A Modelling Approach for the Management of Invasive Species at a High-Altitude Artificial Lake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Interview Survey
2.3. Model Parameterisation
2.4. Ecosystem Indicators and Sensitivity
3. Results
3.1. Sensitivity Analysis
3.2. Food Web Structure
3.3. Ecosystem Approach
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Species/Taxa Groups | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) | ||
B | Estimated from the records of the Management Body (N2KGR1310002) (2021–2022) | [48,49] |
P/B | Empirical equations based on [50] | [4,51,52] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [4,29,51,52,53,54] |
Diet | Diet composition | [4,51,52,53,54] |
Pelicans (Pelecanus crispus) | ||
B | Estimated from the records of the Management Body (N2KGR1310002) (2021–2022) | [48,49] |
P/B | Empirical equations based on [50] | [4,51,52,55] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [4,51,52,55] |
Diet | Diet composition | [4,51,52,55] |
Other aquatic birds (Anas spp., Ardea cinerea, Aythya spp., Calidris spp., Cygnus olor, Egretta spp., Fulica atra, Gallinago gallinago, Mergus serrator, Numenius arquata, Platalea leucorodia, Pluvialis spp., Phoenicopterus ruber, Podiceps spp., Recurvirostra avocetta, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Tadorna tadorna, Tringa spp., Vanellus vanellus) | ||
B | Estimated from the records of the Management Body (N2KGR1310002) (2021–2022) | [48,49] |
P/B | Empirical equations based on [50] | [51,52] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [4,51,52,55] |
Diet | Diet composition | [4,51,52,55] |
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii | ||
B | Due to the low quantities of the species biomass was estimated from the model | E = 0.99 |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Salmo farioides | ||
B | Due to the low quantities of the species biomass was estimated from the model | E = 0.99 |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Anguilla anguilla | ||
B | Due to the low quantities of the species biomass was estimated from the model | E = 0.99 |
P/B | Empirical equations based on [50] | [56] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [58,59] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022). | |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | ||
B | Due to the low quantities of the species biomass was estimated from the model | E = 0.99 |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Squalius sp. Aoos | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Empirical equations based on [50] | [56] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Chondrostoma vardarense | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Empirical equations | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Cyprinus carpio | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Z = F + M | [4,60,61] |
Q/B | Consumption/Biomass | [4] |
Diet | Diet composition | [58] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Alburnoides bipunctatus | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Consumption/biomass | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Carassius gibelio | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Z = F + M | [4,62,63] |
Q/B | Consumption/biomass | [4,59] |
Diet | Diet composition | [58,64] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers during (2021–2022) | |
Barbus prespensis | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Consumption/biomass | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Lepomis gibbosus | ||
B | Estimated from seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Z = F + M | [56] |
Q/B | Consumption/biomass | [56,57] |
Diet | Diet composition | [56] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Astacus astacus | ||
B | Due to the low quantities of the species biomass was estimated from the model | E = 0.99 |
P/B | Z = F + M | [65] |
Q/B | Consumption/biomass | [57,65] |
Diet | Diet composition | [65] |
Fisheries catches | Data reported from interviews of local shored-based recreational anglers (2021–2022) | |
Chironomidae | ||
B | Estimated by seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Estimated from other models | [4,66,67,68,69] |
Q/B | Estimated from other models | [4,66,67,68,69] |
Diet | Estimated from other models | [4,66,67,68,69] |
Zoobenthos | ||
B | Estimated by seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Estimated from other models | [4,66,67,68,69] |
Q/B | Estimated from other models | [4,66,67,68,69] |
Diet | Estimated from other models | [4,66,67,68,69] |
Zooplankton | ||
B | Estimated by seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022) | |
P/B | Estimated by the equation Log (P/B) = −0.73 − 0.23 × log (w); w is the average dry weight (=2.132 μg/specimen) of the zooplankton groups, based on the most representative group at 90% (copepods and cladocera). CF (=1.12) is a correction factor. | [4,16,29,66,67] |
Q/B | Estimated by other models for the most dominant group in the study area. | [4,29,66,67] |
Diet | Taking into account that bivalves was the most representative group during winter and copepods in the rest seasons, their average contribution was used to balance the seasonal diet composition. | [4,29,66,67] |
Phytoplankton | ||
B | Estimated by seasonal samplings in the artificial lake of Aoos (2021–2022). Carbon to Chla ratio 40:1 was used. Biomass was estimated by the classification of Lake Trichonida based on the OECD system (1982) was used. The Euphotic Zone (EUZ) was estimated from the average seasonal value of the Secchi disk (3 × Secchi depth) and was equal to 22.5. | [4,15,29,66,67] |
P/B | Estimated from the primary production within the day for 365 days a year. | [4,29,66,67] |
Detritus | ||
B | Estimated from the equation of [47]: Log D = 0.954 × LogPPR + 0.863 × LogEUZ − 2.41. The Euphotic Zone (EUZ) was estimated from the average seasonal values observed by the Secchi disk (3 × Secchi depth = 22.5). | [15] |
Code | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
4 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
5 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
6 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
8 | 0.025 | 0.100 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
9 | 0.025 | 0.050 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 |
10 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
11 | 0.020 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 |
12 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.000 |
13 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
14 | 0.100 | 0.020 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
15 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
16 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.070 | 0.700 | 0.550 | 0.400 | 0.750 | 0.045 | 0.200 |
17 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.290 | 0.200 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.005 | 0.050 |
18 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.350 |
19 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.500 | 0.100 |
20 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.250 | 0.300 |
Inputs | 0.800 | 0.800 | 0.800 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Code | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
4 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
5 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
6 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
8 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
9 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
10 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
11 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
12 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
13 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
14 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
15 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
16 | 0.750 | 0.600 | 0.200 | 0.140 | 0.200 | 0.015 | 0.100 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
17 | 0.050 | 0.100 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.010 | 0.050 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
18 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 0.315 | 0.500 | 0.750 | 0.050 | 0.150 | 0.050 | 0.050 |
19 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.160 | 0.350 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.300 | 0.130 | 0.700 |
20 | 0.150 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.925 | 0.400 | 0.800 | 0.250 |
Inputs | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
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C | Functional Groups | TL | B | P/B | Q/B | EE | OI | K-S | P/Q | F/Z | R/A | TST | Catch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Phalacrocorax carbo | 3.9 | 0.0109 | 0.205 | 109.45 | 0.000 | 1.032 | −0.341 | 0.002 | 0.998 | 1.193 | ||
2 | Pelecanus crispus | 3.6 | 0.0125 | 0.105 | 177.82 | 0.000 | 0.859 | −0.209 | 0.001 | 0.999 | 2.230 | ||
3 | Other aquatic birds | 3.6 | 0.0130 | 0.171 | 69.34 | 0.000 | 0.836 | −0.587 | 0.002 | 0.997 | 0.901 | ||
4 | Acipenser gueldenstaedtii | 3.3 | 0.0065 | 0.200 | 1.10 | 0.990 | 0.004 | −1.277 | 0.182 | 0.990 | 0.773 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
5 | Salmo farioides | 3.1 | 0.0159 | 0.400 | 23.90 | 0.990 | 0.285 | −0.910 | 0.017 | 0.990 | 0.979 | 0.380 | 0.006 |
6 | Anguilla anguilla | 3.3 | 0.0163 | 0.390 | 4.00 | 0.990 | 0.390 | −1.223 | 0.098 | 0.990 | 0.878 | 0.065 | 0.006 |
7 | Oncorhynchus mykiss | 3.1 | 0.0316 | 0.400 | 2.70 | 0.990 | 0.185 | −1.495 | 0.148 | 0.990 | 0.815 | 0.085 | 0.013 |
8 | Squalius sp. Aoos | 2.3 | 0.3050 | 1.500 | 8.50 | 0.950 | 0.348 | −0.358 | 0.162 | 0.297 | 0.797 | 2.592 | 0.125 |
9 | Chondrostoma vardarense | 2.7 | 0.2154 | 1.500 | 10.50 | 0.950 | 0.298 | −0.656 | 0.124 | 0.134 | 0.845 | 2.261 | 0.038 |
10 | Cyprinus carpio | 3.1 | 0.3702 | 0.780 | 6.65 | 0.950 | 0.159 | −0.243 | 0.251 | 0.911 | 0.686 | 2.462 | 0.564 |
11 | Alburnoides bipunctatus | 3.0 | 0.0918 | 2.270 | 8.5 | 0.950 | 0.266 | −0.673 | 0.267 | 0.150 | 0.666 | 0.781 | 0.031 |
12 | Carassius gibelio | 2.7 | 0.3485 | 0.632 | 8.7 | 0.950 | 0.292 | −0.316 | 0.192 | 0.727 | 0.760 | 3.032 | 0.423 |
13 | Barbus prespensis | 2.7 | 0.2152 | 0.370 | 10.4 | 0.950 | 0.289 | −0.765 | 0.036 | 0.393 | 0.956 | 2.238 | 0.031 |
14 | Lepomis gibbosus | 3.1 | 0.1960 | 1.360 | 7.5 | 0.950 | 0.004 | −0.684 | 0.181 | 0.046 | 0.773 | 1.470 | 0.013 |
15 | Astacus astacus | 2.1 | 0.0193 | 6.520 | 26.09 | 0.990 | 0.082 | −2.021 | 0.250 | 0.937 | 0.688 | 0.503 | 0.001 |
16 | Chironomidae | 2.3 | 0.1830 | 17.255 | 62.50 | 0.969 | 0.185 | −0.024 | 0.276 | 0.655 | 11.440 | ||
17 | Zoobenthos | 2.1 | 0.3800 | 4.500 | 26.00 | 0.835 | 0.076 | −0.589 | 0.276 | 0.784 | 9.880 | ||
18 | Zooplankton | 2.1 | 0.4338 | 60.00 | 240.0 | 0.454 | 0.052 | −0.211 | 0.173 | 0.687 | 104.10 | ||
19 | Phytoplankton | 1 | 2.9700 | 250.0 | 0.109 | 0.000 | −0.489 | 0.250 | 742.50 | ||||
20 | Detritus | 1 | 29.699 | 0.062 | 0.079 | 1597.000 |
Parameters | Value | Units | |
---|---|---|---|
Community energetic and structure | Sum of all consumptions | 152.913 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all exports | 657.289 | t/km2/year | |
Sum of all respiratory flows | 88.946 | t/km2/year | |
Sum of all flows into detritus | 702.477 | t/km2/year | |
Total system throughput | 1601.625 | t/km2/year | |
Sum of all production | 775.885 | t/km2/year | |
Estimated total net production | 742.500 | t/km2/year | |
Total primary production/total respiration (Pp/R) | 8.348 | ||
Net production | 653.554 | t/km2/year | |
Total primary production/total biomass (Pp/B) | 109.023 | ||
Total biomass/total throughput (TB/TST) | 0.004 | ||
Total biomass (except detritus) | 6.810 | t/km2/year | |
Total transfer production | 7.102 | ||
Total fisheries catch | 1.252 | t/km2/year | |
Mean trophic level of the catch (TLc) | 2.863 | ||
Primary production (pp) required to sustain fishery (from pp) (PPR) (t × km−2 ×yr−1) | 35.460 | t/km2/year | |
Primary production (pp) required to sustain fishery (from pp + det) (PPR) (t×km−2×yr−1) | 21.310 | t/km2/year | |
Net production (fishing production/net productivity) | 0.0008 | ||
Network flow indices | Finn’s cycling efficiency (without detritus) | 15.870 | t/km2/year |
Finn’s cycling index (% without detritus) | 3.886 | ||
Finn’s cycling efficiency (including detritus) | 52.860 | t/km2/year | |
Finn’s cycling index (% of total throughput) | 1.346 | ||
Mean Finn’s path length | 2.140 | ||
Finn’s mean path length (without detritus) | 2.143 | ||
Finn’s mean path length (with detritus) | 2.111 | ||
Connectance index | 0.236 | t/km2/year | |
System οmnivory index (SOI) (% of total throughput excluding detritus) | 0.322 | ||
Information indices | Total system overhead (Flowbits) | 3817 | |
Overhead (Ci, %) | 53.380 | ||
Total system capacity (Flowbits) | 7151 |
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Moutopoulos, D.K.; Douligeri, A.S.; Ziou, A.; Kiriazis, N.; Korakis, A.; Petsis, N.; Katselis, G.N. A Modelling Approach for the Management of Invasive Species at a High-Altitude Artificial Lake. Limnol. Rev. 2024, 24, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010001
Moutopoulos DK, Douligeri AS, Ziou A, Kiriazis N, Korakis A, Petsis N, Katselis GN. A Modelling Approach for the Management of Invasive Species at a High-Altitude Artificial Lake. Limnological Review. 2024; 24(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoutopoulos, Dimitrios K., Alexandra S. Douligeri, Athina Ziou, Nikolaos Kiriazis, Athanasios Korakis, Nikolaos Petsis, and George N. Katselis. 2024. "A Modelling Approach for the Management of Invasive Species at a High-Altitude Artificial Lake" Limnological Review 24, no. 1: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev24010001