vector Machine. We demonstrate that the calibration of the models was affected by machine learning method as well as by different predictor variable inputs. The model Random Forest showed the greatest potential to predict peach yield. The variable presenting the greatest relevance to explain peach yield variations was ‘hours of chilling’, which was followed by K and N content in leaves and mean temperature, which recorded relevance of >55%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Growth in Perennial Fruit Trees: Importance and Impact of Climate Change)

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17 pages, 2077 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrogel Utilization and Water Management for Annual and Perennial Herbs in an Extensive Green Roof Environment

by Stuart Alan Walters and Hunter M. Christenson

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020145 - 28 Jan 2026

Viewed by 487

Abstract

Extensive green roofs can be used to provide spaces for local agriculture in urban environments, although extreme moisture and temperature conditions typically found in these systems can often be challenging for crop production. The Southern Illinois University-Carbondale extensive green roof was utilized to [...] Read more.

Extensive green roofs can be used to provide spaces for local agriculture in urban environments, although extreme moisture and temperature conditions typically found in these systems can often be challenging for crop production. The Southern Illinois University-Carbondale extensive green roof was utilized to determine the effects of a polyacrylamide hydrogel, pine bark mulch, and irrigation frequency on the growth and productivity of ‘Compact’ and ‘Italian Large Leaf’ basil (Ocimum basilicum), and the growth and overwintering ability of two perennial culinary herbs, sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Results indicated that weekly irrigation increased late-season basil and perennial plant vigor, basil fresh and dry weight, and overwintered perennial plant vigor and height compared to bimonthly watering. Although the use of pine bark mulch improved basil fresh weight and plant vigor compared to no mulch, mulching did not influence (p > 0.05) perennial herb growth or overwintering in an extensive green roof environment. Hydrogel applications improved basil plant height compared to none, although fresh and dry plant biomass were not influenced by hydrogel applications. In comparison, hydrogels as additions to the green roof medium did not influence either early- or late-season perennial plant vigor, although the overwintered plant vigor collected the following spring was greater in the no-hydrogel treatment. For perennial herbs, sage had greater vigor, overwinter survival, and overall suitability for extensive green roof environments compared to thyme. This research indicated the importance of perennial herb selection and consistent water supply for annual and perennial herb growth and the overwintering success of perennial herbs. Thus, supplemental water and other management strategies to provide more constant medium moisture content are important considerations for sustaining culinary herb production on extensive green roofs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming of Horticultural Crops)

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22 pages, 11711 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving Establishment of Christmas Tree Plantations: Case Studies from the Great Lakes and Pacific Northwest

by Bert Cregg, Riley Johnson, Judy Kowalski and Chal Landgren

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020138 - 27 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Christmas tree growers are concerned with improving establishment of their plantations. Here, we report the results of a series of on-farm trials conducted with grower-cooperators in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Great Lakes (Michigan—MI) regions to determine the efficacy of treatments at planting [...] Read more.

Christmas tree growers are concerned with improving establishment of their plantations. Here, we report the results of a series of on-farm trials conducted with grower-cooperators in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Great Lakes (Michigan—MI) regions to determine the efficacy of treatments at planting on improving tree survival and growth in Christmas tree plantations. Cooperating growers planted species that were typical for each region (Fraser fir in the Great Lakes and Douglas-fir and noble fir in the PNW) and managed the plantings using standard cultural practices, aside from test treatments. Test treatments varied between locations and years but included wood chip mulch, shade blocks, an anti-transpirant, biochar, fertilizers, and various root dips including polymer gels, mycorrhizae, and bio-stimulants. Overall, treatments that directly modified the tree environment (i.e., mulch and shade blocks) provided the most consistent benefit to tree survival and growth. In Michigan, mulching increased survival by 5% on non-irrigated farms and increased second-year shoot growth by ~3 cm. In the PNW trials, mulching increased survival of noble fir seedlings more than Douglas-fir seedlings. Installing controlled release fertilizer packets at planting increased initial growth of Douglas-firs. Application of root dips prior to planting did not improve tree survival or growth relative to dipping tree roots in water (control). Based on our results, we conclude that treatments that conserve soil moisture (mulch) or reduce tree water loss (shade blocks) offer the most direct opportunity for growers to improve initial tree survival and growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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20 pages, 8119 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of Apple Expansins and Functional Evidence for MdEXPA17 in Postharvest Fruit Ripening

by Miaomiao Wang, Nan Jiang, Jiale Wang, Xiaotong Hu, Qizhe Li, Wanyu Xu, Tuanhui Bai, Jian Jiao, Jiangli Shi, Yu Liu, Ran Wan, Kunxi Zhang, Pengbo Hao, Yujie Zhao, Liu Cong, Yawen Shen and Xianbo Zheng

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020130 - 24 Jan 2026

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Expansins are crucial cell wall-loosening proteins that play a vital role in various plant developmental processes, including fruit ripening and softening. However, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the expansin family in apple (Malus × domestica) and the specific functions of its [...] Read more.

Expansins are crucial cell wall-loosening proteins that play a vital role in various plant developmental processes, including fruit ripening and softening. However, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the expansin family in apple (Malus × domestica) and the specific functions of its members in postharvest fruit ripening remain to be explored. In this study, we identified 51 expansin genes in the apple genome and classified them into four subfamilies (EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB). Cis-element analysis of the promoters of apple expansin genes showed that these promoters are rich in various hormone-responsive elements, including abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive elements (ABREs) and ethylene-responsive elements (EREs), suggesting potential hormonal regulation of expansin genes. Expression profiling identified six ripening-associated expansin genes. Among them, MdEXPA5, MdEXPA17, and MdEXPA23 were positively regulated by both ethylene and ABA, while being suppressed by the ethylene action inhibitor 1-MCP. Further functional characterization demonstrated that transient overexpression of MdEXPA17 accelerated fruit softening, skin yellowing, ethylene production, and increased total soluble solid (TSS) content. Conversely, silencing of MdEXPA17 significantly delayed these ripening processes. Our study provides a systematic overview of the apple expansin gene family and supports a role for MdEXPA17 in promoting postharvest fruit ripening and softening. These findings offer valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of apple fruit ripening and provide potential targets for genetic improvement of fruit quality and shelf life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Regulation of Fruit Ripening and Innovations in Postharvest Storage Techniques)

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20 pages, 2151 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Biochar and Nitrogen Co-Application on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Water Spinach in Saline Soil

by Xinyue Li, Yuchen Zhu, Yu Gu, Ye Zhuang and Juan Wang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020131 - 24 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 645

Abstract

Saline soil represents an important reserve of cultivated land in China, yet poor soil conditions and low-nitrogen use efficiency constrain crop production. Biochar has been widely applied to improve soil properties; however, its interactive effects with nitrogen fertilization in saline soils remain unclear. [...] Read more.

Saline soil represents an important reserve of cultivated land in China, yet poor soil conditions and low-nitrogen use efficiency constrain crop production. Biochar has been widely applied to improve soil properties; however, its interactive effects with nitrogen fertilization in saline soils remain unclear. A pot experiment using coastal saline soil collected from the northern Jiangsu province was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of biochar (0%, 4%, and 8% w·w⁻¹) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 150, and 200 mg·kg⁻¹) on the growth performance, photosynthetic indices, yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.). Moderate biochar application significantly improved vegetative growth of water spinach, as indicated by higher plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and SPAD values. In addition, biochar substantially enhanced photosynthetic performance, dry matter accumulation, and yield, whereas excessive biochar or nitrogen application generally inhibited plant performance. The combined application of 4% biochar with 150 mg·kg⁻¹ nitrogen consistently produced the highest yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity, while simultaneously increasing soluble protein, soluble sugar, and vitamin C contents and reducing nitrite accumulation. These research results demonstrated a clear synergistic interaction between biochar and nitrogen fertilization. In coastal saline soils, reducing the usage of nitrogen fertilizer moderately and adding approximately 4% of biochar is an effective strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of Organic Manures, Biostimulants, and Micronutrients in Sustainable Horticultural Production)

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26 pages, 7144 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyhalite Compound Fertilizer Improves Apple Yield and Fruit Quality by Enhancing Leaf Photosynthesis and Alleviating Soil Acidification: A Three-Year Field Study

by Jie Qu, Yongxiang Liu, Peibao Heng, Miao Hao, Haojie Feng, Zhaoming Qu, Dongqing Lv, Yongxiang Gao, Jason Ren, Wentao Wu, Jing Bai and Chengliang Li

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010126 - 22 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1203

Abstract

Apple cultivation faces soil acidification and pollution due to excessive fertilization, compounded by a scarcity of potassium (K) fertilizers. Polyhalite, a natural multi-nutrient mineral, offers a potential sustainable alternative. Therefore, a three-year field experiment was conducted, comprising a no-potassium control (CK), two conventional [...] Read more.

Apple cultivation faces soil acidification and pollution due to excessive fertilization, compounded by a scarcity of potassium (K) fertilizers. Polyhalite, a natural multi-nutrient mineral, offers a potential sustainable alternative. Therefore, a three-year field experiment was conducted, comprising a no-potassium control (CK), two conventional potassium fertilizers (sulfate of potash-based and muriate of potash-based), and six polyhalite compound fertilizer treatments (with different basal and topdressing strategies), to evaluate their effects on apple growth and soil fertility. Results showed that the single topdressing application of potassium chloride-type polyhalite compound fertilizer (T6) achieved the highest yield in the final year, which was 10.11–28.03% higher than the other potassium-applied treatments. It also achieved the highest fruit vitamin C and soluble solids content (9.53 mg 100 g⁻¹ and 13.27%, respectively). The T6 treatment demonstrated the best performance in terms of agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of potassium fertilizer, reducing fertilizer waste and loss. Furthermore, the T6 treatment effectively increased soil pH, available potassium, and exchangeable calcium levels, thereby improving soil fertility. Thus, polyhalite proves effective in replacing conventional K fertilizers, with the single topdressing of MOP-type polyhalite compound fertilizer (T6) offering the most comprehensive agronomic and environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Fertilization Management Consequences to Horticultural Crops: 2nd Edition)

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33 pages, 5414 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modulation of the Genetic Response in Vitis vinifera L. Against the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, Causing Grapevine Downy Mildew, Through the Action of Different Basic Substances

by Diego Llamazares De Miguel, Amaia Mena-Petite, Marie-France Corio-Costet, Juan Nieto, José R. Fernández-Navarro and Ana M. Díez-Navajas

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010112 - 20 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1022

Abstract

Grapevine downy mildew is a major disease in vineyards all around the world, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni. Normally, its control depends almost exclusively on chemical and copper-based fungicides, especially in high-incidence areas [...] Read more.

Grapevine downy mildew is a major disease in vineyards all around the world, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni. Normally, its control depends almost exclusively on chemical and copper-based fungicides, especially in high-incidence areas with high relative humidity and mild temperatures. However, the European Union is determined to reduce the application of these phytochemicals by at least 50% by 2030, forcing winegrowers to seek alternative low-input strategies for proper sanitary maintenance. Basic substances (BSs), described in European Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, stand out as promising alternatives, but their molecular mechanism of action remains mostly unknown. In this context, this study analyzed the genetic effect in grapevine plants of several commercial products composed of BSs (chitosan, soy lecithin, Equisetum arvense and Salix cortex). All products exhibited promising results, triggering the induction of similar defence mechanisms, which included pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), involved in direct pathogen repression; stilbenes, capable of producing antimicrobial compounds such as resveratrol and pterostilbene; several hormones, including oxylipins, ethylene, salicylic acid and terpenes, mediating immune signalling; and genes related to structural features of the plant, such as lignin, callose, cellulose and cuticular wax, constituting a first physiological barrier against P. viticola. Disease severity reduction differed among treatments, with Salix cortex showing the highest efficacy (58%), followed by BABA (38%) and LESOY (35%), while LECI and CHIT had minor effects (<9%). Gene expression analyses revealed that Salix cortex modulated the highest percentage of genes (41%), followed by natural infection without treatment (32%), LESOY (27%), BABA (26%), LECI (23%) and CHIT (23%). In terms of defence mechanisms, Salix cortex promoted the most pathways, LESOY induced eight, BABA and LECI seven and CHIT five. Overall, these results indicate that BSs can modulate several defence pathways in grapevine, supporting their potential use as sustainable alternatives for controlling downy mildew. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genomics, Genetic Diversity and Breeding Strategies of Grapevine)

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19 pages, 2687 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Flowering Phenograms and Genetic Sterilities of Ten Olive Cultivars Grown in a Super-High-Density Orchard

by Francesco Maldera, Francesco Nicolì, Simone Pietro Garofalo, Francesco Laterza, Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi and Salvatore Camposeo

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010110 - 19 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1195

Abstract

The introduction of Super-High-Density (SHD) olive orchards represents a crucial innovation in modern olive growing, enhancing sustainability. However, the long-term success of these planting systems depends strongly on cultivar selection, combining suitable vegetative and reproductive traits. This three-year field study investigated key floral [...] Read more.

The introduction of Super-High-Density (SHD) olive orchards represents a crucial innovation in modern olive growing, enhancing sustainability. However, the long-term success of these planting systems depends strongly on cultivar selection, combining suitable vegetative and reproductive traits. This three-year field study investigated key floral biology parameters—flowering phenograms, gynosterility, and self-compatibility—of ten olive cultivars grown under irrigated conditions in southern Italy: ‘Arbequina’, ‘Arbosana’, ‘Cima di Bitonto’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Don Carlo’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Favolosa’ (=‘Fs-17’), ‘I-77’, ‘Koroneiki’, and ‘Urano’ (=‘Tosca’). Flowering phenograms varied significantly across years and cultivars, showing temporal shifts related to chilling accumulation and yield of the previous year. Early blooming cultivars (‘Arbequina’, ‘Arbosana’, and ‘Coratina’) exhibited partial flowering overlap with mid-season ones, enhancing cross-pollination opportunities. Quantitative analysis of flowering overlap revealed that most cultivar combinations exceeded the 70% threshold required for effective pollination, although specific genotypes (‘Coratina’, ‘Fs-17’, and especially ‘I-77’) showed critical mismatches, while ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Arbequina’ emerged as the most reliable pollinizers. Gynosterility exhibited statistical differences among cultivars and canopy positions: ‘I-77’ showed the highest values (71.4%), while ‘Coratina’ and ‘Cima di Bitonto’ showed the lowest ones (7.3 and 8.4%, respectively). The median portions of the canopies generally displayed a greater number of sterile flowers (29.4%), reflecting the combined effect of genetic and environmental factors such as light exposure. In the inflorescence, the majority of gynosterile flowers were concentrated in the lower part, for all canopy portions (modal value). Self-compatibility tests were performed considering a fruit set of 1% as a threshold to discriminate. For open pollination, the fruit set was highly variable among cultivars, ranging from 0.5% in ‘I-77’ to 4.7% in ‘Arbosana’. Apart from ‘I77’, all varieties achieved a fruit set greater than 1%. Instead, for the self-pollination, only ‘Arbequina’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Frantoio’, and ‘Cima di Bitonto’ could be identified as pseudo-self-compatible, whereas ‘Coratina’, ‘Fs-17’, and the others were clearly self-incompatible and therefore unsuitable for monovarietal orchards in areas with limited availability of pollen. By integrating self-compatibility and gynosterility data, the cultivars were ranked according to reproductive aptitude, identifying ‘Cima di Bitonto’ and ‘Frantoio’ as the most fertile genotypes, whereas ‘Don Carlo’ and particularly ‘I-77’ showed severe genetic sterility constraints. The findings underline the critical role of floral biology in defining reproductive efficiency and varietal adaptability in SHD systems. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing cultivar selection, orchard design, and management practices, contributing to the development of sustainable, climate-resilient olive production models for Mediterranean environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology, Sustainability and Management)

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19 pages, 5439 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decoupling Additive and Non-Additive Genetic Effects to Optimize Breeding Strategies for Apple Phenology and Fruit Quality

by Pablo Asprelli, Guido Cipriani and Gloria De Mori

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010093 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 514

Abstract

Apple breeding programs focus on enhancing yield, quality, and disease resistance, with a strong emphasis on evaluating phenological traits like flowering time and pomological traits such as fruit size and flavour, which are crucial for commercial success and consumer preference. Twenty-four families were [...] Read more.

Apple breeding programs focus on enhancing yield, quality, and disease resistance, with a strong emphasis on evaluating phenological traits like flowering time and pomological traits such as fruit size and flavour, which are crucial for commercial success and consumer preference. Twenty-four families were obtained by crossing six apple varieties selected as pollen receptors and four apple genotypes resistant to scab selected as pollen donors. Data related to bud burst date, flowering date, harvest date, lengths of the periods between bud burst and flowering and from flowering to harvest (developmental period), fruit equatorial and polar diameter, fruit polar/diameter ratio, soluble solid content (SSC) and flesh firmness were analysed as a genetic partial diallel design. The study’s ANOVA on 24 fruit families across two years revealed significant genotype–environment interactions affecting flowering date, harvest date, and developmental periods, with some variables like fruit weight and soluble solids showing consistent variation. During each year, temperature influenced phenological phases, with earlier budbreak and flowering in warmer, less variable conditions in 2019. Analysis of genetic effects indicated high heritability for phenological traits and moderate heritability for fruit morphology and quality, with parental genetic contributions varying over years. Principal component and Procrustes analyses identified key variable groupings and parent profiles, highlighting genotypes such as ‘Granny Smith’, ‘McIntosh’, and ‘HM100’ with consistent additive effects, and certain families with notable heterotic performance. Overall, genetic and environmental interactions significantly shape phenological and fruit quality traits, guiding breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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31 pages, 2453 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Role of Root Exudates in Shaping Plant–Soil–Microbe Interactions to Support Agroecosystem Resilience

by Sandra Martins, Cátia Brito, Miguel Baltazar, Lia-Tânia Dinis and Sandra Pereira

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010090 - 14 Jan 2026

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3884

Abstract

Root exudates are key mediators of plant–soil–microbe interactions, shaping rhizosphere dynamics and influencing agroecosystem resilience. Comprising diverse primary and secondary metabolites, these compounds are actively secreted through specific transport pathways and are modulated by intrinsic plant traits and environmental conditions. Root exudates serve [...] Read more.

Root exudates are key mediators of plant–soil–microbe interactions, shaping rhizosphere dynamics and influencing agroecosystem resilience. Comprising diverse primary and secondary metabolites, these compounds are actively secreted through specific transport pathways and are modulated by intrinsic plant traits and environmental conditions. Root exudates serve as chemical signals that recruit and structure microbial communities, facilitating nutrient mobilization, microbial feedbacks, and the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. By modulating soil chemical, physical, and biological properties, exudates contribute to carbon cycling, soil health, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. Moreover, they play multifunctional roles in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, while also mediating interactions with neighboring plants. This review provides a holistic perspective on root exudation, encompassing their mechanisms and drivers, roles in rhizosphere ecology and plant stress adaptation, and methodological advances, while highlighting opportunities to harness these processes for resilient, productive, and sustainable agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Solutions to Enhance Plant Performance and Yield for Climate-Resilient Agriculture)

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21 pages, 3882 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Construction of a Nocturnal Low-Temperature Tolerance Index for Strawberry and Its Correlation with Yield

by Hongbo Cui, Qingyan Han, Yanni Liu, Qian Zhang, Jun Liu, Jianfeng Wang and Huanyu Zhang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010081 - 9 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 579

Abstract

Strawberry is widely cultivated due to its short growth cycle, high yield, and significant profits. In high-latitude cold regions, the planting area of overwintering strawberry has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, although daytime temperatures inside solar greenhouses rise quickly with solar radiation, [...] Read more.

Strawberry is widely cultivated due to its short growth cycle, high yield, and significant profits. In high-latitude cold regions, the planting area of overwintering strawberry has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, although daytime temperatures inside solar greenhouses rise quickly with solar radiation, plants are frequently subjected to persistent nocturnal low-temperature stress (nocturnal temperature below 10 °C). This stress restricts photosynthesis, delays growth, and markedly reduces yield. Therefore, accurately evaluating the tolerance of strawberry varieties to low nocturnal temperatures is crucial for unheated overwintering production in cold regions. This study selected Snow White, Benihoppe, and Kaorino as experimental materials for overwintering cultivation trials in a typical cold-region solar greenhouse. We measured and analyzed growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics, phenological traits, and fruit yield. Based on photosynthetic physiology and phenotypic traits, we constructed the Photosynthesis–Fluorescence Index (PFI), the Production–Phenotype Index (PPI), and the Nocturnal Cold Tolerance Index (NCTI). The results showed that Kaorino exhibited significantly higher values in all three indices compared with Benihoppe and Snow White. After exposure to low night temperatures, Kaorino exhibited rapid photosynthetic induction, strong maintenance of PSII activity, vigorous growth, early maturation, and high yield. Moreover, all three composite indices were strongly and positively correlated with total yield (R² > 0.97), demonstrating their effectiveness in distinguishing the nocturnal low-temperature tolerance of strawberry cultivars. These composite indices provide a scientifically robust method for selecting suitable cultivars for unheated overwinter strawberry production in high-latitude cold regions. Full article

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15 pages, 314 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in the Ester Accumulation and Regulation in Grape Berries and Wine

by Lei He, Yiting Mou, Yijie Fu, Yifan Yan, Yu Wang, Dewen Chen, Dandan Zhao and Jiayan Wu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010073 - 7 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 823

Abstract

Esters are pivotal volatile compounds that shape the floral and fruity attributes of grape berries and wine. In the case of sustainable viticultural system, understanding the formation and regulation of esters is essential for optimizing aroma quality under variable environmental conditions and reducing [...] Read more.

Esters are pivotal volatile compounds that shape the floral and fruity attributes of grape berries and wine. In the case of sustainable viticultural system, understanding the formation and regulation of esters is essential for optimizing aroma quality under variable environmental conditions and reducing reliance on intensive cultivation inputs. In this review, the following aspects are comprehensively analyzed: (1) the biosynthetic pathways of esters in grape berries and wine; (2) the main environmental factors affecting ester accumulation in grape berries include light, moisture, temperature, and soil fertility; (3) the impacts of yeast strain selection, inoculation protocols, and post-fermentation processes, such as barrel aging and bottle storage, on ester composition. By integrating biochemical insights with viticultural and enological strategies, this review aims to provide references for developing sustainable approaches to regulate the esters biosynthesis and enhance the aroma quality of grapes and wine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

16 pages, 5357 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbial Biostimulants and Their Combinations Alter Phytochemical Quality of Strawberry Fruits in a Soilless Cultivation System

by José Luís Trevizan Chiomento, Nícolas Alberton Mandelli, Ana Júlia Schroeder Ely, Matheus Welter, Henrique Didó, Maria Antônia Lacourt Oliveira, Bruna Jirkowski, Francisco Wilson Reichert Junior, Mateus Possebon Bortoluzzi, Rafael Rieder, Thomas dos Santos Trentin and Anita Sønsteby

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010056 - 1 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 853

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Trichoderma harzianum, and their combinations on yield and quality of strawberry fruits in a soilless cultivation system. Six treatments were applied, control (no biostimulants), T. harzianum (TH), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (CE), a multispecies [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Trichoderma harzianum, and their combinations on yield and quality of strawberry fruits in a soilless cultivation system. Six treatments were applied, control (no biostimulants), T. harzianum (TH), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (CE), a multispecies mycorrhizal community (IP CS), TH + CE, and TH + IP CS, arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. While total fruit yield was not significantly affected, the application of T. harzianum, either alone or in combination with AMF, enhanced cumulative fruit production. The use of C. etunicatum improved sugar content and the sugar/acid ratio by 28% and 31%, respectively, compared to the control. Biostimulant treatments also increased total phytochemical content, particularly with the multispecies inoculant IP CS (increased anthocyanin content by 39% compared to the control) and the combinations TH + CE (flavonoid content 41% higher than the control) and TH + IP CS (flavonoid content 39% higher than the control). Multivariate analysis grouped the treatments into two groups, with the control (no biostimulants) forming a distinct group. In conclusion, biostimulation of ‘San Andreas’ strawberry plants improved fruit quality without significantly increasing yield. The combined use of AMF and T. harzianum is proposed as a sustainable strategy for enhancing fruit quality in soilless strawberry cultivation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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18 pages, 896 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morphological and Biochemical Attributes of Brassica cretica Populations Grown Under Drought Tolerance Conditions

by Theodora Ntanasi, Efthalia Stathi, Ioannis Karavidas, George P. Spyrou, Evangelos Giannothanasis, Maria-Eleftheria Zografaki, Panayiotis Trigas, Eleni Tani and Georgia Ntatsi

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010053 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2257

Abstract

Drought stress is a major constraint on crop productivity in the Mediterranean region. Brassica crops are particularly valued in this region for their adaptability, nutritional benefits, and economic importance in sustainable farming systems. However, their productivity is highly sensitive to water deficits, necessitating [...] Read more.

Drought stress is a major constraint on crop productivity in the Mediterranean region. Brassica crops are particularly valued in this region for their adaptability, nutritional benefits, and economic importance in sustainable farming systems. However, their productivity is highly sensitive to water deficits, necessitating the identification of drought-resilient genotypes. This study investigated the responses of five wild Brassica cretica populations and a commercial Brassica oleracea cultivar to a 50% reduction in irrigation, evaluating key physiological traits, leaf nutrient composition, and antioxidant activity. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse facilities of the Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Agricultural University of Athens. The results revealed significant variation in drought tolerance among the tested populations. Specifically, an ecotype of B. cretica subsp. cretica (C: Akrokorinthos) and B. cretica subsp. laconica (E) showed substantial reductions in biomass, leaf area, and leaf number, whereas B. cretica subsp. aegaea (A: Manikia and B: Ymittos) and another ecotype of B. cretica subsp. cretica (D: Lasithi) maintained stable growth under water-limited conditions. Water deficit also significantly impacted leaf mineral composition, increasing NO₃⁻ and Na⁺ levels while decreasing P, Zn, and Mn. Additionally, drought stress enhanced antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolite production, as indicated by elevated ferric reducing antioxidant power, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Notably, the two studied populations of B. cretica subsp. aegaea (A: Manikia, B: Ymittos) and the population of B. cretica subsp. cretica from Lasithi (Crete) (D) exhibit promising drought tolerance, suggesting their potential for cultivation or breeding in water-limited environments. This research contributes to the broader effort of identifying favorable traits in crop wild relatives and to utilize these valuable genetic resources to develop climate-resilient crops for Mediterranean agriculture, where sustainable water use is critical for food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming of Horticultural Crops)

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24 pages, 2016 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Greenhouse Performance of Anemone and Ranunculus Under Northern Climates: Effects of Temperature, Vernalization, and Storage Organ Traits

by Sara Benchaa and Line Lapointe

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010043 - 29 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2184

Abstract

Optimizing the growing conditions of Anemone coronaria and Ranunculus asiaticus for cut-flower production under northern greenhouse conditions requires a better understanding of the environmental and cultivation practices influencing emergence, flowering, and flower quality. This study evaluated the effect of storage organ reuse, along [...] Read more.

Optimizing the growing conditions of Anemone coronaria and Ranunculus asiaticus for cut-flower production under northern greenhouse conditions requires a better understanding of the environmental and cultivation practices influencing emergence, flowering, and flower quality. This study evaluated the effect of storage organ reuse, along with vernalization conditions, growth temperature, growing season, and planting method (in-ground vs. containers) on plant phenology and flower yield and quality. Flower quantity and quality were unaffected by storage organ age, confirming that these organs can be stored and reused the following season. Vernalization at temperatures of 7 °C or 10 °C advanced flowering compared to warmer vernalization in all cultivars, and increased flower yield compared to non-vernalization. Growth under cool conditions (15/10 °C day/night) extended the production period and improved floral quality by promoting longer stems and delaying senescence. Short to moderate photoperiods (11–13 h in the winter vs. 15 h in the spring) and low light intensity, typical of winter, promoted stem elongation and marketable flower yield, whereas increasing photoperiod and temperature in late spring shorten the flowering period. Ground beds provided cooler and more buffered soil conditions, improving flowering duration and yield compared to container-grown plants during springtime. These findings highlight the importance of integrating temperature management, vernalization, and tailored cultivation practices to enhance flower quality, prolong the production, and improve sustainability of cut-flower production under northern climates in both species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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23 pages, 1302 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Manure Application in Urban Gardens: Impacts on Soil Fertility, Mineral Composition, and Variability

by Rafael López-Núñez, Paula Madejón-Rodríguez, José Molina-Vega and Sabina Rossini-Oliva

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010040 - 28 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2402

Abstract

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UA) plays an increasingly important role in promoting sustainable urban development, providing socioeconomic, environmental, and educational benefits. However, UA is often linked to nutrient accumulation in soils since vegetable-growing areas typically receive substantial inputs of both organic and inorganic [...] Read more.

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UA) plays an increasingly important role in promoting sustainable urban development, providing socioeconomic, environmental, and educational benefits. However, UA is often linked to nutrient accumulation in soils since vegetable-growing areas typically receive substantial inputs of both organic and inorganic fertilizers. This study examines soil variability in two sections of an urban allotment garden subjected to long-term manure fertilization for 12 or 16 years, with application rates up to 10–12 kg m⁻² yr⁻¹. Surface soils were analyzed for organic and inorganic carbon, total-N, available-P and -K, pH, and elemental composition using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). Prolonged manure incorporation substantially enhanced soil fertility, as evidenced by increases in soil organic carbon (up to 3.78%), total-N (up to 0.38%), available-K (up to 412 mg kg⁻¹), and both total- and available-P (up to 2485 and 276 mg kg⁻¹, respectively). Marked shifts in mineral composition were also detected, including significant increases in total Ca, inorganic C (as calcium carbonate), Sr, and S. Despite the high manure inputs, no accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was observed. However, pronounced spatial heterogeneity emerged among individual plots, with coefficients of variation reaching 58% for S and 47% for Zn, reflecting differences in fertilization intensity and management practices. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis proved highly effective for detecting soil compositional changes and adequate for predicting K and P availability, highlighting its value as a rapid diagnostic tool for precision agriculture. Overall, these findings demonstrate the agronomic benefits of long-term organic fertilization while emphasizing the need for careful management to avoid nutrient imbalances and ensure sustainable practices that minimize environmental risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of Organic Manures, Biostimulants, and Micronutrients in Sustainable Horticultural Production)

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26 pages, 8289 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stage-Dependent Callus Induction in Agapanthus praecox: Multi-Omics Reveals the Semi-Mature Pedicel Explant as the Optimal Choice

by Yan Dong, Changmei Du, Peiling Li, Xingyuan Ye, Hui Wang and Jianhua Yue

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010027 - 26 Dec 2025

Viewed by 744

Abstract

Callus induction is the foundation for large-scale and rapid plant propagation, and explant age is a key factor affecting callus induction efficiency and in vitro culture outcomes. Pedicels are the main explants for Agapanthus praecox tissue culture. This study analyzed three pedicel developmental [...] Read more.

Callus induction is the foundation for large-scale and rapid plant propagation, and explant age is a key factor affecting callus induction efficiency and in vitro culture outcomes. Pedicels are the main explants for Agapanthus praecox tissue culture. This study analyzed three pedicel developmental stages (S1: immature, S2: semi-mature, S3: mature) and their induced calli (C1, C2, C3). We integrated transcriptomics, metabolomics (LC-MS/GC-MS), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to clarify the physiological and molecular mechanisms of pedicel regenerative potential. Results showed that S2 exhibited the highest callus induction rate, while C2 showed superior proliferation coefficients and regenerative potential. In pedicel samples, differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway and plant hormone signal transduction pathway, while differentially accumulated metabolites were linked to energy metabolism, amino acid/nucleotide metabolism, and stress responses. Key metabolites (e.g., carbohydrates, amino acids, thidiazuron, and β-chlorogenin) played specific roles in maintaining the meristematic capacity of pedicels. qRT-PCR further confirmed that S2 maintained balanced endogenous hormone signaling and proper cell wall modification. Furthermore, WGCNA identified a key module associated with oxidative stress responses along with S2. Overall, the regenerative potential of pedicel is mediated by the balanced hormone signal transduction, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic regulation in A. praecox. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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25 pages, 2640 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Digital Twin Irrigation Strategies to Mitigate Drought Effects in Processing Tomatoes

by Sandra Millán, Jaume Casadesús, Jose María Vadillo and Carlos Campillo

Horticulturae 2026, 12(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12010028 - 26 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055

Abstract

The increasing frequency and intensity of droughts, a direct consequence of climate change, represent one of the main threats to agriculture, especially for crops with a high water demand such as the processing tomato. The objective of this study is to evaluate the [...] Read more.

The increasing frequency and intensity of droughts, a direct consequence of climate change, represent one of the main threats to agriculture, especially for crops with a high water demand such as the processing tomato. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of the IrriDesK digital twin (DT) as a tool for automated irrigation management and the implementation of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies tailored to the crop’s water status and phenological stage. The trial was conducted in an experimental plot over two consecutive growing seasons (2023–2024), comparing three irrigation treatments: full irrigation based on lysimeter measurements (T1) and two RDI strategies programmed through IrriDesK (T2 and T3). The results showed water consumption reductions of 30–45% in treatments T2 and T3 compared to treatment T1, with applied volumes of 277–400 mm versus approximately 570 mm in treatment T1, thus remaining within the sustainability threshold (<500 mm, equivalent to 5000 m³ ha⁻¹). This threshold corresponds to the maximum seasonal allocation typically available for processing tomato under drought conditions in the region and was used to configure the DT’s seasonal irrigation plan. The monitoring of leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) confirmed the DT’s ability to dynamically adjust irrigation and maintain an adequate water status during critical crop phases. In terms of productivity, treatment T1 achieved the highest yields (≈135 t ha⁻¹), while RDI strategies reduced production to 90–108 t ha⁻¹, but improved fruit quality, with increases in total soluble solids content of up to 10–15% (°Brix). These results demonstrate that IrriDesK is an effective tool for the optimization of water use while maintaining crop profitability and enhancing the resilience of processing tomatoes to drought scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Water Management Strategies for Horticultural Systems: 2nd Edition)

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