The increasing quantity of air pollutants generated by automobiles can cause significant harm in relatively enclosed indoor environments. Studying the distribution of pollutants under different conditions in underground parking garages is of great si...
Reversal ventilation is one of prevention methods against fire hazard in underground mines, but it is not recommended for the mines where methane is present. The authors introduce the new method of reversal and by conducting numerical simulations the...
In recent years, natural ventilation technology is extensively used in order to improve indoor environment quality and reduce power consumption of air-conditioning systems in green buildings. However, the effect of natural ventilation on fires needs...
In this work, a number of experiments were conducted in a reduced scale bifurcation tunnel with a ratio of 1:10 to explore the influence of the position of longitudinal fires (placed in branch tunnel) on smoke temperature profile under forced ventila...
Longitudinal ambient air ventilation is the most common methodology for maintaining an amicable environment in tunnels during normal operations while providing an evacuation path during tunnel fire emergencies. The present work investigates the influ...
A subway transfer station hall is crowded and complex in structure, which makes evacuation more difficult in case of a fire, but also provides more strategic options for smoke extraction. Full-scale experiments and numerical simulations are conducted...
This paper presents a detailed analysis of the dynamics of indoor environmental parameters under three simulated fire scenarios in a multi-story building, using the PyroSim platform (based on the Fire Dynamics Simulator—FDS). The study compares...
People inside a road tunnel may be in grave danger if there is a fire. When a fire is developing, mechanical ventilation can be crucial in protecting occupants and facilitating the arrival of emergency crews. In this paper, a new calculation method t...
The fire scenarios currently used for structural fire design are based on traditional methods that derive from the extrapolation of existing fire test data. The traditional “furnace” geometry test allows a good circulation of the fire gas...
Atria within buildings present an environment which allows smoke to spread around a building in a fire situation. This could create dangerous conditions for the evacuation of people. Smoke control ventilation systems in atria work in the case of a fi...
The aim of the paper is to analyze the effectiveness of smoke exhaust ventilation for the protection of metro technical personnel. Therefore, the specified technological corridor as a part of the underground station was chosen. The Fire Dynamics Simu...
The ability of computer simulations to model airflows in a tunnel can significantly contribute to the effectiveness of fire safety precautions. This study examines two ways of modelling the Polana tunnel (Slovakia) and its influence on the airflow cr...
This scientific article presents the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted using OpenFOAM to evaluate the effectiveness of a jet fan ventilation system in managing the dispersion of smoke resulting from a car fire incide...
Statistics show that most fires occur in civil residential buildings. Most casualties are due to the inhalation of hot air loaded with smoke, leading to intoxication with substances harmful to the human body. This research aimed to develop a CFD mode...
Smoke control is a crucial issue in a long-distance subway tunnel fire, and a two-point extraction ventilation system is an effective way to solve this problem, due to the characteristics of controlling the smoke in a limited area and removing high-t...
Once a fire breaks out in an electric bus, it can easily lead to mass casualties and severe injuries, resulting in significant property damage and social impact. The high-temperature smoke and toxic gases in an electric bus fire are key factors that...
Longitudinal ventilation and smoke extraction by shaft are common smoke control methods in road tunnel fires. Tunnels often adopt one of these methods in practical engineering. However, it may have a better effect to adopt the method of mixing the tw...
The present study examines the prevailing conditions in a railway tunnel after a train fire accident and the ability of the ventilation system to create the proper conditions for a safe passenger evacuation. The examined scenario included an event of...
The increasing concerns about CO2 emissions and climate change have pointed out the urgency of promoting sustainability in the building sector. One promising solution to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings and diminish environmental impact is...
In longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires, the thermal characteristics become more intricate due to the presence of blockages. This phenomenon becomes more complex when multiple blockages occur, which results in a unique interaction between the fire a...
Ventilated facades are becoming an increasingly popular solution for external part of walls in the buildings. They may differ in many elements, among others things: claddings (fiber cement boards, HPL plates, large-slab ceramic tiles, ACM panels, sto...
Single-ended tunnels are a typical structure and an important part during tunnel construction. In the case of a fire in a single-ended tunnel, forced ventilation is commonly used to create a safe area near the excavation face. This work is aimed at e...
The distribution characteristics of the temperature below ceilings in curved tunnel fires have not been quantitatively studied. A small-scale tunnel was constructed in this work to study the maximum temperature and longitudinal attenuation of the tem...
A series of fire experiments were conducted in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m room, and a single door-like opening was adopted. The height of the openings was 20 cm, and the width of the openings varied from 10 cm to 30 cm, with ventilation fact...
Fires in underground spaces are especially relevant due to their potential mortality. However, there is not much research in real-scale spaces done so far. In this study, several fire scenarios were analyzed in an underground drift, taking into accou...
During the actual operation of a subway company, only one ventilation-control scheme is considered in the emergency plan, without considering the specific location difference of the fire source. However, in the case of an actual tunnel fire, the best...
The interaction between ventilation and fire development in diagonal pipe networks makes the study of temperature characteristics extremely complex. The thermodynamic effect caused by high temperature will change the original ventilation state, cause...
Compared to longitudinal ventilation, there are few studies on fire source development under semi-transverse ventilation. This work studied the influence of semi-transverse ventilation on the combustion characteristics of fire sources in a scaled tun...
The effect of the mainline slope on the ceiling temperature profile in a branched tunnel has not been clarified nor included in existing models. Thus, in this paper, the numerical code was employed to investigate the induced airflow velocity and gas...
In this research, the influence of confined space size on the temperature distribution characteristics of internal window plumes from well-ventilated compartment fires was studied. Theoretical analysis was firstly used to establish a mathematical mod...
The increasing use of wooden cladding in multi-storey buildings raises critical fire safety concerns, especially in ventilated façade systems where the chimney effect can accelerate vertical flame spread. This study combines theoretical analys...
Japan and Europe have adopted significantly different ventilation modes with regard to traffic conditions (with or without congestion). This study focuses on the smoke behavior of different ventilation modes by conducting a 3D CFD analysis of smoke d...
Ventilation in subway and railway tunnels is a critical safety component, especially during fire emergencies, where effective smoke and heat management is essential for successful evacuation and firefighting efforts. The Subway Environmental Simulati...
Ventilation-controlled fires tend to be the worst for toxicity, because they produce large amounts of fire effluent containing high yields of toxic products. In order to examine the dependence of the amount of chosen few main combustion gases under v...
Underground fires are still one of the most significant risks in mines today. In order to manage this risk, it is necessary to know the potential evolution of a fire and the effects it can have on people and other objects. Ventilation plays an essent...
Underground interconnected tunnels typically have a large curvature and multiple branching structures, which pose a higher fire risk than traditional single-tube tunnels. In this paper, experiments were performed on a reduced-scale tunnel to study th...
The disorder and disaster evolution characteristics of ascensional airflow fires in mine ventilation systems has been the focus of mine fire research. In this work, through repeated experiments, the variation characteristics of the temperature and ai...
Underground mining, including underground coal mining, is accompanied by accidents and fire hazards that pose a threat to the life safety of miners. The fire hazard increases with an increase in the mining depth. Currently, most accidents in coal min...
Road tunnels are equipped with various safety installations that enable the tunnel’s autonomous response to fire in order to ensure conditions suitable for safe self-rescue and evacuation. A key role in this effort is played by the monitoring o...
Tunnels with natural ventilation and extraction have become the focus of ventilation research in recent years. It is significant to study the characteristics of smoke in tunnel fires to ensure the safety of people and the tunnel structure. Previous r...
Utility tunnels concentrate various important urban engineering pipelines within a shared underground space, which poses significant fire risks, particularly from cable fires. In this study, a full-scale fire experiment was conducted to investigate t...
In this study, experiments and numeric studies were conducted to analyze the causes of abnormal behavior in temperature, heat flux, and combustion efficiency that occurred before a compartment fire was converted to the under-ventilated condition. The...
The current study examines how different types of passengers (elders, travelers with luggage, travelers without luggage, and mixed population) affect the evacuation process in railway tunnels after a fire accident based on Fractional Effective Dose (...
Ventilation velocity conditions may affect the smoke diffusion and evacuation environment in a tunnel fire, which should be fully considered in evacuation spacing designs of undersea tunnels. This study focuses on reasonable evacuation spacing under...
Inert gas agents have the potential to be widely used in fire suppression systems due to health and safety concerns associated with active chemicals. To suppress fire while minimizing hypoxic effects in an occupied area, the discharge quantity of ine...
With the enlargement of underground parking lots, the risk of massive smoke and toxic gases generated during a fire will be increased, resulting in significant casualties, property damage, and difficulties in firefighting operations. To address these...
Effective fire prevention in mine workings and tunnels requires a thorough theoretical analysis of the heat and mass transfer processes within these structures. This involves using established models to calculate non-isothermal air flow dynamics in l...
Determining the appropriate position of a positive pressure ventilator, where it exhibits the highest efficiency (measured by the achieved volumetric flow rate), can influence the success of rescue operations conducted by fire protection units. The a...
A tunnel fire may gradually change from a fuel-controlled fire to a ventilation-controlled fire during the sealing process, so it is of great significance to study the influence of sealing time on the combustion state for safety control. In this stud...
Preventing the plug-holing phenomena of a natural ventilation system in a shallow underground tunnel is important for improving the ventilation performance, and the tunnel slope has a significant influence on the smoke flow. In this study, the effect...
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