Next Article in Journal
Aluminium Binding to Modified Amyloid-β Peptides: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Next Article in Special Issue
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide (TBAB) Catalyzed Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles
Previous Article in Journal
New Sustainable Process for Hesperidin Isolation and Anti-Ageing Effects of Hesperidin Nanocrystals
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 25
Issue 19
10.3390/molecules25194535
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Markovnikov-Type Hydrotrifluoromethylchalcogenation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes with [Me4N][XCF3] (X = S, Se) and TfOH

by
Jin Shi
and
Cheng-Pan Zhang
*
School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4535; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194535
Submission received: 17 September 2020 / Revised: 30 September 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 / Published: 3 October 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Halogen-Controlled Synthesis of Useful Organic Molecules)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The first Markovnikov-type hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated terminal alkenes with the readily accessible [Me4N][SeCF3] reagent and the superacid TfOH is reported. The reaction proceeded at room temperature under catalyst- and additive-free conditions to give the branched trifluoromethylselenolated products in good yields. This protocol is also applicable to the Markovnikov-type hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of unactivated terminal alkenes using [Me4N][SCF3]/TfOH, but not to the hydrotrifluoromethoxylation with CsOCF3/TfOH under the same conditions. The successful hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation and hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation showed simplicity and high regioselectivity, taming the sensitive −XCF3 (X = Se, S) anions with TfOH, and offered a convenient method for the straightforward synthesis of branched trifluoromethyl selenoethers and thioethers from unactivated alkenes.

1. Introduction

Over the past few decades, fluorinated compounds have attracted great attention in various fields ranging from materials to life sciences because of their unique properties imparted by fluorine [1]. Recently, the special stereoelectronic and physicochemical properties originating from the association of the trifluoromethyl (CF3) moiety with chalcogens (e.g., oxygen, sulfur and selenium) have been well documented [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. The OCF3 and SCF3 groups possess strong electronegativity, considerable steric hindrance, and high lipophilicity, which can significantly change the bioactivity of a molecule [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. The least-studied SeCF3 group represents another important functionality, exhibiting a valuable stereoelectronic nature and lipophilicity, and has immense potential to modulate the potency of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals [11,12,13]. It is well known that selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in the human body, constituting the crucial parts of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells against the effects of free radicals that are produced during normal oxygen metabolism [14,15,16,17,18]. Although selenium substances have shown very useful biological activities and have been widely utilized in drug design and development [14,15,16,17,18], to our knowledge, the uses of SeCF3-containing compounds have rarely been explored in comparison with those non-fluorinated analogues. This may be attributed to the lack of structural diversity, sufficient synthetic methods, and imperative biological investigation of the trifluoromethylselenolated compounds [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Thus, continuously developing efficient approaches for the construction of different types of SeCF3-containing organic scaffolds for future function studies is highly sought-after.
To date, there have been two major strategies for the synthesis of SeCF3-substituted molecules: indirect and direct approaches [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. The indirect method comprises the trifluoromethylation of selenols, diselenides, and selenocyanates with diverse CF3 transfer reagents, including CF3SO2Na/oxidant, TMSCF3/fluoride, HCF3/base, CF3I/TDAE (tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene), and so on. However, these reactions suffer from harsh conditions, low efficiency, poor functional group tolerance, narrow substrate scope, and/or toxicity and pre-functionalization of starting materials, which limit their practical applications [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. Notably, the direct trifluoromethylselenolation offers an elegant way to the C-SeCF3 bond formation by using elaborate SeCF3 reagents, such as CuSeCF3, Hg(SeCF3)2, [(bpy)[Cu(SeCF3)]2, AgSeCF3, [Me4N][SeCF3], ClSeCF3, and TsSeCF3 [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. Among these reagents, [Me4N][SeCF3] is thermally stable, non-volatile, easy to handle, and readily accessible, and has become one of the most important SeCF3 sources by far [48]. It has been reported that reactions of [Me4N][SeCF3] with organic halides, aryl diazonium salts, diaryliodonium triflates, α-diazo carbonyls, boronic acids and their esters, terminal alkynes, electron-rich (hetero)arenes, carboxylic acids, 1.3-dicarbonyls and alcohols under transition-metal-catalyzed or -free conditions provide the corresponding trifluoromethyl selenoethers in excellent yields [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. The results have demonstrated a broad prospect of application of [Me4N][SeCF3] in the direct trifluoromethylselenolation of various structurally diversified molecules.
The carbon–carbon double bond (C = C) is one of the most useful and versatile functional groups in organic chemistry [49,50,51,52,53]. It serves as a central functionality for a wide variety of reactions. Hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes constitutes a challenging task because of the difficulties of taming the elusive fluoroalkylation reagents with hydrogen sources [54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]. By using CF3SH, electrophilic “+SCF3” reagents, and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O), the respective hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of alkenes has been successfully accomplished [66,67,68,69,70]. However, the homologous hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated alkenes has not been achieved despite sulfur and selenium being the elements of the same main group [13,71,72,73]. Encouraged by the fact that the readily available [Me4N][SeCF3] salt is compatible with a superacid in the reactions with α-diazo carbonyls [43], we investigated in this article the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of alkenes with [Me4N][SeCF3] in the presence of a strong acid. It was pleasing to find that reactions of unactivated terminal alkenes with [Me4N][SeCF3] and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) under catalyst- and additive-free conditions formed the secondary alkyl trifluoromethyl selenoethers in good yields.

2. Results and Discussions

Initially, 4-(but-3-en-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl (1a) was chosen as a model substrate to optimize the reaction conditions for hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation with an acid. It was found that reaction of [Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv) with a mixture of 1a and TfOH (1.5 equiv) in dichloromethane at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for 6 h gave (4-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3a) in 45% yield (Table 1, entry 1). Using the commonly used acids such as CF3CO2H, concentrated H2SO4 (98%), anhydrous HCl, 85% H3PO4 (aq), Et3N•3HF, Et2O•HBF4 (85%), TsOH•H2O, and (CF3SO2)2NH instead of TfOH led to no formation of 3a (Table 1, entries 2–9). These results suggested that TfOH was a better acid than other tested acids for the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation. The choice of solvent also had an influence on the reaction. Treatment of 1a and TfOH with [Me4N][SeCF3] in 1.2-dichloroethane, toluene, chlorobenzene, and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFCl2CF2Cl) under the same conditions provided 3a with 19–37% yields (Table 1, entries 10–13). If the reaction was run in acetonitrile or (CF3)2CHOH, no desired product was formed (Table 1, entries 14–15). It seemed that the polar solvents were ineffective for the transformation, as they likely trapped the proton of TfOH and reduced the acidity of TfOH. Moreover, the reaction time could be shortened. Reaction of 1a and TfOH (1.5 equiv) with [Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv) at room temperature for 3 h furnished 3a in 48% yield, which was comparable to that obtained for 6 h (Table 1, entry 16). In addition, the reactant ratios had an interesting effect on the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation. Reducing the equivalents of TfOH from 1.5 to 1.0 equiv in the reaction of 1a and [Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv) at room temperature for 3 h produced 3a in 71% yield (68% isolated yield) (Table 1, entry 17). However, varying the molar ratio of 1a/[Me4N][SeCF3]/TfOH from 1:1.5:1 to 1:1.5:2, 1:2:1, 1:1:1, and 1.5:1:1 resulted in 15%, 57%, 39%, and 42% of 3a, respectively (Table 1, entries 18–21). Remarkably, if 1a (2 equiv) reacted with TfOH (1.0 equiv) and [Me4N][SeCF3] (2 equiv) at room temperature under N2 for 3 h, 3a was formed in 83% yield (79% isolated yield) (Table 1, entry 22). Furthermore, the reaction at room temperature was preferable as either elevating or lowering the temperature decreased the yield of 3a (Table S3 (see Supporting Information)). Addition of gold, copper, and silver salts as Lewis acids to the reaction mixtures of 1a, [Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv), and TfOH (1.0 equiv) did not promote the production of 3a (see Table S6). It was noteworthy that from the above successful hydrotrifluoromethylselenolations, branched trifluoromethyl selenoether was isolated rather than the linear isomer, showing excellent regioselectivity of the reaction.
Next, the combinations of 1 (2 equiv)/TfOH (1.0 equiv)/[Me4N][SeCF3] (2 equiv)/CH2Cl2/r.t./3 h and 1 (1.0 equiv)/TfOH (1.0 equiv)/[Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv)/CH2Cl2/r.t./3 h (Table 1, entries 17 and 22) were employed to probe the substrate scope of the reaction (Scheme 1). To our delight, a range of but-3-en-1-ylarenes with functional groups such as F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, t-Bu, CH3, and OCH3 on the aryl rings were favorably converted to form the corresponding Markovnikov-type hydrotrifluoromethylselenolated products (3a–m) under the two standard conditions in good yields. The position of the substituents on the aryl groups of but-3-en-1-ylarenes probably had an influence on the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation as the reactions of alkenes with either electron-donating or withdrawing para-substituents on the aryl functionalities (e.g., 3g and 3j) gave higher yields than those of the substrates bearing ortho- and/or meta-substitution of the same groups on the aryl moieties (e.g., 3h, 3k, and 3l). The reasons for these differences remained unclear. Treatment of 2-(but-3-en-1-yl)naphthalene (1n) with [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH under the two standard conditions formed 3n in 75% and 52% yields, respectively. The non-substituted but-3-en-1-ylbenzene (1o) and hex-5-en-1-ylbenzene (1p) reacted similarly with [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH to afford the branched trifluoromethyl selenoethers in 20–54% yields. It should be mentioned that the assembly of 1 (2 equiv)/TfOH (1.0 equiv)/[Me4N][SeCF3] (2 equiv)/CH2Cl2/r.t./3 h provided higher yields of the desired products than that of 1 (1.0 equiv)/TfOH (1.0 equiv)/[Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv)/CH2Cl2/r.t./3 h in most cases, suggesting that the use of excess alkenes was beneficial for promotion of the reaction. Unfortunately, the activated alkenes (e.g., styrene and 4-vinyl-1,1′-biphenyl), internal alkenes (e.g., cyclohexene (1q) and (E)-tetradec-7-ene), and geminal disubstituted alkenes (e.g., (3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl)benzene (1r) and (3-bromobut-3-en-1-yl)benzene) reacted with [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH under the standard conditions to give complicated mixtures, in which the pure products were not isolated even though the 19F NMR analysis of the reaction mixtures showed the formation of the corresponding desired products.
Since the −SCF3 and −OCF3 anions have similar reactivities to that of the −SeCF3 anion, the analogous hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation and hydrotrifluoromethoxylation of unactivated terminal alkenes with the nucleophilic SCF3 and OCF3 reagents in the presence of a superacid were also examined. Encouragingly, the straightforward reactions of 1a and TfOH with [Me4N][SCF3] under the two standard conditions that were used for the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of alkene with [Me4N][SeCF3] gave the expected branched hydrotrifluoromethylthiolated product (4a) in 48% and 33% yield, respectively (Scheme 2). By this method, a series of unactivated terminal alkenes, such as 1d, 1e, 1g, 1i, 1j, 1n, and 1o, were readily transformed, affording the corresponding products (4b–h) in 16–49% yields. These yields were generally lower than those of the homologous trifluoromethylselenolated products, which might be caused by the poorer nucleophilicity of the −SCF3 anion than the −SeCF3 anion in [Me4N][XCF3] salts. Moreover, because products 4e and 4f had very similar polarity to the alkenes and could not be fully separated from the starting alkenes by column chromatography and preparative TLC plate, they were finally obtained with much lower isolated yields (19–21%) than the 19F NMR yields (48–49%). Nonetheless, reactions of alkene (1a) with CsOCF3 and TfOH under the standard or modified conditions did not form the hydrotrifluoromethoxylated product (see Supplementary Materials), which was determined by 19F NMR analysis of the reaction mixtures. These observations implied that the −SeCF3 anion is a more suitable reagent than the −SCF3 and −OCF3 anions for the hydrotrifluoromethylchalcogenation of unactivated terminal alkene in the presence of a superacid.
It should be noted that the charging sequence of alkene, [Me4N][SeCF3], and TfOH significantly affected the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation (Table 2). Addition of [Me4N][SeCF3] (2 equiv) to a solution of 1a (2 equiv) and TfOH in CH2Cl2 that was pre-mixed at room temperature for 1 min or 1 h provided 3a in 83% or 65% yield, respectively, under the standard conditions. If a solution of TfOH in CH2Cl2 was introduced into a mixture of [Me4N][SeCF3] (2 equiv) and 1a (2 equiv) that was pre-mixed in CH2Cl2 at room temperature under N2 for 1 min or 1 h, 3a was obtained in 47% or 40% yield, respectively. Surprisingly, if a solution of 1a (2 equiv) in CH2Cl2 was treated with a mixture of [Me4N][SeCF3] (2 equiv) and TfOH that was pre-mixed in CH2Cl2 at room temperature under N2 for 1 min or 1 h, no desired product was formed. When a combination of 1a (1.0 equiv)/TfOH (1.0 equiv)/[Me4N][SeCF3] (1.5 equiv) was used instead of 1a (2.0 equiv)/TfOH (1.0 equiv)/[Me4N][SeCF3] (2.0 equiv) for the reactions, similar results were also observed (Table 2). These results demonstrated that pre-activation of 1a by TfOH was very essential for the hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of 1a with [Me4N][SeCF3], whereas pre-treatment of [Me4N][SeCF3] with TfOH led to complete failure of the reaction. Since pre-mixing 1a with TfOH for 1 h gave a lower yield of 3a (65% or 11%) than that (83% or 71%) for 1 min, the longer pre-treatment of 1a and TfOH might harm the subsequent hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation, which was likely attributed to the decay of the key reactive intermediates. Furthermore, the 1H and 19F NMR analysis of a reaction mixture of 1a and TfOH in the absence of [Me4N][SeCF3] showed the fast conversion of 1a and formation of an alkyl triflate (Figures S13–S24 (see Supplementary Materials)), but the similar measurement of a mixture of [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH in the absence of 1a revealed a very complicated system (Figures S1–S12 (see Supplementary Materials)). These outcomes might explain in part the distinct results of the reactions with different charging sequences under the standard conditions.
On the basis of the above observations, a plausible reaction mechanism for the TfOH-mediated hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated terminal alkene was suggested in Scheme 3. First, Markovnikov-type protonation of the carbon–carbon double bond of alkene at the terminal carbon site forms a relatively stable alkyl cation intermediate (5), which is combined with the −OTf anion to yield a secondary alkyl triflate (6). Then, nucleophilic attack of 6 by the free −SeCF3 anion generates the final product (3) (path a). Alternatively, direct trifluoromethylselenolation of the secondary carbon cation (5) upon its formation by −SeCF3 can also form the desired product (path b). Path a could be the most plausible process in the reactions according to the NMR experiments (Figures S13–S24) if alkene was pre-mixed with TfOH before addition of [Me4N][SeCF3]. Nevertheless, the in situ generation of HSeCF3 from metathesis of [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH followed by addition of HSeCF3 to the carbon–carbon double bond of alkene could be excluded (path c) as the reactions of 1a with mixtures of [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH that were pre-mixed at room temperature for some time gave no hydrotrifluoromethylselenolated product (Table 2).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All reactions were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere unless otherwise specified. The NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 on a 500 (for 1H), 471 (for 19F), and 126 MHz (for 13C) spectrometer. All chemical shifts were reported in ppm relative to TMS (0 ppm) for 1H NMR and PhOCF3 (58.0 ppm) or PhCF3 (63.0 ppm) for 19F NMR as an internal or external standard. The coupling constants were reported in Hertz (Hz). The following abbreviations were used to explain the multiplicities: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet. The HPLC experiments were carried out on a Wufeng LC-100 II instrument (column: Shodex, C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm), and the HPLC yields of the product were determined by using the corresponding pure compound as the external standard. MS experiments were performed on a TOF-Q ESI or EI instrument. Reagents [Me4N][SeCF3] (2a), [Me4N][SCF3] (2b), and CsOCF3 were synthesized according to the literature [74,75]. Substrates 1a–f [76], 1g–1h [77], 1i–1l [76], 1m–1n [78], and 1p–1r [78] were synthesized according to the literature. Solvents were dried before use according to the literature [79]. Other reagents in the reactions were all purchased from the commercial sources and used without further purification.

3.2. General Procedure for Hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, a Schlenk tube was charged with 1 (0.4 or 0.2 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (1 mL) with stirring. A solution of TfOH (0.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 was added, followed by addition of [Me4N][SeCF3] (2a, 0.4 or 0.3 mmol) within 1 min. The mixture was reacted at room temperature under N2 for 3 h and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using petroleum ether or a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as eluents to give the trifluoromethylselenolated products (3).
(4-([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4-yl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3a)
Yellow oil, 59.4 mg (79%, 1a:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 50.8 mg (68%, 1a:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.79 (m, 2H), 2.19–2.03 (m, 2H), 1.68 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −31.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 141.0, 140.0, 139.2, 128.9, 128.8, 127.3, 127.2, 127.0, 123.2 (q, J = 331.1 Hz), 39.5, 39.2, 33.4, 23.1. IR (KBr): 3085, 3057, 3029, 2958, 2926, 2855, 1601, 1564, 1520, 1487, 1450, 1409, 1383, 1260, 1212, 1098, 1008, 838, 761, 738, 697, 598, 550, 507 cm−1. HRMS-ESI (m/z) calcd. for C17H18F3Se ([M + H]+): 359.0520; found: 359.0511.
(4-(4-Fluorophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3b)
Yellow oil, 25.8 mg (43%, 1b:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 23.4 mg (39%, 1b:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.78–2.68 (m, 2H), 2.09–1.93 (m, 2H), 1.62 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F), −117.2 (m, 1F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.5 (d, J = 244.5 Hz), 136.4 (d, J = 3.3 Hz), 129.7 (d, J = 7.8 Hz), 123.1 (q, J = 330.8 Hz), 115.3 (d, J = 21.1 Hz), 39.3, 39.2, 32.9, 23.0. IR (KBr): 3041, 2927, 2856, 1602, 1511, 1455, 1383, 1259, 1224, 1157, 1098, 1016, 827, 760, 738, 543 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C11H12F474Se: 294.0100; found: 294.0109.
(4-(4-Chlorophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3c)
Yellow oil, 49.3 mg (78%, 1c:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 36.0 mg (57%, 1c:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.26 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.79–2.69 (m, 2H), 2.09–1.94 (m, 2H), 1.62 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.3, 132.0, 129.7, 128.7, 123.1 (q, J = 331.3 Hz), 39.2, 39.1, 33.0, 23.0. IR (KBr): 3084, 3028, 2927, 2856, 1895, 1731, 1598, 1493, 1455, 1408, 1383, 1290, 1279, 1260, 1232, 1214, 1096, 1035, 1016, 832, 818, 807, 778, 738, 715, 672, 663, 631, 523 cm−1. HRMS-ESI (m/z) calcd. for C10H12Cl ([M – SeCF3]+): 167.0622; found: 167.0624.
(4-(4-Bromophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3d)
Yellow oil, 58.3 mg (81%, 1d:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 43.2 mg (60%, 1d:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.62 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.8, 131.6, 130.1, 123.1 (q, J = 331.0 Hz), 120.0, 39.2, 39.0, 33.1, 23.0. IR (KBr): 3025, 2961, 2926, 2863, 1489, 1454, 1405, 1383, 1278, 1260, 1214, 1097, 1074, 1012, 960, 897, 828, 813, 802, 770, 738, 711, 654, 634, 605, 515 cm-1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C11H12F3Br74Se: 353.9299; found: 353.9307.
(4-(4-Iodophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3e)
Yellow oil, 69.3 mg (85%, 1e:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 43.2 mg (53%, 1e:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 2.76–2.67 (m, 2H), 2.08–1.93 (m, 2H), 1.62 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 140.5, 137.6, 130.5, 123.1 (q, J = 331.2 Hz), 91.3, 39.2, 39.0, 33.2, 23.0. IR (KBr): 3019, 2960, 2925, 2854, 1485, 1454, 1401, 1382, 1291, 1275, 1260, 1230, 1213, 1202, 1097, 1063, 1035, 1007, 897, 826, 799, 766, 738, 709, 512 cm−1. HRMS-ESI (m/z) calcd. for C9H12ISe ([M – CF3]−): 337.9196; found: 337.9198.
(Trifluoromethyl)(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)butan-2-yl)selane (3f)
Yellow oil, 42.0 mg (60%, 1f:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 30.1 mg (43%, 1f:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 2.89–2.79 (m, 2H), 2.13–1.98 (m, 2H), 1.64 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F), -62.4 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.0, 128.7, 128.6 (q, J = 32.4 Hz), 125.5 (q, J = 3.8 Hz) 124.3 (q, J = 271.5 Hz), 123.1 (q, J = 330.8 Hz), 39.2, 38.9, 33.5, 23.0. IR (KBr): 2958, 2929, 2858, 1620, 1456, 1419, 1384, 1327, 1165, 1117, 1095, 1068, 1019, 899, 840, 823, 738, 650, 633, 599 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C12H12F674Se: 344.0068; found: 344.0061.
(4-(4-Nitrophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3g)
Yellow oil, 46.4 mg (71%, 1g:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 28.1 mg (43%, 1g:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (40:1 (v/v)) as eluents for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.17 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.94–2.84 (m, 2H), 2.14–2.00 (m, 2H), 1.64 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.7, 146.7, 129.2, 123.9, 123.0 (q, J = 331.1 Hz), 39.0, 38.7, 33.6, 23.0. IR (KBr): 3112, 3080, 2950, 2929, 2856, 2453, 2217, 1927, 1727, 1602, 1520, 1495, 1455, 1384, 1347, 1319, 1289, 1236, 1214, 1180, 1098, 1035, 1016, 973, 891, 858, 848, 806, 768, 747, 738, 698, 660, 647, 632, 619, 513 cm−1. HRMS-ESI (m/z) calcd. for C11H13F3NO2Se ([M + H]+): 328.0058; found: 328.0060.
(4-(2-Nitrophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3h)
Yellow oil, 37.3 mg (57%, 1h:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 21.6 mg (33%, 1h:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (40:1 (v/v)) as eluents for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.94 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40–7.36 (m, 2H), 3.60 (m, 1H), 3.11–2.98 (m, 2H), 2.14–2.03 (m, 2H), 1.66 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.1 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 149.2, 136.1, 133.2, 132.0, 127.5, 125.0, 123.1 (q, J = 330.5 Hz), 39.5, 38.5, 31.3, 22.8. IR (KBr): 3069, 2964, 2928, 2856, 1611, 1579, 1527, 1481, 1457, 1383, 1348, 1281, 1231, 1215, 1099, 959, 861, 813, 787, 739, 702, 667 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C11H12F3NO274Se: 321.0045; found: 321.0039.
(4-(4-(Tert-butyl)phenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3i)
Yellow oil, 45.3 mg (67%, 1i:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 33.8 mg (50%, 1i:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.33 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 2.79–2.69 (m, 2H), 2.12–1.96 (m, 2H), 1.64 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 9H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 149.0, 137.8, 128.0, 125.4, 123.2 (q, J = 331.2 Hz), 39.5, 39.2, 34.4, 33.1, 31.4, 23.0. IR (KBr): 3056, 3024, 2964, 2868, 1517, 1457, 1412, 1394, 1382, 1364, 1269, 1234, 1215, 1203, 1098, 1035, 1019, 829, 815, 738, 569 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C15H21F374Se: 332.0820; found: 332.0816.
(4-(p-Tolyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3j)
Yellow oil, 46.2 mg (78%, 1j:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 29.6 mg (50%, 1j:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.12–7.08 (m, 4H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 2.78–2.68 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.10–1.94 (m, 2H), 1.63 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.7, 135.7, 129.2, 128.3, 123.2 (q, J = 330.5 Hz), 39.4, 39.3, 33.2, 23.0, 21.0. IR (KBr): 3048, 3020, 2925, 2859, 1516, 1454, 1381, 1260, 1214, 1097, 1022, 830, 807, 738, 543 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C12H15F374Se: 290.0351; found: 290.0349.
(4-(o-Tolyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3k)
Yellow oil, 30.2 mg (51%, 1k:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 34.3 mg (58%, 1k:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.16–7.14 (m, 4H), 3.60 (m, 1H), 2.82–2.70 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.06–1.92 (m, 2H), 1.67 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.1 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.1, 135.8, 130.4, 128.8, 126.3, 126.1, 123.1 (q, J = 330.2 Hz), 39.8, 38.1, 31.2, 23.0, 19.2. IR (KBr): 3066, 3018, 2958, 2928, 2869, 1605, 1493, 1459, 1382, 1265, 1222, 1098, 1012, 754, 739 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C12H15F374Se: 290.0351; found: 290.0345.
(4-(m-Tolyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3l)
Yellow oil, 33.7 mg (57%, 1l:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 26.1 mg (44%, 1l:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.20 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.04–6.99 (m, 3H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 2.79–2.69 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.12–1.96 (m, 2H), 1.64 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 140.8, 138.1, 129.2, 128.4, 126.9, 125.4, 123.2 (q, J = 330.4 Hz), 39.5, 39.2, 33.6, 23.1, 21.4. IR (KBr): 3023, 2966, 2925, 2860, 1610, 1591, 1489, 1455, 1382, 1355, 1213, 1098, 882, 783, 738, 719, 699 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C12H15F374Se: 290.0351; found: 290.0357.
(4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3m)
Yellow oil, 33.7 mg (78%, 1m:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 26.1 mg (57%, 1m:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (80:1 (v/v)) as eluents for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.11 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 2.76–2.66 (m, 2H), 2.09–1.93 (m, 2H), 1.63 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.1, 132.9, 129.3, 123.1 (q, J = 331.0 Hz), 114.0, 55.3, 39.4, 39.4, 32.7, 23.1. IR (KBr): 3032, 2991, 2954, 2928, 2855, 2837, 1613, 1584, 1513, 1456, 1382, 1301, 1248, 1178, 1098, 1038, 827, 809, 750, 738, 552, 519 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C15H21F374Se: 332.0820; found: 332.0816.
(4-(Naphthalen-2-yl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3n)
Yellow oil, 49.8 mg (75%, 1n:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 34.5 mg (52%, 1n:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.83–7.79 (m, 3H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.49–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.57 (m, 1H), 2.99–2.90 (m, 2H), 2.22–2.06 (m, 2H), 1.66 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −31.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 138.3, 133.6, 132.1, 128.1, 127.6, 127.4, 127.0, 126.6, 126.1, 125.4, 123.2 (q, J = 330.9 Hz), 39.4, 39.0, 33.8, 23.1. IR (KBr): 3054, 3015, 2958, 2924, 2853, 1633, 1601, 1509, 1454, 1382, 1261, 1242, 1201, 1097, 1019, 960, 888, 853, 817, 746, 738 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C15H15F374Se: 326.0351; found: 326.0352.
(4-Phenylbutan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3o).
Yellow oil, 23.1 mg (41%, 1o:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 11.3 mg (20%, 1o:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.30 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23–7.19 (m, 3H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 2.82–2.73 (m, 2H), 2.13–1.97 (m, 2H), 1.63 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.0 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 140.8, 128.5, 128.4, 126.2, 123.1 (q, J = 330.5 Hz), 39.4, 39.2, 33.7, 23.0 [43,46].
(6-Phenylhexan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3p)
Yellow oil, 33.5 mg (54%, 1p:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 21.1 mg (34%, 1p:[Me4N][SeCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.30 (t, J = 7.60 Hz, 2H), 7.21–7.18 (m, 3H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 2.64 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.84–1.70 (m, 2H), 1.69–1.63 (m, 2H), 1.58 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.52–1.44 (m, 2H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −32.3 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 142.3, 128.4, 128.3, 125.8, 123.2 (q, J = 330.8 Hz), 39.9, 37.4, 35.7, 31.0, 27.1, 22.9. IR (KBr): 3084, 3064, 3028, 2932, 2859, 1604, 1497, 1454, 1382, 1205, 1099, 1030, 909, 747, 738, 699 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C13H17F374Se: 304.0507; found: 304.0502.

3.3. General Procedure for Hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated Terminal alkenes

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, a Schlenk tube was charged with 1 (0.4 or 0.2 mmol) and CH2Cl2 (1 mL) with stirring. A solution of TfOH (0.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 was added, followed by addition of [Me4N][SCF3] (2b, 0.4 or 0.3 mmol) within 1 min. The mixture was reacted at room temperature under N2 for 3 h and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using petroleum ether or a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as eluents to give the trifluoromethylthiolated products (4).
(4-([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4-yl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4a)
Yellow oil, 29.8 mg (48%, 1a:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 20.5 mg (33%, 1a:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.86–2.77 (m, 2H), 2.05–1.93 (m, 2H), 1.50 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.8 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 140.9, 140.0, 139.2, 131.2 (q, J = 305.9 Hz), 128.8, 128.8, 127.3, 127.1, 127.0, 40.7, 38.5, 32.5, 22.5. IR (KBr): 3081, 3057, 3029, 2966, 2928, 2859, 1602, 1520, 1487, 1451, 1409, 1383, 1298, 1264, 1247, 1146, 1116, 1040, 1008, 965, 912, 838, 761, 732, 697, 642, 586, 553, 510 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C17H17F3S: 310.1003; found: 310.1006.
(4-(4-Bromophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4b)
Yellow oil, 23.7 mg (38%, 1d:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 25.0 mg (40%, 1d:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 2.77–2.68 (m, 2H), 1.98–1.86 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.8, 131.6, 131.1 (q, J = 305.9 Hz), 130.1, 120.0, 40.5, 38.3, 32.2, 22.5. IR (KBr): 3026, 2966, 2929, 2856, 1897, 1732, 1646, 1592, 1489, 1456, 1405, 1383, 1296, 1246, 1156, 1116, 1073, 1042, 1012, 898, 829, 803, 771, 756, 711, 639, 521 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C11H12F3BrS: 311.9795; found: 311.9796.
(4-(4-Iodophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4c)
Yellow oil, 34.6 mg (48%, 1e:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 33.8 mg (47%, 1e:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (m, 1H), 2.76–2.67 (m, 1H), 1.98–1.86 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 140.5, 137.6, 131.1 (q, J = 306.0 Hz), 130.5, 91.2, 40.5, 38.3, 32.3, 22.5. IR (KBr): 3068, 3021, 2965, 2928, 2857, 1898, 1640, 1588, 1486, 1455, 1402, 1383, 1354, 1297, 1280, 1235, 1148, 1115, 1062, 1041, 1007, 961, 898, 826, 801, 756, 710, 631, 519 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C11H12F3IS: 359.9656; found: 359.9660.
(4-(4-Nitrophenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4d)
Yellow oil, (26.8 mg (1g:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1), 48%; 23.4 mg (1g:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), 42%), a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (40:1 (v/v)) as eluents for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.17 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (m, 1H), 2.94–2.83 (m, 2H), 2.01–1.94 (m, 2H), 1.49 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.6, 146.7, 131.0 (q, J = 306.5 Hz), 129.2, 123.9, 40.5, 37.9, 32.8, 22.5. IR (KBr): 3080, 2928, 2855, 2447, 1916, 1687, 1601, 1520, 1495, 1456, 1384, 1347, 1295, 1112, 1041, 1016, 901, 858, 848, 806, 756, 748, 698, 633, 519 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C11H12F3NO2S: 279.0541; found: 279.0538.
(4-(4-(Tert-butyl)phenyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4e)
Yellow oil, 12.2 mg (21%, 1i:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 9.3 mg (16%, 1i:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluent for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.32 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (m, 1H), 2.78–2.69 (m, 2H), 1.99–1.88 (m, 2H), 1.47 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 9H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 149.0, 137.8, 131.2 (q, J = 306.3 Hz), 128.0, 125.4, 40.8, 38.5, 34.4, 32.3, 31.4, 22.4. IR (KBr): 3057, 3025, 2965, 2929, 2858, 1645, 1512, 1461, 1415, 1395, 1382, 1364, 1269, 1150, 1116, 1043, 1020, 900, 829, 814, 756, 645, 570 cm−1. HRMS-ESI (m/z) calcd. for C15H22F3S ([M + H]+): 291.1380; found: 291.1389.
(4-(p-Tolyl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4f)
Yellow oil, (9.4 mg (1j:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1), 19%; 7.9 mg (1j:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), 16%), petroleum ether as eluents for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.11 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (m, 1H), 2.77–2.68 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.99–1.86 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.9 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.7, 135.7, 131.2 (q, J = 306.5 Hz), 129.2, 128.3, 40.6, 38.6, 32.4, 22.5, 21.0. IR (KBr): 3191, 2961, 2924, 2853, 1739, 1660, 1632, 1516, 1464, 1411, 1378, 1261, 1100, 1020, 865, 800, 756, 703 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C12H15F3S: 248.0847; found: 248.0841.
(4-(Naphthalen-2-yl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfane (4g)
Yellow oil, 26.1 mg (46%, 1n:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 2:2:1) and 22.7 mg (40%, 1n:[Me4N][SCF3]:TfOH = 1:1.5:1), petroleum ether as eluents for column chromatography. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.83–7.79 (m, 3H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.49–7.43 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.99–2.89 (m, 2H), 2.11–1.98 (m, 2H), 1.50 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ −38.8 (s, 3F). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 138.3, 133.6, 132.1, 131.2 (q, J = 306.5 Hz), 128.2, 127.7, 127.5, 127.0, 126.6, 126.1, 125.4, 40.7, 38.4, 33.0, 22.5. IR (KBr): 3055, 3021, 2927, 2855, 1635, 1601, 1509, 1455, 1382, 1351, 1298, 1271, 1247, 1146, 1117, 1044, 1019, 961, 910, 889, 853, 817, 747 cm−1. HRMS-EI (m/z) calcd. for C12H15F3S: 284.0847; found: 284.0841.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have developed a convenient method for Markovnikov-type hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of aliphatic terminal alkenes with [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH. The reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature and furnished the branched trifluoromethylselenolated products in good yields. This protocol was also applicable to the Markovnikov-type hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of unactivated terminal alkenes using [Me4N][SCF3] and TfOH, which exhibited relatively poorer reactivity than that of [Me4N][SeCF3] under the two standard conditions. Nevertheless, reactions of alkene with CsOCF3 and TfOH under the same conditions did not form the hydrotrifluoromethoxylated product. The successful hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation and hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation reactions featured simplicity, convenience, and high regioselectivity, taming the sensitive −XCF3 (X = Se, S) anions with TfOH, and represented the first synthesis of Markovnikov-type alkyl trifluoromethyl selenoethers and thioethers from unactivated terminal alkenes. Application of [Me4N][SeCF3] as a viable SeCF3 source for bifunctionalization of simple alkenes is currently under way in our laboratory.

Supplementary Materials

The brief description of screening the optimal reaction conditions, general procedures for hydrotrifluoromethylchalcogenation of unactivated terminal alkenes with [Me4N][XCF3] (X = S, Se), and TfOH, control experiments for mechanistic insights, characterization data, and NMR spectra of the products (PDF) are available online.

Author Contributions

J.S.: literature search, performing the experiments, figures and data collection, data analysis and interpretation, and writing the draft of the manuscript. C.-P.Z.: substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work, manuscript writing, and final approval of the version to be published. The authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Wuhan University of Technology and the “Hundred Talent” Program of Hubei Province (China).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Kirsch, P. Modern Fluoroorganic Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactivity, Applications, 2nd ed.; Wiley-VCH: Wheineim, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  2. Shao, X.; Xu, C.; Lu, L.; Shen, Q. Shelf-Stable Electrophilic Reagents for Trifluoromethylthiolation. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 1227–1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Xu, X.-H.; Matsuzaki, K.; Shibata, N. Synthetic Methods for Compounds Having CF3-S Units on Carbon by Trifluoromethylation, Trifluoromethylthiolation, Triflylation, and Related Reactions. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 731–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Barata-Vallejo, S.; Bonesi, S.; Postigo, A. Late Stage Trifluoromethylthiolation Strategies for Organic Compounds. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, 7150–7182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Tlili, A.; Toulgoat, F.; Billard, T. Synthetic Approaches to Trifluoromethoxy-Substituted Compounds. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 11726–11735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Zhang, X.; Tang, P. Recent Advances in New Trifluoromethoxylation Reagents. Sci. China Chem. 2019, 62, 525–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Song, H.-X.; Han, Q.-Y.; Zhao, C.-L.; Zhang, C.-P. Fluoroalkylation Reactions in Aqueous Media: A Review. Green Chem. 2018, 20, 1662–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Hardy, M.A.; Chachignon, H.; Cahard, D. Advances in Asymmetric Di-and Trifluoromethylthiolation, and Di- and Trifluoromethoxylation Reactions. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2019, 8, 591–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wu, S.; Song, H.-X.; Zhang, C.-P. Fluoroalkylation of Diazo Compounds with Diverse Rfn Reagents. Chem. Asian J. 2020, 15, 1660–1677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Han, Z.-Z.; Zhang, C.-P. Fluorination and Fluoroalkylation Reactions Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2020. [CrossRef]
  11. Tlili, A.; Ismalaj, E.; Glenadel, Q.; Ghiazza, C.; Billard, T. Synthetic Approaches to Trifluoromethylselenolated Compounds. Chem. Eur. J. 2018, 24, 3659–3670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Ghiazza, C.; Billard, T.; Tlili, A. Merging Visible-Light Catalysis for the Direct Late-Stage Group-16-Trifluoromethyl Bond Formation. Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 6482–6495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Ghiazza, C.; Monnereau, C.; Khrouz, L.; Medebielle, M.; Billard, T.; Tlili, A. New Avenues in Radical Trifluoromethylselenylation with Trifluoromethyl Tolueneselenosulfonate. Synlett 2019, 30, 777–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Peeler, J.C.; Weerapana, E. Chemical Biology Approaches to Interrogate the Selenoproteome. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 2832–2840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Robberecht, H.; De Bruyne, T.; Davioud-Charvet, E.; Mackrill, J.; Hermans, N. Selenium Status in Elderly People: Longevity and Age-Related Diseases. Curr. Pharm. Design 2019, 25, 1694–1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Rayman, M.P. Selenium and Human Health. Lancet 2012, 379, 1256–1268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Weekley, C.M.; Harris, H.H. Which Form is That? The Importance of Selenium Speciation and Metabolism in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 8870–8894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Misra, S.; Boylan, M.; Selvam, A.; Spallholz, J.E.; Bjoernstedt, M. Redox-Active Selenium Compounds—From Toxicity and Cell Death to Cancer Treatment. Nutrients 2015, 7, 3536–3556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Ma, J.-J.; Yi, W.-B.; Lu, G.-P.; Cai, C. Trifluoromethylation of Thiophenols and Thiols with Sodium Trifluoromethanesulfinate and Iodine Pentoxide. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2016, 6, 417–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Billard, T.; Langlois, B.R. A New Simple Access to Trifluoromethyl Thioethers or Selenoethers from Trifluoromethyl Trimethylsilane and Disulfides or Diselenides. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 6865–6868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Billard, T.; Large, S.; Langlois, B.R. Preparation of Trifluoromethyl Sulfides or Selenides from Trifluoromethyl Trimethylsilane and Thiocyanates or Selenocyanates. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 65–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Large, S.; Roques, N.; Langlois, B.R. Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation of Carbonyl Compounds and Disulfides with Trifluoromethane and Silicon-Containing Bases. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 8848–8856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Potash, S.; Rozen, S. General Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Selenides Utilizing Selenocyanates and Fluoroform. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 11205–11208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Pooput, C.; Medebielle, M.; Dolbier Jr., W. R. A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethylthio- and Selenoethers. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 301–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Pooput, C.; Dolbier, W.R., Jr.; Médebielle, M. Nucleophilic Perfluoroalkylation of Aldehydes, Ketones, Imines, Disulfides, and Diselenides. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 3564–3568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Cherkupally, P.; Beier, P. Alkoxide-Induced Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation Using Diethyl Trifluoromethylphosphonate. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 252–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Blond, G.; Billard, T.; Langlois, B.R. New Stable Reagents for the Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation. Part 4: Trifluoromethylation of Disulfides and Diselenides with Hemiaminals of Trifluoroacetaldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 2473–2475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Kondratenko, N.V.; Kolomeytsev, A.A.; Popov, V.I.; Yagupolskii, L.M. Synthesis and Reactions of Trifluoromethylthio(seleno)- and Pentafluorophenylthio(seleno)-Copper. Synthesis 1985, 1985, 667–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Feldhoff, R.; Haas, A.; Lieb, M. Darstellung und Eigenschaften Trifluormethyl- und Trifluormethylchalkogenyl-Substituierter Adamantane. J. Fluorine Chem. 1994, 67, 245–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chen, C.; Hou, C.; Wang, Y.; Hor, T.S.A.; Weng, Z. Copper-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylselenolation of Aryl and Alkyl Halides: The Silver Effect in Transmetalation. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 524–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Zhang, M.; Weng, Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Tandem Synthesis of 2-Trifluoromethylthio(seleno)-Substituted Benzofused Heterocycles. Org. Lett. 2019, 21, 5838–5842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Glenadel, Q.; Ismalaj, E.; Billard, T. Benzyltrifluoromethyl (or Fluoroalkyl) Selenide: Reagent for Electrophilic Trifluoromethyl (or Fluoroalkyl) Selenolation. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 8268–8275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Ghiazza, C.; Debrauwer, V.; Monnereau, C.; Khrouz, L.; Medebielle, M.; Billard, T.; Tlili, A. Visible-Light-Mediated Metal-Free Synthesis of Trifluoromethylselenolated Arenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 11781–11785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Chen, X.-L.; Zhou, S.-H.; Lin, J.-H.; Deng, Q.-H.; Xiao, J.-C. Difluorocarbene-Derived Trifluoromethylselenolation of Benzyl Halides. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 1410–1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Dix, S.; Jakob, M.; Hopkinson, M.N. Deoxytrifluoromethylthiolation and Selenylation of Alcohols by Using Benzothiazolium Reagents. Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 7635–7639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Modak, A.; Pinter, E.N.; Cook, S.P. Copper-Catalyzed, N-Directed Csp3-H Trifluoromethylthiolation (-SCF3) and Trifluoromethylselenation (-SeCF3). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 18405–18410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Lefebvre, Q.; Pluta, R.; Rueping, M. Copper Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling Reactions for Trifluoromethylselenolations - Synthesis of R-SeCF3 Compounds Using Air Stable Tetramethylammonium Trifluoromethylselenate. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 4394–4397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Aufiero, M.; Sperger, T.; Tsang, A.S.K.; Schoenebeck, F. Highly Efficient C-SeCF3 Coupling of Aryl Iodides Enabled by an Air-Stable Dinuclear PdI Catalyst. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 10322–10326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Matheis, C.; Wagner, V.; Goossen, L.J. Sandmeyer-Type Trifluoromethylthiolation and Trifluoromethylselenolation of (Hetero)Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Copper. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 79–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Matheis, C.; Krause, T.; Bragoni, V.; Goossen, L.J. Trifluoromethylthiolation and Trifluoromethylselenolation of α-Diazo Esters Catalyzed by Copper. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 12270–12273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Fang, W.-Y.; Dong, T.; Han, J.-B.; Zha, G.-F.; Zhang, C.-P. Expeditious Trifluoromethylthiolation and Trifluoromethylselenolation of Alkynyl(phenyl)iodoniums by [XCF3]− (X = S, Se) Anions. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, 11502–11509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Han, J.-B.; Dong, T.; Vicic, D.A.; Zhang, C.-P. Nickel-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylselenolation of Aryl Halides Using the Readily Available [Me4N][SeCF3] Salt. Org. Lett. 2017, 19, 3919–3922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Dong, T.; He, J.; Li, Z.-H.; Zhang, C.-P. Catalyst- and Additive-Free Trifluoromethylselenolation with [Me4N][SeCF3]. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 1327–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Han, Q.-Y.; Zhao, C.-L.; Dong, T.; Shi, J.; Tan, K.-L.; Zhang, C.-P. Metal-Free Oxidative Trifluoromethylselenolation of Electron-Rich (Hetero)arenes with the Readily Available [Me4N][SeCF3] Reagent. Org. Chem. Front. 2019, 6, 2732–2737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Han, Q.-Y.; Tan, K.-L.; Wang, H.-N.; Zhang, C.-P. Organic Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Trifluoromethylselenolation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with [Me4N][SeCF3]. Org. Lett. 2019, 21, 10013–10017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Tan, K.-L.; Dong, T.; Zhang, X.-Q.; Zhang, C.-P. Oxidative Trifluoromethylselenolation of 1,3-Dicarbonyls with [Me4N][SeCF3]. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2020, 18, 1769–1779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Wu, S.; Jiang, T.-H.; Zhang, C.-P. CaCl2-Promoted Dehydroxytrifluoromethylselenolation of Alcohols with [Me4N][SeCF3]. Org. Lett. 2020, 22, 6016–6020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Tyrra, W.; Naumann, D.; Yagupolskii, Y.L. Stable Trifluoromethylselenates(0), [A]SeCF3 - Synthesis, Characterizations and Properties. J. Fluorine Chem. 2003, 123, 183–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Petrone, D.A. Stereoselective Heterocycle Synthesis via Alkene Difunctionalization. Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  50. Kissin, Y.V. Alkene Polymerization Reactions with Transition Metal Catalysts; Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 173; Elsevier Academic Press: Waltham, MA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  51. Zhao, H.-P.; Liang, G.-C.; Nie, S.-M.; Lu, X.; Pan, C.-X.; Zhong, X.-X.; Su, G.-F.; Mo, D.-L. Metal-Free Graphene Oxide-Catalyzed Aza-Semipinacol Rearrangement to Prepare 2-(Indol-2-yl)phenols and Benzofuro[3,2-b]indolines Containing Quaternary Carbon Centers. Green Chem. 2020, 22, 404–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Ma, X.-P.; Nong, C.-M.; Zhao, J.; Lu, X.; Liang, C.; Mo, D.-L. Yb(OTf)3-Catalyzed Cycloaddition/[3,3]-Rearrangement of N-Vinyl-α,β-Unsaturated Ketonitrones with Methylenecyclopropanes: Stereoselective Synthesis of Nine-Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2020, 362, 478–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Zhang, Y.; Briski, J.; Zhang, Y.; Rendy, R.; Klumpp, D.A. Superacid-Catalyzed Reactions of Olefinic Pyrazines: An Example of Anti-Markovnikov Addition Involving Superelectrophiles. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 2505–2508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Wu, X.; Chu, L.; Qing, F.-L. Silver-Catalyzed Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes with CF3SiMe3. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2198–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Mizuta, S.; Verhoog, S.; Engle, K.M.; Khotavivattana, T.; O’Duill, M.; Wheelhouse, K.; Rassias, G.; Mdebielle, M.; Gouverneur, V. Catalytic Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 2505–2508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Zhu, L.; Wang, L.-S.; Li, B.; Fu, B.; Zhang, C.-P.; Li, W. Operationally Simple Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Alkenes with Sodium Triflinate Enabled by Ir Photoredox Catalysis. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 6371–6374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Straathof, N.J.W.; Cramer, S.E.; Hessel, V.; Noël, T. Practical Photocatalytic Trifluoromethylation and Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Styrenes in Batch and Flow. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 15549–15553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Lonca, G.H.; Ong, D.Y.; Tran, T.M.H.; Tejo, C.; Chiba, S.; Gagosz, F. Anti-Markovnikov Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes: Use of a Benzyl Group as a Traceless Redox-Active Hydrogen Donor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 11440–11444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Zhang, W.; Zou, Z.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liang, Y.; Wu, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Pan, Y. Leaving Group Assisted Strategy for Photoinduced Fluoroalkylations Using N-Hydroxybenzimidoyl Chloride Esters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 624–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Ma, G.; Wan, W.; Li, J.; Hu, Q.; Jiang, H.; Zhu, S.; Wang, J.; Hao, J. An Efficient Regioselective Hydrodifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes with TMSCF2CO2Et at Ambient Temperature. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 9749–9752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Yu, C.; Iqbal, N.; Park, S.; Cho, E.J. Selective Difluoroalkylation of Alkenes by Using Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 12884–12887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Huang, W.; Chen, W.; Wang, G.; Li, J.; Cheng, X.; Li, G. Thiyl-Radical-Catalyzed Photoreductive Hydrodifluoroacetamidation of Alkenes with Hantzsch Ester as a Multifunctional Reagent. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 7471–7474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Nie, X.; Cheng, C.; Zhu, G. Palladium-Catalyzed Remote Aryldifluoroalkylation of Alkenyl Aldehydes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 1898–1902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Wang, H.; Jui, N.T. Catalytic Defluoroalkylation of Trifluoromethylaromatics with Unactivated Alkenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 163–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Yu, J.; Lin, J.-H.; Cao, Y.-C.; Xiao, J.-C. Visible-Light-Induced Radical Hydrodifluoromethylation of Alkenes. Org. Chem. Front. 2019, 6, 3580–3583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Barthelemy, A.-L.; Magnier, E.; Dagousset, G. Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions Involving Radical Processes. Synthesis 2018, 50, 4765–4776. [Google Scholar]
  67. Harris, J.F., Jr.; Stacey, F.W. The Free Radical Addition of Trifluoromethanethiol to Fluoroölefins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 840–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Yang, T.; Lu, L.; Shen, Q. Iron-Mediated Markovnikov-Selective Hydro-Trifluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated Alkenes. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 5479–5481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  69. Shao, X.; Hong, X.; Lu, L.; Shen, Q. Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydro-Difluoromethylthiolation/Hydro-Trifluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated Alkenes. Tetrahedron 2019, 75, 4156–4166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Ouyang, Y.; Xu, X.-H.; Qing, F.-L. Hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes with Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride through Deoxygenative Reduction and Photoredox Radical Processes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18508–18512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Ghiazza, C.; Glenadel, Q.; Tlili, A.; Billard, T. Trifluoromethylselenolation and Fluoroalkylselenolation of Alkenes by Electrophilic Addition. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 3812–3814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Ghiazza, C.; Khrouz, L.; Monnereau, C.; Billard, T.; Tlili, A. Visible-Light Promoted Fluoroalkylselenolation: Toward the Reactivity of Unsaturated Compounds. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 9909–9912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Zhang, B.-S.; Gao, L.-Y.; Zhang, Z.; Wen, Y.-H.; Liang, Y.-M. Three-Component Difluoroalkylation and Trifluoromethylthiolation/Trifluoromethylselenolation of π-Bonds. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 1185–1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Roesky, H.W. Efficient Preparations of Fluorine Compounds; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  75. Qi, X.-X.; Chen, P.-H.; Liu, G.-S. Catalytic Oxidative Trifluoromethoxylation of Allylic C-H Bonds Using a Palladium Catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 9517–9521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  76. Liu, R.; Lu, Z.-H.; Hu, X.-H.; Li, J.-L.; Yang, X.-J. Monocarboxylation and Intramolecular Coupling of Butenylated Arenes via Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Activation Process. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 1489–1492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  77. Brown, L.J.; Brown, R.C.D.; Raja, R. Heterogenisation of Ketonecatalysts within Mesoporous Supports for Asymmetric Epoxidation. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 843–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  78. Meng, Q.-Y.; Schirmer, T.E.; Katou, K.; König, B. Controllable Isomerization of Alkenes by Dual Visible-Light-Cobalt Catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 5723–5728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  79. Armarego, W.L.F.; Chai, C.L.L. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 5th ed.; Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 2a–b, CsOCF3, 1a–r, 3a–p, and 4a–h are available from the authors.
Molecules 25 04535 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated terminal alkenes with [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH. a Reaction conditions: To a solution of 1 (0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of TfOH (0.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL), followed by addition of [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.4 mmol) within 1 min. The mixture was reacted at room temperature under N2 for 3 h. Isolated yields. b The same reaction was run with 1 (0.2 mmol), TfOH (0.2 mmol) and [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.3 mmol). Isolated yields. c 19F NMR yields.
Scheme 1. Hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated terminal alkenes with [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH. a Reaction conditions: To a solution of 1 (0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of TfOH (0.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL), followed by addition of [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.4 mmol) within 1 min. The mixture was reacted at room temperature under N2 for 3 h. Isolated yields. b The same reaction was run with 1 (0.2 mmol), TfOH (0.2 mmol) and [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.3 mmol). Isolated yields. c 19F NMR yields.
Molecules 25 04535 sch001
Molecules 25 04535 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of unactivated terminal alkenes with [Me4N][SCF3] and TfOH. a Reaction conditions: To a solution of 1 (0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of TfOH (0.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL), followed by addition of [Me4N][SCF3] (0.4 mmol) within 1 min. The mixture was reacted at room temperature under N2 for 3 h. Isolated yields. b The same reaction was run with 1 (0.2 mmol), TfOH (0.2 mmol) and [Me4N][SCF3] (0.3 mmol). Isolated yields. c 19F NMR yields.
Scheme 2. Hydrotrifluoromethylthiolation of unactivated terminal alkenes with [Me4N][SCF3] and TfOH. a Reaction conditions: To a solution of 1 (0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of TfOH (0.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL), followed by addition of [Me4N][SCF3] (0.4 mmol) within 1 min. The mixture was reacted at room temperature under N2 for 3 h. Isolated yields. b The same reaction was run with 1 (0.2 mmol), TfOH (0.2 mmol) and [Me4N][SCF3] (0.3 mmol). Isolated yields. c 19F NMR yields.
Molecules 25 04535 sch002
Molecules 25 04535 sch003 550
Scheme 3. A proposed reaction mechanism for TfOH-mediated hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated terminal alkene.
Scheme 3. A proposed reaction mechanism for TfOH-mediated hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of unactivated terminal alkene.
Molecules 25 04535 sch003
Table
Table 1. Hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of 1a with [Me4N][SeCF3] and an acid.
Table 1. Hydrotrifluoromethylselenolation of 1a with [Me4N][SeCF3] and an acid.
Molecules 25 04535 i001
Entry aSolventAcid1a:2a:AcidTime (h)Yields (3a, %) b
1CH2Cl2TfOH1:1.5:1.5645
2CH2Cl2CF3COOH1:1.5:1.560
3CH2Cl2conc. H2SO41:1.5:1.560
4CH2Cl2anhydrous HCl1:1.5:130
5CH2Cl2H3PO4 (85%)1:1.5:1.560
6CH2Cl2Et3N•3HF1:1.5:1.560
7CH2Cl2Et2O•HBF4 (85%)1:1.5:1.560
8CH2Cl2TsOH•H2O1:1.5:1.560
9CH2Cl2(CF3SO2)2NH1:1.5:1.560
10ClCH2CH2ClTfOH1:1.5:1.5633
11tolueneTfOH1:1.5:1.5619
12PhClTfOH1:1.5:1.5637
13CF2ClCFCl2TfOH1:1.5:1.5624
14MeCNTfOH1:1.5:1.560
15(CF3)2CHOHTfOH1:1.5:1.560
16CH2Cl2TfOH1:1.5:1.5348
17CH2Cl2TfOH1:1.5:1371 (68)
18CH2Cl2TfOH1:1.5:2615
19CH2Cl2TfOH1:2:1357
20CH2Cl2TfOH1:1:1339
21CH2Cl2TfOH1.5:1:1342
22CH2Cl2TfOH2:2:1383 (79)
a Reaction conditions: To a solution of 1a (0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of TfOH (0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL), followed by addition of [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mmol) within 1 min, at room temperature under N2. b The yields were determined by HPLC using pure (4-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)butan-2-yl)(trifluoromethyl)selane (3a) as an external standard (tR = 11.85 min, λmax = 253 nm, water/methanol (v/v = 10:90)). Isolated yield is depicted in the parenthesis.
Table
Table 2. The effects of charging sequence on the reaction.
Table 2. The effects of charging sequence on the reaction.
Molecules 25 04535 i002
Method AMethod BMethod C
Yield (3a, %) a83 c, 65 d47 c, 40 d0 c, 0 d
Yield (3a, %) b71 c, 11 d45 c, 42 d0 c, 0 d
a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.4 mmol), [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.4 mmol), TfOH (0.2 mmol), CH2Cl2 (2 mL), rt, 3 h, N2. The yields were determined by HPLC using 3a as an external standard (tR = 11.85 min, λmax = 253 nm, water/methanol (v/v = 10:90)). b Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), [Me4N][SeCF3] (0.3 mmol), TfOH (0.2 mmol), CH2Cl2 (2 mL), rt, 3 h, N2. The yields were determined by HPLC using 3a as an external standard (tR = 11.85 min, λmax = 253 nm, water/methanol (v/v = 10:90)). Method A: To a solution of 1a and TfOH in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) was added [Me4N][SeCF3]. Method B: To a mixture of 1a and [Me4N][SeCF3] in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of TfOH in CH2Cl2 (1 mL). Method C: To a mixture of [Me4N][SeCF3] and TfOH in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added a solution of 1a in CH2Cl2 (1 mL). c The two reactants were premixed for 1 min before addition of the third one. d The two reactants were premixed for 1 h before addition of the third one.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shi, J.; Zhang, C.-P. Markovnikov-Type Hydrotrifluoromethylchalcogenation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes with [Me4N][XCF3] (X = S, Se) and TfOH. Molecules 2020, 25, 4535. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194535

AMA Style

Shi J, Zhang C-P. Markovnikov-Type Hydrotrifluoromethylchalcogenation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes with [Me4N][XCF3] (X = S, Se) and TfOH. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4535. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194535

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi, Jin, and Cheng-Pan Zhang. 2020. "Markovnikov-Type Hydrotrifluoromethylchalcogenation of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes with [Me4N][XCF3] (X = S, Se) and TfOH" Molecules 25, no. 19: 4535. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194535

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop