Search Results (432)

Neural oscillations in the alpha and theta bands have been linked to environmental factors, including geomagnetic disturbances, yet the temporal dynamics of these interactions remain poorly understood. This study examined the relationship between geomagnetic activity, quantified by the Kp index, and brain activity in low alpha (7–10 Hz) and theta (4–7 Hz) bands using two complementary approaches. In Experiment 1, archival EEG data from 238 subjects collected over four years were analyzed for correlations between daily Kp values and band power across a ±90-day window. Significant positive correlations (p < 0.01) emerged in both bands, with a spatially coherent peak in caudal regions occurring 19 days prior to EEG measurement. In Experiment 2, an independent sample of 22 participants was exposed to a simulated geomagnetic storm, and EEG was recorded at baseline and 19 days post-exposure. Paired-samples t-tests revealed significant within-subject reductions in theta, low alpha, and high alpha power over frontal and parietal regions, consistent with a delayed neural response. Together, these findings provide converging correlational and experimental evidence for a lagged influence of geomagnetic activity on human brain oscillations. The 19-day delay observed in both datasets suggests that geomagnetic disturbances may exert residual effects on neural dynamics well beyond immediate exposure, warranting further investigation into underlying mechanisms and potential behavioral relevance. Full article

Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs), generated mainly by power infrastructure and household devices, have raised scientific interest due to their potential impact on the endocrine system. Animal research consistently shows effects on melatonin secretion, stress hormone levels, thyroid activity, and reproductive function—largely mediated by oxidative stress and calcium ion imbalance. In contrast, human studies remain inconsistent, often hindered by methodological limitations and insufficient exposure characterization. Objective: This review synthesizes experimental and epidemiological studies examining low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure (≤100 kHz) and its influence on hormonal regulation. Methods: A bibliometric analysis highlights focused interest on specific endocrine targets, particularly the pineal gland. Importantly, many experimental studies use field strengths above those found near high-voltage power lines, limiting direct applicability. Conclusions: While a definitive causal link has not been established, the widespread exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields justifies precautionary considerations. Several important research gaps remain, many of which are identified in this review. The topic of low-frequency electromagnetic field effects on the endocrine system requires more rigorous, long-term human studies with accurate exposure assessment. Full article

The rapid deployment of 5G networks and the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have significantly increased the complexity of urban electromagnetic radiation (EMR) environments. Conventional ground-based monitoring systems are spatially limited and unable to provide three-dimensional field characterization. This paper proposes an integrated IoT–UAV framework for high-resolution EMR monitoring, spatial reconstruction, and intelligent source classification. A four-layer architecture combining distributed sensing, edge computing, cloud analytics, and visualization is developed. A formal electromagnetic propagation model is introduced to ensure consistency between broadband exposure measurements and frequency-selective spectral analysis. A CNN–LSTM architecture is implemented for spectral–temporal source classification, achieving 95% validation accuracy across five EMR categories. Simulation-based validation demonstrates up to an eightfold improvement in spatial coverage compared to fixed ground networks while maintaining a practical anomaly detection threshold of −55 dBm in the spectrum-analysis RF chain. The proposed framework establishes a mathematically consistent and practically deployable solution for next-generation EMR monitoring systems. Full article

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), increasingly prevalent due to technological advancements, have raised significant concerns regarding their potential biological effects on living organisms. While much attention has focused on human health, growing evidence suggests that EMFs can also affect invertebrates, which play vital ecological roles. This study investigates the biochemical and cell death biomarker responses to EMF exposure for 24 h or 72 h in Parasteatoda tepidariorum. The focus is placed on the 10 MHz frequency, which is relevant to environmental exposure scenarios. Biochemical biomarkers include heat shock proteins (HSP70) and the percentage of apoptotic and living cells in individuals at their embryonic, young and adult stages. Results indicate that exposure to EMFs can induce measurable stress responses at the biochemical level, with variations depending on developmental stage and protective structures. Embryos outside of the egg sac exhibited significantly elevated levels of HSP70 and apoptosis markers compared to those within the sac, suggesting a partial protective effect of the cocoons. Furthermore, differences in biomarker sensitivity were observed across all the developmental stages and increased with prolonged exposure. These findings contribute to the understanding of EMF-induced biological effects in invertebrates and support the use of P. tepidariorum as a model species for environmental electromagnetic pollution. Full article

The planning and design of Extra-High Voltage (EHV) overhead power lines require strict adherence to electromagnetic field exposure limits to ensure public safety. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the minimum ground clearance required for standard 400 kV transmission towers to comply with international safety guidelines. A review of legislative frameworks across 37 countries indicates a widespread consensus on limiting values of 5 kV/m for the electric field and 100 $\mathsf{\mu }$T for magnetic flux density. Using analytical methods, the electric and magnetic fields were calculated for four common tower geometries (Cat, Portal, Danube, and Barrel) under varying ground clearances and phase configurations. The results demonstrate that the magnetic flux density is not a limiting factor, as it remains well below safety thresholds even at standard technical clearances. Conversely, the electric field intensity proves to be the critical design constraint, often requiring clearances significantly higher than those dictated by insulation coordination. The study identifies that optimizing the phase sequence in double-circuit towers can reduce the required ground clearance by up to 28%, offering a cost-effective mitigation strategy. These findings provide power line designers with essential decision-making data for the preliminary design phase, enabling the optimization of tower geometry and phase arrangement without the need for computationally intensive simulations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Accurate intraoperative tumour localisation remains challenging in minimally invasive colorectal surgery, where conventional tattooing methods suffer from marker migration, tissue diffusion, and potential allergic reactions. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology offers a promising alternative through implantable passive transponders detectable via electromagnetic coupling, eliminating ionising radiation exposure. Methods: This preclinical feasibility study evaluated three RFID frequency bands for surgical tumour marking: 134 kHz (low frequency, LF), 13.56 MHz (high frequency, HF), and 868 MHz (ultra-high frequency, UHF). Finite element electromagnetic simulations characterised antenna field distributions, while experimental validation employed glass-encapsulated transponders in air and tissue-simulating saline (0.9% NaCl, σ ≈ 1.5 S/m). Detection ranges were measured across 28 angular configurations with expanded measurement uncertainty (k = 2) ranging from ±0.9 to ±3.2 mm. Results: Maximum detection distances in air were 25.0 ± 0.9 mm (LF), 23.0 ± 1.1 mm (HF), and 68.0 ± 2.3 mm (UHF). In saline, ranges decreased to 22.5 ± 1.0 mm, 20.7 ± 1.2 mm, and 18.0 ± 1.4 mm, respectively, demonstrating tissue attenuation of 10% at LF/HF vs. 74% at UHF. Angular characterisation revealed 64–70% range reduction at orthogonal orientation for LF/HF systems. Computational–experimental correlation yielded r² = 0.975 across 154 paired observations. Conclusions: The 13.56 MHz HF band emerges as the optimal candidate for clinical translation, offering adequate tissue penetration (20.7 mm), superior antenna miniaturisation potential (5 mm diameter), established biocompatibility pathways, and mature near-field communication ecosystem support. Future development should address angular sensitivity through multi-axis antenna configurations and validation in anatomically realistic tissue phantoms. This study establishes the electromagnetic evidence base for clinical system development; translation to clinical practice requires sequential preclinical and clinical evaluation. Full article

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental assessment of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure dynamics during the transition from IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) to IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7). Using a human-centric experimental setup, we evaluate the impact of Wi-Fi 7’s core innovations—4096-QAM modulation, 320 MHz bandwidth, and Multi-Link Operation—under iPerf3-controlled high-traffic conditions. A key contribution of this study is the analysis of multi-client influence, comparing EMF emission profiles when one versus two devices are active. Our results reveal a significant paradigm shift: while Wi-Fi 7 generates higher near-field peaks (up to 955.92 mV/m in MLO mode at 20 cm) to sustain high-order modulation, it exhibits an aggressive spatial decay, with E-field intensity collapsing by up to 76.6% at one meter. We demonstrate that the transition from a single-client to a dual-client configuration significantly alters the stochastic nature of the field, increasing the probability of transient high-power events, as characterized by our Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) framework. The findings confirm that Wi-Fi 7’s performance gains are decoupled from long-range exposure; the high-intensity field remains strictly localized, providing a natural safety buffer. This study provides new experimental vista into how next-generation WLAN systems trade near-field strength for far-field safety, maintaining compliance with international limits while supporting multi-device gigabit connectivity. Full article

To evaluate the potential biological effects of electromagnetic fields from offshore wind farms on Sebastes schlegelii, a laboratory-controlled chronic exposure experiment was conducted using a magnet-based static magnetic field system. Each group contained 60 fish distributed across four replicate tanks, with 15 fish per tank, and the fish were continuously exposed for 20 d under controlled water-quality conditions. Daily video monitoring of collective shoaling behavior was combined with multi-tissue physiological and biochemical analyses. Electromagnetic field exposure increased the swimming speed, burst frequency, activity ratio, spatial coverage, occupancy entropy, and polarization, while reducing the nearest neighbor distance, group radius, and group area. At the physiological level, cortisol increased mainly in the liver and brain, ACTH showed tissue-dependent modulation, SOD remained relatively stable, and glutathione increased in multiple tissues, especially in the liver, gut, and brain. Correlation analysis indicated a close coupling between behavioral reorganization and endocrine–redox regulation, suggesting that chronic EMF exposure shifted Sebastes schlegelii into a stress-associated but functionally coordinated collective state. Full article

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) may exert antimicrobial effects, which could be relevant both in medical applications and as a contributing factor in electro-disinfection processes. This study was designed to evaluate their impact on the viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Experiments were performed in three independent biological replicates, each with three technical replicates per group. Groups 1–3 served as controls and were not exposed to PEMFs. Groups 4–6, 7–9, and 10–12 were exposed to PEMFs of 40, 60, and 80 µT, respectively, for 4, 8, and 24 h using a cylindrical copper solenoid coil. Bacterial viability was assessed via colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and log₁₀ CFU/mL values were reported. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine structural changes in bacterial cells. PEMF exposure significantly reduced P. aeruginosa viability, with magnetic field strength (p < 0.001), exposure time (p < 0.01), and their interaction (p < 0.05) showing significant effects. Post hoc analysis revealed that higher field strengths, particularly 80 µT after 24 h, produced the greatest reduction in CFU counts, whereas 40 µT showed no significant difference compared to controls (p > 0.05). TEM images demonstrated pronounced degeneration and structural damage in PEMF-exposed bacterial cells. PEMF exposure reduced CFU counts in an intensity and duration-dependent manner. While a dose-related trend is suggested, limited experimental conditions preclude definitive conclusions, and findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the in vitro design. Full article

This work presents the design and characterization of a thermoregulated, bandwidth-enhanced TEM cell system optimized for bioelectromagnetic experiments on biological cells, with a focus on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer investigations at 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz. Bandwidth improvement, achieved through geometric modifications and optimized connector transitions, resulted in reduced return and insertion losses and improved field uniformity, particularly in the 2.5–6 GHz range. Numerical simulations showed homogeneous electric field and normalized specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions (~1 W/kg) at 700 MHz. At 3.5 GHz, the improved TEM cell provided the most uniform exposure of the biological sample with SAR values of 15 W/kg and 10.5 W/kg, for the bulk and surface (bottom layer), respectively. Experimental SAR measurements using a ~1 mm³ fluoro-optic probe agreed well with simulations. To counteract RF-induced heating, the system incorporated active thermoregulation at 37 °C. At 3.5 GHz and 20 W input power, a 1.5 °C rise over 120 s was effectively mitigated using water-circulation cooling. This work provides a controlled and reliable setup for future studies on the interaction of 5G-band electromagnetic fields with biological systems. Full article

The expansion of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks has increased environmental exposure to mid-band and millimeter-wave radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), but their molecular effects on male reproductive tissues remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated whether repeated exposure to 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF alters testicular stress-associated molecular responses by integrating electromagnetic dosimetry with an in vivo rat model. Whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) and 10 g peak SAR were estimated using a rat voxel model and scaled to the 20 cm antenna-to-cage geometry used during exposure. Thirty-six adult male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to sham, 3.5 GHz, or 24 GHz groups and exposed for 1 h/day or 7 h/day over 60 days. Testes were examined histologically and assessed for HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 protein expression. SAR values were low overall, although absorption was higher at 3.5 GHz than at 24 GHz. Histological evaluation showed preserved seminiferous tubule architecture without consistent structural injury. In contrast, molecular analysis demonstrated frequency- and duration-dependent modulation of heat shock proteins, including early HSP70 downregulation at both frequencies, followed by HSP90 upregulation at 3.5 GHz and HSP27 upregulation at 24 GHz. These findings indicate that low-level 5G-relevant RF-EMF exposure can modify molecular stress responses in testicular tissue even in the absence of overt histological damage. Full article

(1) Background: The increasing contribution of anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation has altered the Earth’s electromagnetic landscape and poses a serious problem for electromagnetic ecology and medicine. The aim of this study was to develop a working theoretical framework to describe the current state of interaction between the human body and electromagnetic fields in the external environment and to facilitate transdisciplinary collaboration among scientists in studying and addressing this problem. (2) Methods: Extensive research has been conducted in the literature to provide a comprehensive presentation of data, enabling a working concept of the interaction between the human body and electromagnetic fields in the external environment. (3) Results: General data, theoretical foundations, mechanisms, and results of the interaction of external electromagnetic fields with the human body were presented. (4) Conclusions: There is a proven interaction between the human body and external electromagnetic fields, as the body is part of the Earth’s electromagnetic landscape and has biophysical mechanisms for coupling with it. The increase in anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation is an electromagnetic environmental problem, and this requires further study of the safety issues and the impact of anthropogenic electromagnetic fields on the human body, and a reassessment of their biological impact on the human body, tightening the standards and requirements for electromagnetic safety in places where people live, a moratorium on further deployment of 5G, urgent application of the precautionary principle, and stricter exposure limits, especially for Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields. Full article

The correlation between fouling-driven corrosion and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) in AH36 naval steel was investigated under real Mediterranean seawater conditions over a 12-month immersion period. A custom-designed MBN analyzer was used to monitor four MBN parameters at monthly intervals: RMS amplitude (MBN_RMS), peak amplitude (MBN_peak), peak field position (MBN_{peak pos.}), and full width at half maximum (MBN_FWHM). Complementary characterization included pit morphology analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) of corrosion products, and quantitative biofouling community profiling. Three distinct MBN evolution regimes were identified, corresponding to active pitting (T₀–T₃), transitional oxide formation (T₃–T₆), and mature corrosion equilibrium (T₆–T₁₂). Over the full exposure period, MBN_RMS decreased by 50.4% and MBN_{peak pos.} increased by 83.3%, consistent with domain wall pinning at pit stress concentrations and electromagnetic shielding by paramagnetic corrosion product layers (γ-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, α-FeOOH). Pearson correlation analysis revealed near-unity relationships between MBN_RMS and maximum pit depth (r = −0.982, p < 0.01), supporting its potential use as a quantitative non-destructive indicator of corrosion severity under comparable exposure conditions. Biofouling, particularly sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-dominated communities and biogenic iron sulfides (mackinawite, greigite), was identified as a statistically significant secondary correlate of MBN signal intensity (r = −0.944 vs. SRB fraction). A composite diagnostic threshold of (MBN_RMS × MBN_peak)/MBN_FWHM ≈ 0.015 effectively discriminated active pitting from passive rusting. These findings provide a physically grounded framework for multiparametric MBN analysis as a non-destructive condition monitoring tool, with the caveat that the reported correlations are descriptive and require independent validation before deployment in regulatory inspection protocols. Full article

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles is transitioning from laboratory prototypes to deployable charging infrastructure, driven by the demand for safer, automated, and weather-robust charging in residential parking, depots, and public bays, and more recently by pilot electric-road concepts. This review focuses on near-field resonant inductive WPT and explicitly frames the discussion around standardization and deployment readiness, with SAE J2954 and related international frameworks as reference points for interoperability, alignment, conformance testing, and certification planning across static, quasi-dynamic, and dynamic solutions. Recent surveys and representative demonstrators are synthesized to consolidate dominant research and engineering themes, including magnetic coupler and shielding design, compensation-network and control co-design, segment architecture and handover strategies for dynamic tracks, safety functions, electromagnetic exposure verification, electromagnetic compatibility constraints, bidirectional operation, and data-driven methods supporting design and field adaptation. For light-duty static charging, interoperable pad families, alignment procedures, and mature compensation topologies enable repeatable high-efficiency operation and increasingly standardized validation workflows, supporting early commercial availability. Heavy-duty depot charging appears technically attractive where duty cycles favor opportunity charging and packaging constraints are manageable. Dynamic WPT has reached pilot readiness via segmented selective-energization tracks and coordinated localization and handover, but corridor-scale rollout remains limited by maintainability, seasonal reliability, cost per kilometer, and route and site-specific verification of safety, exposure, and EMC margins. Full article

Electromagnetic field-based stimulation has emerged as a promising noninvasive approach for enhancing bone fracture healing. Beyond conventional pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapies employing spatially uniform fields, dielectrophoretic-force-based (DEPF) stimulation exploits electromagnetic field non-uniformities to induce localized interactions to enhance fracture healing. However, the thermal behavior associated with DEPF-driven PEMF exposure in the presence of metallic orthopedic implants remains largely unexplored. In this study, the thermal response of tissue-like tibia phantoms with and without metallic implants is investigated using an integrated experimental and numerical framework. A custom-designed conical coil is employed to generate non-uniform DEPF excitation capable of affecting the fracture site. Surface temperature evolution is measured using infrared thermal imaging, while electromagnetic power absorption is quantified through specific absorption rate (SAR)-based thermal measurement coupled with a bio-heat formulation. Anatomically realistic tibia phantoms reconstructed from computed tomography data are fabricated via a 3D printer to represent clinically relevant fracture configurations. Experimental results show that the metallic implant exhibits a rapid temperature increase of approximately $0.4 °\mathrm{C}$ within the first few minutes of exposure, followed by thermal stabilization, corresponding to an effective absorbed power of ${\mathrm{SAR}}_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{implant}}\approx 2.2 \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{kg}$ inferred from the initial temperature slope. In contrast, the non-conductive resin phantom displays a temperature rise of only $0.05 °\mathrm{C}$ over the same interval, yielding ${\mathrm{SAR}}_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{resin}}\approx 0.8 \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{kg}$. These findings demonstrate that implant-related eddy-current losses dominate localized heating under DEPF excitation, while tissue-like media remain weakly affected. This work provides SAR-based experimental evaluation of DEPF stimulation in implanted tibia fracture models, offering new insight into implant-induced electromagnetic heating and its implications for the safety and optimization of DEPF-based bone-healing therapies. Full article