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14 pages, 3367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Color and Bioactive Compounds of Different Colors from Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) Dried in Hot Air Dryer

by Deniz Hazar, Ismail Boyar, Cuneyt Dincer and Can Ertekin

Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020186 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3551

Abstract

The popularity of edible flowers is increasing day by day and new solutions are sought due to their short shelf life. For this purpose, in this study, four different colors of Viola × wittrockiana Gams.; white (Fino Clear White), orange (Delta Pure Orange), bordeaux/mauve rose (Mammoth Rocky Rose), and yellow (Delta Premium Pure Lemon) flowers were dried at drying air temperature of 60, 70, and 80 °C with a convective hot air dryer. Color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°, ∆E, and BI), drying time and bioactive compounds (Total Phenolic Content (TPC), anthocyanin content (AC), and antioxidant activity (AO) values were measured). The orange flowers showed the fastest drying (78 min at 80 °C). The lowest total color change (∆E) (4.58 at 70 °C) and browning index (BI) (9.58 at 60 °C) values were observed in all drying processes of white flowers. The highest AC was determined in bordeaux flowers in both fresh (2.4 mg malvidin glucoside/g) and dried (25.57 mg malvidin glucoside/g at 60 °C) samples. The AO decreased in all samples depending on the temperature increase, it was found that the most beneficial result in terms of bioactive compounds was the bordeaux flowers dried at drying air temperature of 60 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Post-harvest Treatments on the Quality of Edible Flowers and Aromatic Plants)

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14 pages, 2296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.)

by Tongxin Wang, Jing Li, Tingge Li, Ying Zhao, Yang Zhou, Youhai Shi, Ting Peng, Xiqiang Song, Zhixin Zhu and Jian Wang

Agronomy 2022, 12(4), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040919 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3670

Abstract

Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) is an important and attractive ornamental plant with a wide variety of flower colors. To date, the molecular genetic understanding of its colorful petal pigment patterns remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the bicolor petals of “Mengdie” in cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic aspects. Results showed that the difference of flower colors was mainly determined by the pigment distribution in the epidermal cells. Pigment analysis indicated that anthocyanins had strong correlations with color parameters, which acted as the main factor in flower coloration. Comparative transcriptome analysis found a total of 43,908 unigenes with the mean length of 682 bp. There were 24,323, 16,668, 8507, and 7680 unigenes annotated in the Nr, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG databases, respectively. Differential expression genes (DEGs) showed that the expression of anthocyanin late biosynthesis genes (LBGs), VwF3′H, VwF3′5′H, and VwUFGT, would be likely to play a major role in the color formation of pansy. The expression patterns of selected DEGs were verified by qRT-PCR. This study contributes an excellent insight into molecular mechanism of pigment biosynthesis and provides some useful information for flower color modification in pansy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

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16 pages, 774 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Extraction in Pansy Fertigated with Pure, Diluted, Depurated and Phytodepurated Leachates from Municipal Solid Waste

by Blanca María Plaza, Rita Maggini, Eva Borghesi, Alberto Pardossi, María Teresa Lao and Silvia Jiménez-Becker

Agronomy 2020, 10(12), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121911 - 3 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills might result in serious environmental pollution. The goal of the present assay was to assess if MSW wastewater (pure or treated) can be used as a potential source for fertilizers, studying its effects on plant biometric parameters as well as on anion concentrations and anion partitioning of the bedding plant Viola × wittrockiana Gams. (pansy), to detect possible harmful impacts on plants. The treatments tested were: W_9.0 (pure wastewater, EC 9.0 dS m⁻¹), W_4.5 (diluted wastewater, EC 4.5 dS m⁻¹), DW_4.5 (depurated wastewater, EC 4.5 dS m⁻¹), PW_4.5 (phytodepurated wastewater, EC 4.5 dS m⁻¹), and T (tap water, the control, EC 1.5 dS m⁻¹). The treatment with pure wastewater negatively affected plant fresh weight, water content (on a fresh weight basis), leaf area, plant height and width, and the number of leaves and flowers due to an accumulation of SO₄²⁻ in plant tissues. Phytodepurated wastewater improved plant fresh weight, water content, plant height and width, the number of leaves and flowers, and reduced the leaf area because this treatment decreased SO₄²⁻ concentrations in wastewater by half. Pansy plants also showed high levels of nutrients (N, P, and Mg) when compared with fertigation with pure and diluted landfill leachate. These results show that phytodepurated wastewater from MSW can be used for the fertigation of pansy plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Crops Fertigation)

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11 pages, 262 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Timing of a Short-Term Reduction in Temperature and Irradiance Affects Growth and Flowering of Four Annual Bedding Plants

by Jennifer K. Boldt and James E. Altland

Horticulturae 2019, 5(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010015 - 1 Feb 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4408

Abstract

Heating and supplemental lighting are often provided during spring greenhouse production of bedding plants, but energy inputs are a major production cost. Different energy-savings strategies can be utilized, but effects on plant growth and flowering must be considered. We evaluated the impact and timing of a two-week low-energy (reduced temperature and irradiance) interval on flowering and growth of impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. ‘Accent Orange’), pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams. ‘Delta Premium Blue Blotch’), petunia (Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. ‘Dreams Pink’), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Montego Violet’). Flowering was delayed 7 to 10 days when the low-energy exposure occurred before flowering. Flower number was reduced 40–61% in impatiens, 33–35% in petunia (low-energy weeks 5–6 and weeks 7–8, respectively), and 35% in pansy (weeks 5–6). Petunia and impatiens dry mass gradually decreased as the low-energy exposure occurred later in production; petunias were 26% (weeks 5–6) and 33% (weeks 7–8) smaller, and impatiens were 20% to 31% smaller than ambient plants. Estimated energy savings were 14% to 16% for the eight-week period, but only up to 7% from transplant to flowering. Growers can consider including a two-week reduction in temperature and irradiance to reduce energy, provided an additional week of production is scheduled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Effects on Performance of Horticultural Crops)

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