Search Results (32)

Melanin is a complex natural pigment that imparts a variety of colors to the fruiting bodies of edible fungi, influencing both their nutritional quality and commercial value. Stropharia rugosoannulata is an emerging type of edible fungus that has been widely cultivated in recent years. It can be categorized into red and yellow varieties based on cap color, while its pigment characteristics remain unclear. In this study, the melanins from the two varieties were obtained using an alkaline extraction and acid precipitation method, followed by comprehensive characterization of their chemical properties and ultrastructural features. Both melanins displayed distinct absorption maxima at approximately 211 nm. The melanin extracted from the red variety consisted of 55.63% carbon (C), 7.40% hydrogen (H), 30.23% oxygen (O), 5.99% nitrogen (N), and 0.64% sulfur (S), whereas the yellow variety comprised 52.22% C, 6.74% H, 29.70% O, 5.91% N, and 0.99% S. Both types of melanin included eumelanin and phaeomelanin forms, with eumelanin being the predominant type. Variations in the quantities and relative proportions of eumelanin and phaeomelanin contributed to the observed color differences in the mushroom caps. Ultrastructural micrographs revealed the melanins were primarily localized in the cell wall, consistent with findings in other fungal species. These findings contribute valuable insights into fundamental knowledge and potential applications of mushroom pigments. Full article

This work proposes a vision system mounted on the head of an omnidirectional robot to track pineapples and maintain them at the center of its field of view. The robot head is equipped with a pan–tilt unit that facilitates dynamic adjustments. The system architecture, implemented in Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2), performs the following tasks: it captures images from a webcam embedded in the robot head, segments the object of interest based on color, and computes its centroid. If the centroid deviates from the center of the image plane, a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller adjusts the pan–tilt unit to reposition the object at the center, enabling continuous tracking. A multivariate Gaussian function is employed to segment objects with complex color patterns, such as the body of a pineapple. The parameters of both the PID controller and the multivariate Gaussian filter are optimized using a genetic algorithm. The PID controller receives as input the (x, y) positions of the pan–tilt unit, obtained via an embedded board and MicroROS, and generates control signals for the servomotors that drive the pan–tilt mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that the robot successfully tracks a moving pineapple. Additionally, the color segmentation filter can be further optimized to detect other textured fruits, such as soursop and melon. This research contributes to the advancement of smart agriculture, particularly for fruit crops with rough textures and complex color patterns. Full article

In the domain of food science, apple grading holds significant research value and application potential. Currently, apple grading predominantly relies on manual methods, which present challenges such as low production efficiency and high subjectivity. This study marks the first integration of advanced computer vision, image processing, and machine learning technologies to design an innovative automated apple grading system. The system aims to reduce human interference and enhance grading efficiency and accuracy. A lightweight detection algorithm, FDNet-p, was developed to capture stem features, and a strategy for auxiliary positioning was designed for image acquisition. An improved DPC-AWKNN segmentation algorithm is proposed for segmenting the apple body. Image processing techniques are employed to extract apple features, such as color, shape, and diameter, culminating in the development of an intelligent apple grading model using the GBDT algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that, in stem detection tasks, the lightweight FDNet-p model exhibits superior performance compared to various detection models, achieving an mAP@0.5 of 96.6%, with a GFLOPs of 3.4 and a model size of just 2.5 MB. In apple grading experiments, the GBDT grading model achieved the best comprehensive performance among classification models, with weighted Jacard Score, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score values of 0.9506, 0.9196, 0.9683, and 0.9513, respectively. The proposed stem detection and apple body classification models provide innovative solutions for detection and classification tasks in automated fruit grading, offering a comprehensive and replicable research framework for standardizing image processing and feature extraction for apples and similar spherical fruit bodies. Full article

Tropical montane and premontane forests are diverse, including fungi. However, little is known about spalting fungi (decay fungi that change the color of wood) in tropical regions despite the economic importance they could bring by enhancing wood esthetics. To increase the knowledge of the diversity of spalting fungi, a sampling of fallen logs, branches (exposing xylem to identify potential pigmenting and zone line-producing fungi), and fruiting bodies (on wood) was conducted in the premontane moist forest in the district of San Ramon, Junín, Peru. The fungi were collected, cultured, isolated, and sequenced. Also, the identified species were used in a novel test to confirm they were producing spalting on Guazuma crinita. The species found belong to the Ascomycota orders Xylariales and Diaporthales and the Basidiomycota orders Agaricales, Polyporales, and Russulales. The fungi collected produced bleaching, different colors of zone lines, and pigmentation in laboratory conditions. The results increase the database of spalted fungi in Peru, and the test used in this research could be the basis for a quick test to identify spalting fungi. Full article

DailyColors™ is a supplement made up of several phytonutrients that aims to replicate elements from the Mediterranean diet. These include fruit, berry and vegetable extracts that are rich in key phytochemicals such as Quercetin, Catechins, Phloretin, Ellagic Acid, and Anthocyanins. Here, we determined the effects of DailyColors™ on the blood biomarkers associated with the diverse mechanisms implicated in ageing and age-related diseases, including mitochondrial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as on saliva’s DNA methylation pattern. Thirty adult participants (mean (SD) age = 67.0 (7.5) years) with a body mass index over 25 were recruited into this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (two one-week treatment periods, separated by a one-week washout period). During the placebo period, we observed a significant increase in blood CD38 concentrations from the baseline to 24 h (p-value = 0.019). This was not observed in the active period. Increased CD38 is reportedly associated with subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Next, there was a decreasing trend of plasma 4-HNE levels, an oxidative stress biomarker, after a one-week intake of DailyColors™. Furthermore, following a one-month open-label follow-up in 26 participants, we observed hypermethylation of the candidate CpG site cg13108341 (q-value = 0.021), which was against the observed trend for this site during ageing. Taken together, while minimal effects were observed in this study, DailyColors™ supplementation may be beneficial by altering and alleviating age-related changes. Longer and larger scale trials of DailyColors™ supplementation are warranted. Full article

Red fruits contain bioactive substances including phenolic acids and flavonoids, which provide many health advantages for the human body. Industries find them intriguing because of their color and their ability to prevent chronic ailments such as metabolic, degenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the resilience of these organic molecules is influenced by several environmental, physical, and chemical phenomena. Therefore, the beneficial health properties of red fruits may diminish during postharvest processing. In this scenario, many postharvest methods have been implemented to enhance the shelf life and preserve the bioactive components of red fruits. The objectives of this review were to provide a comprehensive assessment of the health benefits of red fruits, and to explore the possibilities of edible coatings in retaining their freshness and protecting their bioactive contents. Co-occurrence networks were built using VOSviewer software to produce a two-dimensional map based on term frequency, and the examination of the 1364 keywords obtained from the scientific papers revealed the presence of at least 71 co-occurrences that provide insight into many natural components used in edible coatings for red fruits, such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, phospholipids, and minerals. The review examined their composition, functioning, application techniques, limits, safety considerations, legal regulations, and potential future developments. This review has shown that an edible coating may act as a protective layer on the surface of the fruit, alter the interior gas composition, reduce water loss, and postpone fruit ripening, thereby enhancing the health-promoting properties. Full article

Light plays vital roles in fungal growth, development, reproduction, and pigmentation. In Flammulina velutipes, the color of the fruiting body exhibits distinct changes in response to light; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the F. velutipes transcriptome under red, green, and blue light-emitting diode (LED) lights to identify the key genes affecting the light response and fruiting body color in this fungus. Additionally, we conducted protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the previously reported fruiting body color-related gene, Fvpal1, to identify the hub genes. Phenotypic analysis revealed that fruiting bodies exposed to green and blue lights were darker than those untreated or exposed to red light, with the color intensifying more after 48 h of exposure to blue light compared to that after 24 h of exposure. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analyses of all light treatments for 24 h revealed that the numbers of DEGs were 17, 74, and 257 under red, green, and blue lights, respectively. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis was conducted of the DEGs identified under green and blue lights, which influenced the color of F. velutipes. In total, 103 of 168 downregulated DEGs under blue and green lights were included in the enrichment analysis. Among the DEGs enriched under both green and blue light treatments, four genes were related to monooxygenases, with three genes annotated as cytochrome P450s that are crucial for various metabolic processes in fungi. PPI network analysis of Fvpal1 revealed associations with 11 genes, among which the expression of one gene, pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase, was upregulated in F. velutipes exposed to blue light. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the fruiting body color changes in response to light and offer potential molecular markers for further exploration of light-mediated regulatory pathways. Full article

Ginkgo biloba is widely planted as a colorful foliage tree, and its leaf can be used as a biomass energy source, but it has been underutilized for a long time. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of garden waste as a substrate component in the cultivation process of the king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), with the goal of enhancing both the yield of P. eryngii and the efficiency of energy use. The percentages of G. biloba leaf powder in the substrate were 10.5% and 21% to replace sawdust or sugarcane bagasse in a typical substrate. A substrate formulation that could completely replace sawdust and sugarcane bagasse was selected by analyzing mycelial growth rate, days of production, fruiting body length, biological efficiency, yield, stipe thickness, pileus diameter and laccase activity. The results showed that Y1 (treatment with 21% G. biloba leaf powder and sugarcane bagasse) had the highest yield (303.1 ± 31.9 g), which was higher than that of CK (control) (259.3 ± 37.4 g). The crude fiber content of the samples grown on substrate Y1 (as 7.43%) was higher than CK (7.37%). In addition, P. eryngii grown on substrate Y1 had the highest laccase activity for the complete colonization of the mycelium. Thus, these findings suggest that G. biloba leaf powder represents a viable and economical supplement for enhancing both the yield and quality of P. eryngii. Full article

Helvella bachu, a prized edible and medicinal fungus, is primarily found in the forests of Populus euphratica, an ancient and endangered species crucial to desert riparian ecosystems. Despite extensive efforts, the isolation of pure cultures and cultivation of fruiting bodies of H. bachu have remained elusive. While some species within the Helvella genus have been confirmed as ectomycorrhizal fungi, others have been considered either saprotrophic or mycorrhizal. By integrating field observations of H. bachu habitat, macro- and micro-anatomical examination of plant root tips, and molecular data from fruiting bodies, mycorrhizae, and host plants, it has been confirmed that H. bachu forms ectomycorrhizal associations with Populus trees. The mycorrhiza of H. bachu displays a light earth color with a curved smooth cylindrical shape. It features a thick mantle and the presence of a Hartig net, accompanied by a small amount of epitaxy mycelia. Morphological observation of the root tips requires meticulous handling, and the paraffin section technique has yielded noteworthy results. Host plants encompass four Populus species, including P. euphratica, P. pruinosa, P. nigra, and P. alba var. pyramidalis (synonym Populus bolleana). A conservation area was established within the young P. euphratica forest at Tarim University, resulting in a 14.75% increase in the quantity of fruiting bodies during the second year. Establishing a conservation area and in situ propagation of H. bachu holds economic and ecological implications. This study will contribute to the conservation of resources related to H. bachu and P. euphratica. Full article

The cornelian cherry is a plant that annually provides fruits, drupe-type, ranging in color from yellow through pink, red, carmine, and almost black. Cornelian cherry bears abundant fruit in temperate climate conditions, which means that its dark-colored fruits can be treated as an excellent source of anthocyanins. After consuming, anthocyanins have a protective function in the human body. Raw fruit extracts and their pure isolates, rich in anthocyanins, have a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties. This review focuses on the health-promoting properties of anthocyanins from fruits of cornelian cherry, documented in research conducted in vitro, in vivo, and in humans. The results obtained so far confirm the beneficial effects of anthocyanins on the blood parameters, whose values are important in predicting and assessing the risk and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. A beneficial effect on molecular and histopathological changes in target organs such as the heart, brain, kidneys, and liver has also been demonstrated. Anthocyanins from cornelian cherry have a strong antioxidant effect, which explains their protective effects on organs and anticancer effects. Moreover, they have antiglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The work highlights the perspectives and directions of necessary research. Full article

Pleurotus cornucopiae cap color is an important commercial trait. The roles of non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs) in fungal fruiting body color formation are unclear. Whole-transcriptome analyses were performed, identifying messenger RNA (mRNA) and ncRNA (including long stranded non-coding RNA (lncRNA), micro RNA-like (milRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA)) molecules in three P. cornucopiae strains with different cap colors (grayish-black, grayish-white, and white), to investigate their roles in cap color formation. Differentially expressed mRNAs (n = 3604), lncRNAs (n = 520), milRNAs (n = 56), and circRNAs (n = 20) were identified among the three different color strains. Differentially expressed mRNAs and ncRNAs target genes were mainly involved in tyrosine, arachidonic acid, and histidine metabolism, plus other pathways potentially important in color formation. A competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and three mRNA and ncRNA co-expression networks were constructed, revealing relationships contributing to cap color formation, involving genes with roles in protein phosphorylation, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that mRNA and ncRNA levels were related to P. cornucopiae color. These regulatory networks may be crucial in P. cornucopiae color formation. Our data provide a new perspective to support further study of the mechanisms underlying P. cornucopiae color formation. Full article

Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoids that give plants and fruits their vibrant colors. They are known for their potent antioxidant properties and have been linked to various health benefits. Upon consumption, anthocyanins are quickly absorbed and can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Research based on population studies suggests that including anthocyanin-rich sources in the diet lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Anthocyanins exhibit neuroprotective effects that could potentially alleviate symptoms associated with such diseases. In this review, we compiled and discussed a large body of evidence supporting the neuroprotective role of anthocyanins. Our examination encompasses human studies, animal models, and cell cultures. We delve into the connection between anthocyanin bioactivities and the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Our findings highlight how anthocyanins’ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties contribute to their neuroprotective effects. These effects are particularly relevant to key signaling pathways implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In conclusion, the outcome of this review suggests that integrating anthocyanin-rich foods into human diets could potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for neurological conditions, and we identify promising avenues for further exploration in this area. Full article

Fruits are an essential part of a healthy lifestyle, providing the body with the necessary nutrients and helping to prevent illness. Recognizing the importance of fruits, our study aimed to create a unique and nutritious mixed fruit jam using the delightful combination of kiwi and cucumber. We chose kiwi and cucumber for this experiment due to their exceptional nutritional value. Kiwi is rich in vitamin C, vitamin K, and dietary fiber, while cucumber is hydrating and contains vitamins A, C, and K. Combining these two fruits not only adds a refreshing flavor but also enhances the nutritional profile of jam. In our experiment, we tested different ratios of kiwi and cucumber, including 100% kiwi (control), 50% kiwi and 50% cucumber, 70% kiwi and 30% cucumber, and 30% kiwi and 70% cucumber. To improve the texture and preservation of the jam, we added commercial pectin, sodium benzoate, and citric acid. Through comprehensive analysis, we found that the jam made with a 50%:50% kiwi ratio (T₁) stood out regarding its physicochemical properties. It had higher levels of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, moisture, pH, and ascorbic acid while having a lower proportion of total sugar. These attributes contribute to a well-rounded nutritional profile, making it an excellent choice for individuals seeking a healthy option. To ensure the jam’s sensory appeal, we conducted sensory assessments evaluating its taste, scent, texture, and overall acceptance. The T₁ jam received the highest scores in all sensory categories, indicating that it was the most preferred option among the participants. Its vibrant green color, with L*, a*, and b* values of 32.41, −2.29, and 9.51, respectively, adds to the overall sensory experience and entices consumers to indulge in its goodness. In conclusion, our study highlights the nutritional excellence and sensory delight of the kiwi-based jam, particularly the T₁ variant. By combining the goodness of kiwi and cucumber, we have created a jam that not only satisfies taste buds but also nourishes the body. It is an excellent choice for individuals of all ages looking for a healthy and enjoyable spread. So spread this fruity goodness on your toast and savor the benefits. Full article

Banana (Musa acuminata, AAA group) is a typically respiratory climacteric fruit. Previously, genes encoding ACC oxidase, one of the key enzymes in ethylene biosynthesis, Mh-ACO1 and Mh-ACO2 in bananas were silenced individually using RNAi interference technology, and fruit ripening of transgenic bananas was postponed. Here, the differential expression of miRNAs and their targeted mRNAs were analyzed in the transcriptomes of fruits at the third ripening stage, peel color more green than yellow, from the untransformed and RNAi transgenic bananas. Five significantly differentially expressed miRNAs (mac-miR169a, mac-miR319c-3p, mac-miR171a, mac-miR156e-5p, and mac-miR164a-5p) were identified. The predicted miRNA target genes were mainly enriched in six KEGG pathways, including ‘sulfur relay system’, ‘protein digestion and absorption’, ‘histidine metabolism’, ‘pathogenic E. coli infection’, ‘sulfur metabolism’, and ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’. After ethylene treatment, the expression of ACC oxidase silencing-associated miRNAs was down-regulated, and that of their target genes was up-regulated along with fruit ripening. The evolutionary clustering relationships of miRNA precursors among 12 gene families related to fruit ripening were analyzed. The corresponding expression patterns of mature bodies were mainly concentrated in flowers, fruits, and leaves. Our results indicated that ethylene biosynthesis is associated with miRNAs regulating the expression of sulfur metabolism-related genes in bananas. Full article

There are several by-products obtained in agricultural systems that can contribute to small-scale production systems within backyards, in this sense, the production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) has been integrated into the rural family economy in Mexico. After harvesting the fruiting bodies, the remainder is known as sold-out substrate, this by-product has been destined for other agricultural uses such as: medium for seedlings, vermiculture or fertilizer; however, there are studies where it has been used in the diet of bovine cattle. In this study, the effects of sold-out substrate (corn stubble) of P. ostreatus in the diet of broilers with different percentages of protein, on feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and broiler meat quality were evaluated. A total of 120 broilers Ross 308 were randomly assigned in 12 pens with concrete floor and curly shaving with an area of 3 m². During the initial period (1 to 28 days), all broilers were fed commercial feed^® mixture. On day 29, the broilers were weighed and divided into four treatment groups and fed diets with different percentages of protein until the end of the experiment. Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in treatment control (TC) compared to the other treatments; however, the performance parameters were not affected by the diet supplemented with sold-out substrate, likewise, the color and quality of the meat were in a normal range (48 < L* < 51) and with a good amount of crude protein. Sold-out substrate of P. ostreatus from corn stubble presented a high mineral content of Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, and Mn suitable to be considered in diets for feeding backyard broilers. Full article