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23 pages, 2596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Inhibitor of Protein Kinase PKN3 Generated by Conjugation of a Structurally Optimized Bumped N-(2-Aminoethyl)-8-anilinoisoquinoline-5-sulfonamide (H-9) with d-Arginine-Rich Chain

by Varvara Smorodina, Eva Lea Jääger, Tanel Sõrmus, Ernesto De Jesus Zapata Flores, Erki Enkvist, Asko Uri and Kaido Viht

Molecules 2026, 31(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31040585 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The protein kinase N family belongs to the AGC kinase group and contains three isozymes: PKN1, PKN2, and PKN3. Catalytic domains of PKNs share high sequence similarity, yet the proteins differ in tissue distribution, functions, and involvement in pathological processes. In particular, PKN3 [...] Read more.

The protein kinase N family belongs to the AGC kinase group and contains three isozymes: PKN1, PKN2, and PKN3. Catalytic domains of PKNs share high sequence similarity, yet the proteins differ in tissue distribution, functions, and involvement in pathological processes. In particular, PKN3 has been implicated in tumor growth and metastatic progression, highlighting the need for isozyme-selective inhibitors as both research tools and therapeutic leads. Here, we report the rational design of selective PKN3 inhibitors based on distinctive structural features of this kinase. Two strategies were applied. First, the smaller threonine gatekeeper residue unique to PKN3 within the AGC group was exploited by derivatization of N-(2-aminoethyl)isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide (H-9) at position C8. Among the resulting compounds, a phenylamino-substituted derivative displayed the highest affinity, with a dissociation constant (K_D) of 23 nM and more than 1000-fold selectivity over protein kinase A. Second, bisubstrate-analog design was employed to enhance binding to basophilic AGC kinases through covalent attachment of a (d-Arg)₃-containing chain to H-9 derivatives. This approach yielded ARC-2603, which bound PKN3 with a K_D value of 0.2 nM and showed 5500-fold selectivity over PKAcα. The selectivity of ARC-2603 was further evaluated in a commercial panel of 397 protein kinases, which supported its utility as a highly selective PKN3 inhibitor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry)

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17 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Vitamin Intake Adequacy in Spanish University Students: Associations with Body Composition and Physical Activity

by Cristina Petisco-Rodríguez, Gema Barrientos-Vicho, Francisco Javier Alves-Vas and Ignacio Bartolomé Sánchez

Nutrients 2026, 18(4), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040558 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), dietary and vitamin intake, physical activity, and body composition in young adults. Methods: A total of 145 Spanish university students (34 women and 111 men) were included in this cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examined the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), dietary and vitamin intake, physical activity, and body composition in young adults. Methods: A total of 145 Spanish university students (34 women and 111 men) were included in this cross-sectional study, with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 23 kg/m². MD adherence was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Dietary intake was evaluated through a three-day food record, physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Overall adherence to the MD was moderate. Participants with high MD adherence showed significantly lower body weight (p < 0.05; d = 0.4), BMI (p < 0.01; d = 0.52), fat mass (p < 0.05; d = 0.44), and fat mass percentage (p < 0.05; d = 0.38) compared with those with low adherence. Energy (p < 0.05; d = 0.41), protein (p < 0.05; d = 0.65), and carbohydrate (p < 0.05; d = 0.37) intake per kilogram of body weight were higher in the high-adherence group. Fiber intake was greater (p < 0.001; d = 0.82) among those with higher MD adherence. Adherence to the MD was also associated with higher intakes of vitamins C (p < 0.05; d = 0.39) and E (p < 0.05; d = 0.62), retinol equivalents (p < 0.05; d = 0.28), and carotenoids (p < 0.001; d = 0.79). MD adherence was inversely correlated with body weight (r_s = −0.32; p < 0.01; r = 0.46) and BMI (r_s = −0.34; p < 0.01; r = 0.32). Fiber intake showed positive correlations with several water-soluble vitamins, particularly folate (HAG: r_s = 0.68; p < 0.001; r = 0.81 and LAG: r_s = 0.61; p < 0.001; r = 0.69). Conclusions: In conclusion, higher adherence to the MD among university students was associated with healthier body composition and improved vitamin intake adequacy. These findings support the promotion of the MD as an effective nutritional strategy to enhance micronutrient intake and overall diet quality in young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health: 3rd Edition)

15 pages, 958 KB

Open AccessReview

Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds Stabilizing Collagen-Rich Dental Matrices Through Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition: A Scoping Review

by Won Sek Lee, Sung-Ae Son and Yong-Il Kim

Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24020071 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

This scoping review mapped the available evidence on marine algae-derived bioactive compounds, focusing on their biological activities related to collagen stabilization, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition, and enamel remineralization in dental hard tissues. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) were [...] Read more.

This scoping review mapped the available evidence on marine algae-derived bioactive compounds, focusing on their biological activities related to collagen stabilization, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition, and enamel remineralization in dental hard tissues. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) were systematically searched following a predefined protocol. Original experimental studies involving human or animal dental hard tissues were included. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Brown algal derivatives, including fucoxanthin, fucosterol, and phloroglucinol, exhibited significant MMP inhibition and, in selected compounds, collagen cross-linking, contributing to enhanced mechanical properties and improved stability of collagen-rich matrices. In contrast, red algae extracts such as Lithothamnion calcareum primarily promoted enamel remineralization, achieving surface microhardness recovery comparable to or superior to 0.05% sodium fluoride. Alginate, a brown algae-derived polysaccharide, also demonstrated functional potential as a scaffold biomaterial through strong hydroxyapatite adsorption and suitability for three-dimensional scaffold fabrication. Overall, marine algae-derived compounds demonstrate biologically relevant activities that modulate collagen stability, enzymatic function, and mineral deposition processes. These findings highlight the pharmacological potential of marine bioactive compounds, with dental hard tissues representing a primary application context. However, further validation using clinically relevant models is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials of Marine Origin)

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15 pages, 562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Data on Behavioral Profiles of Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Trauma

by Mathew C. Luehring, Leonora Ryland, Catherine Sanchez and Patrick W. Romani

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16020239 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) face an increased risk of trauma compared to their peers without NDDs, often leading to challenging behaviors such as self-injury, aggression, and property destruction. However, limited research exists on the behavioral profiles and treatment outcomes of youth with [...] Read more.

Youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) face an increased risk of trauma compared to their peers without NDDs, often leading to challenging behaviors such as self-injury, aggression, and property destruction. However, limited research exists on the behavioral profiles and treatment outcomes of youth with both NDDs and trauma. This study examines a sample of 21 youth with NDDs and trauma admitted to a specialized psychiatric unit in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. A retrospective review of health records and admission data identified the most common target behaviors: negative vocalizations (95%), property destruction (62%), elopement (52%), and aggression (43%). Functional analyses indicated that escape was the most prevalent behavior function identified (43%), while 29% of the analyses yielded undifferentiated outcomes. Behavior analytic treatment packages incorporating differential reinforcement resulted in an average of 72% reduction from the baseline target behaviors. The average Pediatric ACEs score was 5 out of 10. The findings highlight the key behavioral patterns in this population and underscore the need for further research on effective interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial and Behavioral Interventions for Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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20 pages, 4068 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Event-Triggered Fixed-Time Time-Varying Formation Control for Multi-Agent Systems

by Hongyun Yue, Yi Zhao, Jiaqi Wang and Dongpeng Xue

Mathematics 2026, 14(4), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14040588 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper investigates the distributed event-triggered fixed-time time-varying formation control problem for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems subject to model uncertainties and unknown time-varying disturbances. To address issues in traditional formation control methods, such as convergence time dependence on initial states and [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the distributed event-triggered fixed-time time-varying formation control problem for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems subject to model uncertainties and unknown time-varying disturbances. To address issues in traditional formation control methods, such as convergence time dependence on initial states and high communication resource consumption, a distributed cooperative control scheme integrating fixed-time control, event-triggered mechanisms, and dynamic surface control is proposed. Firstly, a fixed-time disturbance observer is designed to accurately estimate the agents’ lumped disturbances within a fixed time independent of initial conditions. Secondly, by incorporating dynamic surface control techniques, a distributed event-triggered formation control law is constructed, effectively reducing communication and computational resource usage. Furthermore, using Lyapunov stability theory, the closed-loop system is proven to exhibit practical fixed-time stability, and the existence of a positive lower bound for triggering intervals precludes Zeno behavior. Finally, numerical simulations validate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of convergence speed, control accuracy, and resource efficiency. This research provides an efficient, robust, and resource-friendly solution for cooperative control of multi-agent systems in complex environments. Full article

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15 pages, 792 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Interplay of Genetics and Lifestyle in MASLD: Focus on LPIN1 rs13412852 and Sedentary Behaviour

by Isabella Franco, Rossella Donghia, Antonella Bianco, Claudia Beatrice Bagnato, Nicola Verrelli, Caterina Bonfiglio, Elisabetta Di Nicola, Giovanna Forte, Martina Lepore Signorile, Marialaura Latrofa, Marika D’Addabbo, Katia De Marco, Vittoria Disciglio, Paola Sanese, Gianluigi Giannelli, Candida Fasano, Cristiano Simone and Valentina Grossi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041644 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The LPIN1 rs13412852 variant has been linked to lipid levels and liver disease in children. This genotype may modulate the liver’s response to sedentary behaviour, potentially increasing the vulnerability of certain individuals to liver dysfunction. These findings underscore the need to consider both [...] Read more.

The LPIN1 rs13412852 variant has been linked to lipid levels and liver disease in children. This genotype may modulate the liver’s response to sedentary behaviour, potentially increasing the vulnerability of certain individuals to liver dysfunction. These findings underscore the need to consider both genetic predisposition and environmental exposures when evaluating disease risk. This study aims to investigate the association between the LPIN rs13412852 T-allele and sedentary behaviour and to explore how the interplay between genetic and environmental factors may contribute to individual susceptibility to liver-related conditions. rs13412852 was genotyped in a cohort from Southern Italy (n = 394), and all participants were administered an International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), collected a blood sample, and underwent an abdominal ultrasound analysis. The association between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), rs13412852, and sedentary behaviour, alone and together with interaction, was studied. The results indicated a statistical association on MASLD, of rs13412852, and sedentary levels (OR = 1.80, 1.06 to 3.05 95% C.I., p = 0.03, and OR = 1.72, 1.13 to 2.64 95% C.I.), respectively, and also with interaction between moderate or sever sedentary level and T-carrier (OR = 2.99, 1.39 to 6.45 95% C.I., p = 0.005) adjusted for some covariates. The risk of MASLD was highest among individuals with both moderate/severe sedentary behaviour and the CT/TT genotype, suggesting a potential synergistic effect. These findings establish LPIN1 as both a physiological gatekeeper and a genetic susceptibility locus, with its influence subject to modification via behavioural treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Mutations and Polymorphisms in Various Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 3021 KB

Open AccessArticle

IR-YOLOv7-Tiny: A Lightweight and Robust Framework for Fabric-Defect Detection

by Shirong Guo and Shuiguang Tong

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041094 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

To tackle the challenges of missed detections, false alarms, electromagnetic noise, and constrained deployment resources in fabric-defect inspection, we propose a lightweight and interference-resilient fabric-defect detector based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). First, a color-space channel separation filter leverages Hue–Saturation–Value (HSV) decomposition [...] Read more.

To tackle the challenges of missed detections, false alarms, electromagnetic noise, and constrained deployment resources in fabric-defect inspection, we propose a lightweight and interference-resilient fabric-defect detector based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). First, a color-space channel separation filter leverages Hue–Saturation–Value (HSV) decomposition to suppress illumination and electromagnetic interference while preserving fabric structural details. Second, DWT is employed to extract directional texture features (horizontal, vertical, and diagonal) from complex woven structures. Third, the backbone of the You Only Look Once version 7 Tiny (YOLOv7-Tiny) is modified by replacing pooling with a Spatial Pyramid Dilated Convolution (SPD) block, which maintains fine-grained detail during downsampling. For upsampling, an inverted SPD block with channel concatenation is introduced to mitigate background redundancy caused by interpolation. Experimental results on the TILDA and DAGM datasets show that the proposed IR-YOLOv7-Tiny achieves mAP@0.5 of 96.8% and 98.8%, respectively, with only 3.5 M parameters. Outperforming baseline models achieved 2.2% and 3.9% in the mean Average Precision (mAP) at Intersection over Union (IoU) 0.5 (mAP@0.5). The results demonstrate excellent effectiveness and high deployability for resource-constrained industrial scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)

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21 pages, 2343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Street-Level Energy and Emissions: The Role of Vehicle Traffic

by Miguel Campino, Luís Sousa, Patrícia Baptista and Gonçalo O. Duarte

World Electr. Veh. J. 2026, 17(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17020084 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The transportation sector accounts for 25% of CO₂ global emissions. Europe aims for carbon neutrality by 2050 through new light-duty vehicle technologies and stricter regulations, though these efforts may be insufficient. This work aims to assess a small neighborhood by analyzing over [...] Read more.

The transportation sector accounts for 25% of CO₂ global emissions. Europe aims for carbon neutrality by 2050 through new light-duty vehicle technologies and stricter regulations, though these efforts may be insufficient. This work aims to assess a small neighborhood by analyzing over 19,500 routes to calculate an indicator that identifies streets with the highest impacts to evaluate the individual impacts of various light-duty vehicle technologies and examines how different combinations of technologies, based on traffic distribution, influence overall energy and emissions outcomes. The results highlight how uphill steep roads increase energy use, while downhill sections allow for energy recovery. A Street VSP Impact Factor (SVIF) was developed to identify streets with high energy use and emissions, offering insights into targeted urban planning strategies. The findings suggest that promoting BEV adoption and optimizing street infrastructure are key to reducing energy consumption and emissions in cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS38—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Gothenburg, Sweden))

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20 pages, 5107 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the CAD Gene Family and Effects of Exogenous Gibberellin on Lignin Accumulation in Oenanthe javanica

by Bing-Qi Liu, Xu Sun, Chen Chen, Xi-Bei Li, Guo-Fei Tan and Ai-Sheng Xiong

Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020208 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is essential for the synthesis of plant lignin precursors and the response to various abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 17 OjCAD genes distributed across the genome of Oenanthe javanica. The members of the OjCAD [...] Read more.

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is essential for the synthesis of plant lignin precursors and the response to various abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 17 OjCAD genes distributed across the genome of Oenanthe javanica. The members of the OjCAD gene family were unevenly distributed on six chromosomes, and subcellular localization was predicted in the cytoplasm. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these OjCADs were divided into four groups. Members in group I, containing OjCAD15 and OjCAD17, are the core regulatory genes involved in lignin synthesis. The conserved region of protein sequence contained two Zn²⁺ binding motifs and NADP(H) cofactor-binding motifs, which belonged to the typical CAD protein. Collinearity analysis showed that there were two tandem repeats and three fragment repeats in OjCAD gene, and there were three pairs of collinear gene pairs. A cis-acting element component analysis displayed that most CAD genes were involved in mediating responses to light, stress, and plant hormones. Following GA3 treatment, the lignin content in petioles and leaf blades of water dropwort initially increased significantly, leading to a decline in palatability. In contrast, lignin content decreased markedly after uniconazole treatment. Anatomical structure analysis and UV fluorescence in the petiole also confirmed the results. In the expression profiling analysis and RT-qPCR results, the expression trend of OjCAD16 in leaves was consistent with the transcriptional expression profile. Following GA3 treatment, the gene expression changes in petioles for four genes (OjCAD13, OjCAD15, OjCAD16, and OjCAD17) aligned with the trends in lignin content, suggesting they may positively regulate lignin synthesis in O. javanica. These findings highlighted the multifunctional role of the CAD gene family in regulating lignin in water dropwort under gibberellin action, providing a potential basis for improving flavor quality by modulating lignin content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable Crops: Cultivation, Nutritional Value and Bioactive Components)

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16 pages, 4818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Fixation Methods on Color, Aroma, and Chemical Composition of Lonicerae japonicae Flos Tea

by Shuang Liu, Meng Li, Yuzhang Mi, Hongjing Dong, Chuanzhi Kang and Xiao Wang

Foods 2026, 15(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040611 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF) is a natural product with medicinal, edible, and ornamental value which has been developed into LJF tea. At present, LJF tea can be processed using four main fixation methods: fixation by sun drying (SG), hot-air oven drying (HG), stir-frying [...] Read more.

Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF) is a natural product with medicinal, edible, and ornamental value which has been developed into LJF tea. At present, LJF tea can be processed using four main fixation methods: fixation by sun drying (SG), hot-air oven drying (HG), stir-frying drying (CZ), and steaming (ZZ). However, a comparative analysis of the effects of different fixation methods on the quality of LJF tea has not been reported. This study comprehensively investigated the effects of these fixation methods on the appearance color, volatile components, and non-volatile components of LJF tea samples. Our findings demonstrated that LJF tea in the SG group had the highest L value, causing a brighter appearance, which was mainly caused by the retention of organic acids and flavonoids. Additionally, LJF tea in the SG group had a higher content of aroma components than other groups. These results suggested that sun drying may be beneficial for improving the quality of LJF tea. This study provided a reference for the selection of fixation methods for LJF tea and offered a clue for quality improvement of LJF tea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drinks and Liquid Nutrition)

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16 pages, 1947 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Active Exercise Interventions for Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Javier Bravo-Aparicio, Iria Trillo-Charlín, Javier Aceituno-Gómez, Hector Beltrán-Alacreu and Rubén Arroyo-Fernández

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041687 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, reduced quality of life, and impaired physical function. Given that physical activity is a primary treatment for musculoskeletal health and overall well-being, VR-based active exercise may offer an innovative way [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, reduced quality of life, and impaired physical function. Given that physical activity is a primary treatment for musculoskeletal health and overall well-being, VR-based active exercise may offer an innovative way to engage individuals with fibromyalgia in therapeutic movement. Methods: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials including adult patients with fibromyalgia undergoing active VR-based exercise interventions were included. Databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and PEDro from inception up to 18 July 2025. Primary outcomes were pain intensity, fatigue, and symptom severity. Secondary outcomes included depression, anxiety, kinesiophobia, aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and balance. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias 2 tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Results: Ten randomized controlled trials (203 participants) were included. Active VR interventions significantly reduced pain (SMD = −0.51), fatigue (SMD = −0.53), and symptom severity (MD = −8.41). Moderate effects were found for depression (SMD = −0.51) and anxiety (SMD = −0.41). Non-significant improvements were also observed in aerobic capacity (SMD = 0.28), and muscle strength (SMD = 0.33), while balance slightly favored control group (SMD = −0.19). The overall certainty of evidence for main outcomes was rated low. Subgroup analyses showed VR was superior to both no intervention and other isolated therapies. Conclusions: Active virtual reality-based exercise interventions appear effective for improving physical and psychological outcomes in fibromyalgia, although findings should be interpreted cautiously due to low certainty of evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion Through Physical Activity and Diet)

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13 pages, 2694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Community Composition of Pinus yunnanensis in Different Vegetation Types

by Jiamin Wan, Wenna Li, Mingmiao Chen, Peiyao Liu and Caicai Zhang

Diversity 2026, 18(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020107 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Pinus yunnanensis, an endemic tree species in southwest China, is regarded as a suitable candidate for afforestation. However, long-term disturbances have led to forest degradation and structural simplification. This study evaluated taxonomic and phylogenetic alpha (α) and beta (β) diversity across three [...] Read more.

Pinus yunnanensis, an endemic tree species in southwest China, is regarded as a suitable candidate for afforestation. However, long-term disturbances have led to forest degradation and structural simplification. This study evaluated taxonomic and phylogenetic alpha (α) and beta (β) diversity across three P. yunnanensis vegetation types: evergreen coniferous forests (ECFs), evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests (ECMFs), and deciduous and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests (DCMFs), aiming to identify their optimal ecological configurations. A total of 120 vascular plant species from 33 families and 55 genera were recorded, with Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Pinaceae, and Adoxaceae as the co-dominant families. In the tree layer, species richness was significantly higher in DCMFs than in ECFs (p < 0.05), likely due to improved winter light availability resulting from seasonal canopy shedding. Both ECMFs and DCMFs supported significantly higher phylogenetic α diversity than ECFs, indicating a broader evolutionary history and potentially greater functional resilience. In contrast, taxonomic β diversity was lower in ECFs, suggesting a more homogeneous species composition dominated by closely related shrubs. Among the vegetation types, the P. yunnanensis–Pinus armandii community in ECFs showed the highest species richness and a stable microenvironment, making it particularly suitable for ecological restoration at high altitudes. Within ECMFs, the P. yunnanensis–Lyonia ovalifolia community appeared to be the most optimal, potentially reducing competition and promoting species coexistence through resource complementarity. In DCMFs, the P. yunnanensis–Alnus nepalensis community, with its strong nitrogen-fixing capacity, emerged as the preferred configuration for restoring degraded forests at lower elevations. These findings suggest that future vegetation restoration projects centered on P. yunnanensis should adopt tailored combinations of vegetation types based on specific environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 839 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Diagnosis Delay to Targeted Therapy: A Retrospective Study of Pediatric DLGNT with a Comprehensive Literature Review

by Riccardo De Carli, Viviana Minichini, Laetitia Lebrun, An Van Damme, Christophe Chantrain, Anais Fohn, Sandra Jacobs, Frederik De Smet, Pierre Leblond, Nicolas André and Pierluigi Calò

Cancers 2026, 18(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18040549 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumors (DLGNT) are rare pediatric central nervous system tumors, first recognized in the 2016 WHO classification. Their clinical course is highly heterogeneous, and no international consensus treatment guidelines are currently available. This study aims to describe clinical characteristics, disease [...] Read more.

Background: Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumors (DLGNT) are rare pediatric central nervous system tumors, first recognized in the 2016 WHO classification. Their clinical course is highly heterogeneous, and no international consensus treatment guidelines are currently available. This study aims to describe clinical characteristics, disease evolution, and management strategies for pediatric DLGNT patients, with a focus on aggressive forms. Methods: This retrospective, multicenter, international study (Belgium and France) included pediatric patients diagnosed with DLGNT between 1 February 2016 and 31 December 2024. Clinical, radiological, histopathological, molecular, and therapeutic data were collected. Findings were analyzed and contextualized through an extensive literature review. Results: Eleven patients were enrolled (median age: 8.2 years; median follow-up: 52 months). The median delay between the first MRI and definitive diagnosis was 6.5 months. Symptoms of intracranially elevated pressure were present in 55% of patients. Two-thirds of the patients presented with leptomeningeal dissemination at diagnosis. The primary tumor site could not be identified in two patients. A KIAA1549::BRAF transcript fusion was detected in 82% of cases, and chromosome 1q gain in 38%. All patients underwent surgery at diagnosis. The median number of therapeutic lines was four: 82% received chemotherapy (weekly vinblastine in 55%, vincristine/carboplatin regimen in 45%), 64% received MAPK pathway-targeted therapy, and 18% underwent radiotherapy. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 68.5%, and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.3 months after first-line therapy and 16.5 months after the second line. At the end of follow-up, only one patient achieved complete remission, and 78% of survivors presented with persistent neurological deficits. Conclusions: This study underscores the significant diagnostic delay, clinical heterogeneity, and absence of standardized therapeutic approaches in pediatric DLGNT patients. Conventional low-grade glioma chemotherapy constitutes the current treatment backbone, while MAPK pathway-targeted therapies show promising potential. Further studies and the establishment of an international registry are crucial to better characterize aggressive subtypes and optimize management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathology of Brain Tumors)

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24 pages, 1819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Making Artificial Intelligence Work at Work: The Role of Human Resource Practices and Personal Attitudes in Fostering Meaningful Work with Artificial Intelligence

by Cataldo Giuliano Gemmano, Danila Molinaro, Diego Bellini, Silvia De Simone, Maria Luisa Giancaspro, Marina Mondo, Carmela Buono, Barbara Barbieri, Paola Spagnoli and Amelia Manuti

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16020238 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rapid diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming job characteristics, raising important questions about how to implement these technologies in organizations in ways that support employee well-being and performance. Drawing on the High-Involvement Management framework, this study examined employee-centered Artificial Intelligence implementation [...] Read more.

The rapid diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming job characteristics, raising important questions about how to implement these technologies in organizations in ways that support employee well-being and performance. Drawing on the High-Involvement Management framework, this study examined employee-centered Artificial Intelligence implementation (ECAII) practices (defined as transparent communication, consultation, and training initiatives) as strategic levers to foster positive employee outcomes during Artificial Intelligence-driven transformations. Survey data were collected from 168 Italian white-collar employees who actively used Artificial Intelligence in their work. Structural equation modeling was employed to test direct and indirect relationships among employee-centered Artificial Intelligence implementation practices, work meaningfulness, job satisfaction, and job performance, as well as the moderating role of personal attitudes toward AI. Results showed that employee-centered Artificial Intelligence implementation practices had significant direct effects on both job satisfaction and performance, as well as indirect effects through work meaningfulness. Latent moderated mediation analyses further revealed that these indirect effects were stronger among employees with more positive attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence. Overall, the findings highlighted the importance of employee-centered strategies for enhancing meaningfulness and fostering positive outcomes during technological change. This study contributed to Human Resource Management (HRM) and meaningful work research by extending classic theoretical frameworks to Artificial Intelligence-enabled workplaces. Furthermore, from a practical perspective, our findings provided valuable guidance for organizations by highlighting the importance of transparent communication, employee involvement, and targeted training in reducing uncertainty and helping employees perceive their roles as relevant during the implementation of Artificial Intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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32 pages, 10349 KB

Open AccessArticle

Terrain–Climate–Human Couplings of Net Primary Productivity in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle Revealed by Optimal GeoDetector and Explainable Machine Learning

by Sijie Zhuo, Bin Yang, Pan Jiang, Yingchao Sha, Yuxi Wang, Xinchen Gu and Yuhan Zhang

Forests 2026, 17(2), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020231 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) integrates vegetation responses to climate, terrain, and human activities, yet their combined effects in mountainous–basin regions remain unclear. Focusing on the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) in southwest China, we build a framework that couples spatial diagnosis, interaction-aware attribution, [...] Read more.

Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) integrates vegetation responses to climate, terrain, and human activities, yet their combined effects in mountainous–basin regions remain unclear. Focusing on the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) in southwest China, we build a framework that couples spatial diagnosis, interaction-aware attribution, and scenario-based projection. Using 500 m MODIS NPP (2000–2020) with climatic, topographic, land-use, and socio-economic data, we quantify NPP trends, use optimal-parameter GeoDetector and partial correlations to separate driver contributions and interactions, and train a random forest (RF)–SHAP model driven by CMIP6–SSP climate projections to 2050. The CCEC shows strong greening: 85.17% of the area exhibits increasing NPP and 68.56% shows extremely significant increases, with productivity peaking at mid-elevations (~1950 m) and intermediate slopes. Elevation, NDVI, and temperature dominate, while precipitation, slope, and soil moisture are secondary, and enhancement-type interactions, especially between elevation and precipitation, prevail. Land-use statistics and NPP transfer matrices highlight cropland-to-forest/grassland conversion as the main greening source. CMIP6-based simulations indicate stable or modestly higher NPP through 2050, with western mountain forests remaining key carbon sinks and basin lowlands constrained by warming and land-use pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence, Remote Sensing and Digital Twin Driving Innovation in Sustainable Natural Resources and Ecology)

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25 pages, 10826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the HD-ZIP Genes in Sweet Potato and Functional Role of IbHD-ZIP61 in Anthocyanin Accumulation and Salt Stress Tolerance

by Chen Chen, Qing Zhang, Ying Peng, Chao Liu, Tayachew Admas, Lianjun Wang, Xinsun Yang and Wenying Zhang

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040408 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a vital dual-use crop, with some varieties being used as leafy vegetables that are rich in anthocyanins. Nevertheless, salinity stress is a challenge to their production. Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) gene family members encode proteins participating in [...] Read more.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a vital dual-use crop, with some varieties being used as leafy vegetables that are rich in anthocyanins. Nevertheless, salinity stress is a challenge to their production. Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) gene family members encode proteins participating in the regulation of plant defense and secondary metabolism, while the functional study of HD-ZIP genes in sweet potato is still limited. Herein, a total of 66 IbHD-ZIP genes were identified, which were expanded by segmental duplication. Based upon promoter cis-element information and precedent evidence, IbHD-ZIP61, belonging to subfamily I, was selected for functional studies. Functional characterization was conducted via ectopic expression in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. The overexpression of IbHD-ZIP61 significantly increased anthocyanin production under normal growth conditions by promoting anthocyanin biosynthetic genes AN1a, AN2, and DFR. Furthermore, transgenic plants displayed better salinity tolerance, which exhibited reduced growth inhibition, increased water status, decreased oxidative injury, as well as elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes. This study validated the coordinated regulation of anthocyanin pathway genes as well as pivotal pathways (NHX2, NCED1, P5CS) during salinity adaptation. These findings demonstrate that IbHD-ZIP61 is a transcription factor linking anthocyanin synthesis and salinity adaptation, thus making it a potential candidate for improving breeding in nutritionally superior and salinity-adapted edible crops such as sweet potato. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Crop Breeding for Stress Tolerance)

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7 pages, 215 KB

Open AccessCase Report

by Po-Hsiu Huang, Po-Yu Liu and Hsien-Po Huang

Microorganisms 2026, 14(2), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020402 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) caused by Leclercia adecarboxylata are uncommon, and polymicrobial cases are even rarer. We report the first documented case caused by co-infection with Leclercia adecarboxylata and Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) in a woman with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy through an [...] Read more.

Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) caused by Leclercia adecarboxylata are uncommon, and polymicrobial cases are even rarer. We report the first documented case caused by co-infection with Leclercia adecarboxylata and Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) in a woman with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy through an indwelling chemoport. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that both isolates were susceptible to β-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. The patient achieved complete clinical recovery following intravenous ciprofloxacin therapy and prompt removal of the chemoport. This case highlights the emerging clinical relevance of Leclercia adecarboxylata and Enterobacter cloacae complex as potential pathogens capable of causing polymicrobial bloodstream infections in immunocompromised hosts and underscores the importance of considering rare environmental Gram-negative organisms as potential causes of catheter-related infections, particularly in patients with malignancy or long-term vascular access. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)

11 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational History and Health Status Among Older Adults in Ecuador: Evidence from the SABE Survey

by Christian F. Juna, Galilea Jarrín, Álvaro Morales, Erika Guerra and Hyojee Joung

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020210 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Occupational conditions across the life course may leave a lasting imprint on health in later life, particularly in unequal and largely informal labor markets. This study examined associations between lifetime occupational history and health status among older adults in Ecuador using nationally representative [...] Read more.

Occupational conditions across the life course may leave a lasting imprint on health in later life, particularly in unequal and largely informal labor markets. This study examined associations between lifetime occupational history and health status among older adults in Ecuador using nationally representative data. We analyzed 5235 participants aged ≥ 60 years from the SABE Ecuador 2009 survey. Occupational history was characterized by economic sector, physical demands, and self-reported exposure to dust, chemicals, heat, and other hazards. Health outcomes included self-rated health, physician-diagnosed diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, arthritis, and visual and hearing limitations. We estimated survey-weighted PRs using Poisson regression with robust variance, adjusting for age, sex, education, region, residence, marital status, and household assets, and conducted sex-stratified analyses. Physically demanding work trajectories were associated with a higher prevalence of fair/poor self-rated health (adjusted PR 1.28; 95% CI: 1.10–1.49), with stronger effects in women. Agricultural employment was associated with chronic respiratory disease among women (adjusted PR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.12–2.36), but not men. These findings suggest that long-term occupational exposures contribute to health inequalities in older Ecuadorians and support integrating occupational history into geriatric assessment and strengthening gender-sensitive occupational health protections, particularly in the agricultural sector. Full article

21 pages, 3029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Flaxseed Meal on Water Movement in Sandy Soil

by Yue Liu, Xiaohong Dang, Limin Yuan and Wei Sun

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040407 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

To clarify the effects and mechanisms of the solution formed by mixing flaxseed meal powder with water on soil water movement in sandy land, this study conducted laboratory simulation experiments using three extraction forms of flaxseed meal solution (supernatant, suspension, and precipitate) and [...] Read more.

To clarify the effects and mechanisms of the solution formed by mixing flaxseed meal powder with water on soil water movement in sandy land, this study conducted laboratory simulation experiments using three extraction forms of flaxseed meal solution (supernatant, suspension, and precipitate) and five application rates (5 kg·m⁻², 8 kg·m⁻², 11 kg·m⁻², 14 kg·m⁻², and 17 kg·m⁻²), with untreated aeolian sandy soil set as the control (CK). The results showed that: (1) Flaxseed meal can significantly reduce the soil water infiltration rate, with the sediment treatment group exhibiting the optimal effect. After the application of the three flaxseed meal treatments, soil infiltration indices decreased significantly, and the magnitude of the reduction became more pronounced with the increase in flaxseed meal application rate. (2) Flaxseed meal exhibited a significant effect on water retention and evaporation inhibition; after continuous evaporation for 35 days following the spraying of different flaxseed meal treatments, the cumulative evaporation of CK was significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Compared with CK, the cumulative evaporation of the groups treated with the supernatant, suspension, and precipitate of flaxseed meal solution decreased by 11.69%, 24.13%, and 43.22%, respectively. The sediment group achieved the optimal effect, and the evaporation inhibition effect was enhanced with the increase in application rate. (3) All three flaxseed meal mixture treatments increased soil bulk density and decreased soil total porosity, and saturated water-holding capacity and minimum water-holding capacity, with the sediment treatment exerting the most significant effect. The efficacy of all treatments became more notable as the application rate increased. There was a highly significant correlation between soil physical properties and water movement rate. Flaxseed meal affects soil water movement by altering soil physical properties. In conclusion, spraying flaxseed meal on the surface of sandy soil can effectively reduce infiltration and inhibit evaporation, with the sediment treatment group achieving the optimal improvement effect. The soil crust formed by flaxseed meal has a strong water-binding capacity, which can maintain water supply for plant growth over a long period, making it highly suitable for popularization and application in sandy farmland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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10 pages, 681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antinociceptive Effect and HPLC Profile of Lyophilized Chicory and Oregano Decoction

by Ivana Zlatanović Đaić, Ivana Dimitrijević, Sonja Ilić, Katarina Mitić Ivković, Nenad Stojiljković and Gordana Stojanović

Plants 2026, 15(4), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040527 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The chemical composition and antinociceptive potential of a lyophilized decoction of the oregano flowers (Origanum vulgare L.) and the aerial parts of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in the flowering phase (LCOD—lyophilized decoction of the oregano and chicory) was investigated by HPLC-DAD [...] Read more.

The chemical composition and antinociceptive potential of a lyophilized decoction of the oregano flowers (Origanum vulgare L.) and the aerial parts of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in the flowering phase (LCOD—lyophilized decoction of the oregano and chicory) was investigated by HPLC-DAD and the acetic-acid-induced writhing method. HPLC-DAD analysis of the LCOD revealed the presence of 20 phenolic compounds, where the dominant phenolic components were ferulic acid (205.19 mg/g LCOD), rosmarinic acid (81.55 mg/g) and hyperoside (79.42 mg/g). The results of the antinociceptive activity showed a strong analgesic effect of the LCOD (15 and 30 mg/kg), which significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of writhings (98.40 and 99.23%, respectively) induced by acetic acid. These encouraging results indicate the analgesic potential of LCOD and suggest validation through clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants)

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17 pages, 698 KB

Open AccessReview

What Distinguishes AI-Generated from Human Writing? A Rapid Review of the Literature

by Georgios P. Georgiou

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10020055 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are now routine writing tools across various domains, intensifying questions about when text should be treated as human-authored, artificial intelligence (AI)-generated, or collaboratively produced. This rapid review aims to identify cue families reported in empirical studies as distinguishing AI [...] Read more.

Large language models (LLMs) are now routine writing tools across various domains, intensifying questions about when text should be treated as human-authored, artificial intelligence (AI)-generated, or collaboratively produced. This rapid review aims to identify cue families reported in empirical studies as distinguishing AI from human-authored text and to assess how stable these cues are across genres/tasks, text lengths, and revision conditions. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched four online databases for peer-reviewed empirical articles (1 January 2022–1 January 2026). After deduplication and screening, 40 studies were included. Evidence converged on five cue families: surface, discourse/pragmatic, epistemic/content, predictability/probabilistic, and provenance. Surface cues dominated the literature and were the most consistently operationalized. Discourse/pragmatic cues followed, particularly in discipline-bound academic genres where stance and metadiscourse differentiated AI from human writing. Predictability/probabilistic cues were central in detector-focused studies, while epistemic/content cues emerged primarily in tasks where grounding and authenticity were salient. Provenance cues were concentrated in watermarking research. Across studies, cue stability was consistently conditional rather than universal. Specifically, surface and discourse cues often remained discriminative within constrained genres, but shifted with register and discipline; probabilistic cues were powerful yet fragile under paraphrasing, post-editing, and evasion; and provenance signals required robustness to editing, mixing, and span localization. Overall, the literature indicates that AI–human distinction emerges from layered and context-dependent cue profiles rather than from any single reliable marker. High-stakes decisions, therefore, require condition-aware interpretation, triangulation across multiple cue families, and human oversight rather than automated classification in isolation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Applications in Natural Language Processing)

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17 pages, 485 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Embryonic Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Narrative Review

by Anastasios Potiris, Panagiotis Antsaklis, Panagiotis Christopoulos, Nikolaos Kathopoulis, Efthalia Moustakli, Ismini Anagnostaki, Eirini Drakaki, Nefeli Arkouli, Aikaterini-Lydia Vogiatzoglou, Athanasios Zikopoulos, Sofoklis Stavros and Charalampos Theofanakis

J. Xenobiot. 2026, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16010030 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

A significant and persistent issue in assisted reproduction is recurrent implantation failure (RIF), which is often observed even after the transfer of embryos of high morphological and/or genetic quality. Accumulating data suggest that exposure to chemicals with endocrine-disrupting effects (EDCs) may be associated [...] Read more.

A significant and persistent issue in assisted reproduction is recurrent implantation failure (RIF), which is often observed even after the transfer of embryos of high morphological and/or genetic quality. Accumulating data suggest that exposure to chemicals with endocrine-disrupting effects (EDCs) may be associated with adverse implantation outcomes. Many environmentally widespread substances have the potential to interfere with the regulation of the endocrine system, affecting critical mechanisms involved in implantation, such as endometrial receptivity, steroid hormone receptor signaling, immune tolerance at the maternal–fetal interface, and the epigenetic regulation of genes that are essential for successful implantation. Experimental studies have shown that exposure to EDCs can alter gene expression in the endometrium, inflammatory pathways, and the dynamics of early embryonic development, while clinical and epidemiological data have associated increased levels of EDCs in the body with lower implantation rates in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. This narrative review examines the implications of these findings in reproductive medicine, summarizes recent experimental and clinical data, and highlights the molecular mechanisms linking exposure to endocrine disruptors with recurrent implantation failure. Recognizing environmental chemical exposure as a potentially modifiable risk factor may offer new perspectives for the prevention of RIF and the development of more personalized therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposures and Their Impact on Reproduction)

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16 pages, 1915 KB

Open AccessArticle

State-of-Charge Estimation on Lithium-Ion 18650 Under Charging and Discharging Conditions: A Statistical and Metaheuristic Approach

by Ryan Yudha Adhitya, Noorman Rinanto, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Sapto Wibowo, Nuryanti, Fendik Eko Purnomo, Muhammad Rizani Rusli, Sarosa Caastrena Abadi, Chandra Wiharya, Faisal Lutfi Afriansyah, Anif Jamaluddin and Nurul Zainal Fanani

World Electr. Veh. J. 2026, 17(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17020083 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Battery management systems are essential in electric vehicles and renewable energy applications, especially in terms of ensuring optimal battery health and performance and regarding the state of charge (SOC) in batteries consisting of many cells. The lifetime and efficiency of the battery depend [...] Read more.

Battery management systems are essential in electric vehicles and renewable energy applications, especially in terms of ensuring optimal battery health and performance and regarding the state of charge (SOC) in batteries consisting of many cells. The lifetime and efficiency of the battery depend on the accuracy of the SOC parameter estimation. Moreover, systems that apply active balancing technology are able to move cells with high SOC data to cells with low SOC. Many methods have been developed, but their long execution time makes them less optimal when applied. High-speed SOC estimation is required in active balancing technology, in addition to high accuracy. Therefore, this study proposes the estimation of SOC parameters using a statistical and metaheuristic approach from voltage and current input data in each battery cell. The experimental results showed that the metaheuristic-based method (ANFIS) had better RSME and R² values compared with the polynomial and linear regression or even the machine learning-based method (recurrent neural network) for training data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Synthesis, Manufacturing and Electrochemical Modelling for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle)

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19 pages, 2481 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of PINN in Modeling of Thermoelectric Modules

by Roman Kluger, Ryszard Buchalik and Iwona Nowak

Energies 2026, 19(4), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19040878 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper analyzes the potential application of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) in solving equations that describe thermal–electrical processes in thermoelectric systems. Combining machine learning with the laws of physics, the PINN method can serve as an alternative to traditional numerical methods, particularly in [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the potential application of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) in solving equations that describe thermal–electrical processes in thermoelectric systems. Combining machine learning with the laws of physics, the PINN method can serve as an alternative to traditional numerical methods, particularly in the context of the miniaturization of cooling systems, heat pumps, and systems that convert thermal energy (heat flow) into electrical energy (e.g., heat recovery), as well as the implementation of models in embedded systems. The article presents a model of thermoelectric equations, explains how PINNs work, provides numerical results, and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Thermoelectric Generator)

16 pages, 4015 KB

Open AccessArticle

Traffic Light Recognition Assistant for Color Vision Deficiency Using YOLO with Multilingual Audio Feedback

by Yinyuan Ma, Fathan Arifah, Qonita Afifah, Liko Bun, Kangfu Zhang and Minan Tang

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041093 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Drivers with color vision deficiency (CVD) often face difficulty recognizing traffic light colors at intersections. Relying solely on their limited color vision can increase safety risks while driving in urban environments. In the era of technological development, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) increasingly aim [...] Read more.

Drivers with color vision deficiency (CVD) often face difficulty recognizing traffic light colors at intersections. Relying solely on their limited color vision can increase safety risks while driving in urban environments. In the era of technological development, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) increasingly aim to provide support for traffic users, including individuals with CVD. To address user needs from diverse backgrounds, this study aims to develop a traffic light recognition system that provides offline multilingual audio feedback in Indonesian, Mandarin, and English. The proposed approach introduces a spatial-position inference framework by applying a full-frame traffic light annotation strategy to a YOLOv12 model, enabling traffic light state recognition based on the relative position of active lights rather than relying primarily on color information. This work contributes to reducing reliance on color-based perception traffic signal recognition frameworks tailored for assistive ITS applications targeting users with color vision deficiency. System performance is evaluated to verify its feasibility using a comprehensive dataset consisting of various traffic light conditions, including daytime and nighttime scenarios, varying weather, and different traffic densities. Experimental results show an average detection confidence of approximately 0.73, with a maximum confidence of 0.95 and low processing latency of 0.214 s on a CPU-only configuration. The system has the potential to enhance driving safety for individuals with color vision deficiency by offering an additional intelligent assistive tool instead of replacing standard driving regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Smart Sensors for Intelligent Transportation Systems)

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23 pages, 2166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Using Clustered Simulated Annealing Algorithm

by Mingyu Yang, Yifei Wang, Yining Lu, Linfei Yin and Fang Gao

Mathematics 2026, 14(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14040587 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) has a wide range of applications in logistics and transportation. Current metaheuristics typically rely on manually added constraints. A hyper-heuristic framework can reduce the dependency on domain-specific knowledge. Therefore, this research proposes a Clustered Simulated Annealing algorithm [...] Read more.

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) has a wide range of applications in logistics and transportation. Current metaheuristics typically rely on manually added constraints. A hyper-heuristic framework can reduce the dependency on domain-specific knowledge. Therefore, this research proposes a Clustered Simulated Annealing algorithm (CSA). When generating the initial solution of the distribution path, the CSA adopts the Clustered Clarke–Wright Savings algorithm (CCW), the core of which is to use the K-means algorithm to cluster according to the Euclidean distances between the distribution points. The CCW can reduce the search range of the optimization problem by clustering and generating the initial solution quickly, enabling the CSA to perform better in data processing and real-time updates. The CSA then optimizes the initial solution using the Improved Simulated Annealing Hyper-Heuristic algorithm (ISAHH), divided into upper and lower layers. The Improved Simulated Annealing High-Level Heuristic strategy (ISAHLH) is used to select the Low-Level Heuristic operators (LLHs). At the same time, LLHs are used to generate new distribution paths. This research designs an Improved Tabu Low-Level Heuristic operator (ITabuLLH), which can search for several different paths simultaneously in a single iteration, thus improving the convergence speed of the algorithm. ISAHLH and ITabuLLH both use the Unequal Probability Selection mode (UEPS) to speed up the search process. The CSA is tested on the Uchoa benchmark set, and the results verify that the optimal value improvement of the CSA solution is higher than 20% when compared to eleven other algorithms. Full article

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