Background: Vaccine developers in China have made an increasing number of infectious diseases preventable through vaccination. An appropriate decision-making procedure is necessary for making wise decisions on whether to introduce new vaccines into t...
The national Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in China has covered vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella, among children aged 18–24 months since September 2008. However, no previous studies have quantified the effectiveness of the EPI...
Background/Objectives: Varicella is a highly contagious childhood disease that may cause severe complications in susceptible populations. The SV-1 cell line-based varicella vaccine (VarV [SV-1]) has been increasingly used in routine immunization; how...
Background/Objectives: A “people-centered” approach is one of the core principles of the Immunization Agenda (IA) 2030 and emphasizes the need for services to be organized around the needs and expectations of individuals and the community...
Immunization is a core component of the human right to health. However, accessibility to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) might be difficult among migrant children. This study aims to assess the vaccination coverage of migrant children unde...
Background/Objectives: In the context of its policy of “Reinvigorating Immunization as a Public Good for Universal Health,” the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) developed a methodology and tool (MD-PAI) to help Member States of the...
1 June 2018
To assess the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination coverage in Zhejiang province and to investigate predictors of the BCG vaccination, we used data from the 2017 Zhejiang provincial coverage survey. Demographic and immunization data on th...
Vaccination in Peru began 50 years ago as part of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which has proven effective in saving the lives of millions of children. This research aimed to determine the coverage and adherence to the vaccination sched...
21 February 2019
Background: Poor nutritional status combined with mercury exposure can generate adverse child health outcomes. Diet is a mediator of mercury exposure and evidence suggests that nutritional status modifies aspects of mercury toxicity. However, health...
With the widespread use of the 13-valent pneumonia vaccine (PCV13) in China, monitoring adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) is critical. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the AEFI occurrences reported within Hangzhou between the years...
This perspective is focused on the evidence on human resources for health (HRH) solutions for immunization, as a part of a primary health care (PHC) approach.. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and 50 years since the Expanded Program on Immunizati...
Background: We aimed to evaluate the impact of a Private Provider Engagement (PPE) model that integrated neighborhood private health providers into the immunization system to improve vaccine uptake and reduce coverage disparities among marginalized c...
Background/Objectives: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a history of low coverage (<50%) with all first-year-of-life vaccines for children aged 12–23 months, resulting in frequent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. In r...
Background: In Uganda, COVID-19-related disruptions increased the number of children who missed scheduled routine vaccination (defaulters). Identifying and following up with defaulter children is important for improving vaccination coverage. This pap...
Background/Objectives: Transitions to new vaccines or antigen schedules represent complex system changes requiring coordinated governance, reliable data systems, domestic financing, and multisectoral collaboration. In 2025, African countries were mov...
Background: Measles, an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the measles virus, continues to pose a significant threat to children under five years old worldwide. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, challenges such as insufficie...
Background: The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab is approved in several jurisdictions (United States, European Union, Canada) for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced melanoma. CheckMate 218 is a North American expanded-access pr...
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the safety profile of the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) after its marketing in China. Methods: We present a descriptive analysis and safety signal assessment of adverse events following immunization (AEFI)...
The purpose of this study was to investigate possible influencing factors based on the distribution of the pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) antibody levels in 0–14-year-old children in Jiangsu Province, China, and to ana...
Background: Influenza vaccines have been administered in Jiangsu Province. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive retrospective analysis of influenza vaccine safety in the region from 2019 to 2023. Methods: Data were sourced from the Chinese Nat...
Cameroon introduced the malaria vaccine in its routine immunization program on 22 January 2024 in the 42 districts out of 200 that are among the most at risk of malaria. A cross-sectional analysis of the data on key vaccine events in the introduction...
Despite coverage of two doses of mumps-containing vaccines, mumps epidemics persist among children and young adults in China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Jiangsu Province, with a particular focus on bre...
Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an uncommon but serious adverse reaction after vaccination. However, its association with vaccines other than the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine remains debatable. This study aimed to analyze IT...
This study aimed to evaluate whether measles vaccine uptake can be predicted directly or indirectly by parental perceptions about the availability of measles vaccine services with parental hesitancy towards the measles vaccine as a potential mediator...
Background: In recent years in Mexico, a decreased Bacillus Calmette and Guérin (BCG) coverage has been observed concomitantly with new cases of tuberculosis. Material and Methods: This study is a descriptive and analytical evaluation regardin...
Varicella (chickenpox) is highly contagious among children and frequently breaks out in schools. In this study, we developed a dynamic compartment model to explore the optimal schedule for varicella vaccination in Jiangsu Province, China. A susceptib...
Background: Persistent inequities in access to vaccinations pose challenges for immunization programs worldwide. Innovations facilitating vaccine delivery, such as leveraging vaccine thermostability through a Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC), have...
Background: Cameroon’s suboptimal access to childhood vaccinations poses a significant challenge to achieving the Immunization Agenda 2030 goal—ranking among the top 15 countries with a high proportion of zero-dose (unvaccinated) children...
16 October 2026
Background: Measles remains a public health threat in Ghana due to persistent immunity gaps and suboptimal vaccination coverage. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine immunization and may have altered measles transmission. This study assessed measl...
Populations affected by humanitarian crises and emerging infectious disease outbreaks may have unique concerns and experiences that influence their perceptions toward vaccines. In March 2021, we conducted a survey to examine the perceptions toward CO...
The year 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the World Health Organization (WHO) Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) [...]
20 September 2017
Background: this study aimed to assess both immunization coverage and timeliness, as well as reasons for non-vaccination, and identity the risk factors of delayed immunization, for the vaccines scheduled during the first year of life, in Zhejiang pro...
Metabolic programs are rewired in tumors to support growth, progression, and immune evasion. A wealth of work in the past decade has delineated how these metabolic rearrangements are facilitated by signaling pathways downstream of oncogene activation...
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), available since 1955, became the first vaccine to be used to protect against poliomyelitis. While the immunogenicity of IPV to prevent paralytic poliomyelitis continues to be irrefutable, its requirement for stro...
Major immunization programs and initiatives have prioritized the advancement of equity in immunization. Over the past decade, the World Health Organization has made contributions to understanding inequalities in immunization, including global analyse...
The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) and Vaccine Preventable Disease (VPD) Surveillance (VPDS) programs generate multiple data sources (e.g., routine administrative data, VPD case data, and coverage surveys). However, there are challenges wit...
Newborn screening (NBS) programs continue to expand due to innovations in both test methods and treatment options. Since the introduction of the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay 15 years ago, many countries have adopted screening for seve...
Metal ions are indispensable for living organisms, participating in essential physiological processes. However, their dysregulated accumulation can trigger cell death and metal overload. The recent discovery of novel regulated cell death modalities,...
Background: Despite noteworthy progress in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) for improving vaccination coverage worldwide, inequalities in vaccine uptake and accessibility persist in several middle- and low-income states. Pakistan’s ro...
Background: Pharmacy technicians are increasingly involved in immunization services, enhancing vaccine accessibility and reducing pharmacies’ workload. This scoping review aims to (1) provide a comprehensive overview of pharmacy technicians&rsq...
Inflammasomes and immune checkpoints have been shown to participate in carcinogenesis, cancer growth and response to treatment. Thus, targeting cytokines resulting from inflammasome activation, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, has emerged as a new t...
Background: By 11 March 2022, there were 450,229,635 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases and 6,019,085 deaths globally, with Nigeria reporting 254,637 cases and 3142 deaths. One of the essential healthcare services that have been impacted by the pan...
Global efforts to eradicate smallpox—an Orthopoxvirus infection—began in the mid-20th century, with the last naturally occurring case reported in 1977. This was achieved through global solidarity efforts that expanded the smallpox eradica...
Alpha-enolase (ENO1) is a multifunctional protein frequently overexpressed in solid tumors, where elevated levels are associated with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Beyond its canonical glycolytic role, ENO1 participates in immunoregulatory...
Maternal immunization is a key strategy for protecting pregnant individuals and newborns from infectious diseases. This review examines the mechanisms and benefits of maternal immunization, with a focus on transplacental IgG transfer and immune syste...
Stimulation of the antitumor activity of the immune system using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has proven efficacy in the treatment of multiple types of cancer, inducing the speedily expanding approval of therapeutic indications for ICIs. The l...
The foundation of machine learning is to enable computers to automatically solve certain problems. One of the main tools for achieving this goal is genetic programming (GP), which was developed from the genetic algorithm to expand its scope in machin...
The World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) covers 11 countries with a combined population of about 2 billion people, making it the most populous of the six WHO regions. In 1992, the WHO advocated including the hepatit...
Globally, approximately two billion people are infected with the Hepatitis B virus with attributable death estimated at about half a million people annually across the globe. Chronic hepatitis B infection is also an important public health problem in...
Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have greatly improved knowledge of complex transcriptional programs, rapidly expanding our knowledge of cellular phenotypes and functions within the tumour microenvironment and immune system. Several new...
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