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160 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,682 Views
10 Pages

White Phosphate Coatings Obtained on Steel from Modified Cold Phosphating Solutions

  • Evgeniy Rumyantsev,
  • Varvara Rumyantseva and
  • Viktoriya Konovalova

7 January 2022

The article presents a method for obtaining white phosphate coatings on steel by cold method. The deposition of protective phosphate coatings was carried out from solutions based on the preparation “Majef”, consisting of manganese and iro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
2,742 Views
15 Pages

23 November 2023

Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is known to rapidly enhance the cold tolerance of insects. Trehalose has been demonstrated to be a cryoprotectant in Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, an important invasive pest of rice in China. Trehalose synthesis mainly occurs...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
3,339 Views
23 Pages

Preparation and Application of Self-Curing Magnesium Phosphate Cement Concrete with High Early Strength in Severe Cold Environments

  • Xingwen Jia,
  • Jiayin Luo,
  • Wenxin Zhang,
  • Jueshi Qian,
  • Junmeng Li,
  • Ping Wang and
  • Maohua Tang

7 December 2020

The early strength of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) decreases sharply in severe cold environments ≤−10 °C, with the 2 h compressive strength falling to 3.5 MPa at−20 °C. Therefore, it cannot be used as a repair material for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
3,724 Views
15 Pages

Identification of the Cytosolic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene from Strawberry Involved in Cold Stress Response

  • Yunting Zhang,
  • Mengwen Luo,
  • Lijuan Cheng,
  • Yuanxiu Lin,
  • Qing Chen,
  • Bo Sun,
  • Xianjie Gu,
  • Yan Wang,
  • Mengyao Li and
  • Ya Luo
  • + 3 authors

3 October 2020

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) plays an important role in plant stress responses. Here, five FaG6PDH sequences were obtained in strawberry, designated as FaG6PDH-CY, FaG6PDH-P1, FaG6PDH-P1.1, FaG6PDH-P2 and FaG6PDH-P0, which were divided i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,001 Views
13 Pages

Six test cells, two lead–acid batteries (LABs), and four lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have been tested regarding their capacity at various temperatures (25 °C, 0 °C, and −18 °C) and regarding their cold crank capabil...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,005 Views
6 Pages

Obtaining Red Phosphate Coatings on Steel at Room Temperature

  • Viktoriya S. Konovalova and
  • Varvara E. Rumyantseva

26 October 2023

The article discusses the aspects of obtaining red-colored phosphate coatings on the surface of steel at low temperatures. The solution for color phosphating is based on a modified composition based on the chemical «Majef» with sodium nit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,798 Views
12 Pages

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.363) is a crucial regulatory enzyme in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway that provides reductive potential in the form of NADPH, as well as carbon skeletons for the synthesis of macromolecules....

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,380 Views
23 Pages

Transcriptomic Characterizations of the Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Lipid Production and Composition in Mortierella alpina in Response to Cold Stress

  • Jiali Ren,
  • Haijun Wang,
  • Fengjie Sun,
  • Chunxiao Meng,
  • Xiangyu Zhu,
  • Zuoxi Wei,
  • Zhengquan Gao and
  • Demao Li

28 February 2022

Cold stress causes changes in the lipid composition of Mortierella alpina. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of M. alpina in response to cold stress, transcriptome analyses were performed on three groups of M. alpina cultured at (1) 25...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,819 Views
18 Pages

Genome-Wide Identification of GmSPS Gene Family in Soybean and Expression Analysis in Response to Cold Stress

  • Jiafang Shen,
  • Yiran Xu,
  • Songli Yuan,
  • Fuxiao Jin,
  • Yi Huang,
  • Haifeng Chen,
  • Zhihui Shan,
  • Zhonglu Yang,
  • Shuilian Chen and
  • Xinan Zhou
  • + 1 author

17 August 2023

Sucrose metabolism plays a critical role in development, stress response, and yield formation of plants. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is the key rate-limiting enzyme in the sucrose synthesis pathway. To date, genome-wide survey and comprehensive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,586 Views
15 Pages

Glucose Catabolite Repression Participates in the Regulation of Sialidase Biosynthesis by Antarctic Strain Penicillium griseofulvum P29

  • Radoslav Abrashev,
  • Ekaterina Krumova,
  • Penka Petrova,
  • Rumyana Eneva,
  • Vladislava Dishliyska,
  • Yana Gocheva,
  • Stefan Engibarov,
  • Jeny Miteva-Staleva,
  • Boryana Spasova and
  • Vera Kolyovska
  • + 1 author

23 March 2024

Sialidases (neuraminidases) catalyze the removal of terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins. Novel enzymes from non-clinical isolates are of increasing interest regarding their application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The present...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,097 Views
24 Pages

The phosphate starvation response (PHR) transcription factor family play central regulatory roles in nutrient signaling, but its relationship with other abiotic stress remains elusive. In the woody plant Eucalyptus grandis, we characterized 12 EgPHRs...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,125 Views
14 Pages

Consolidation of Spray-Dried Amorphous Calcium Phosphate by Ultrafast Compression: Chemical and Structural Overview

  • Sylvain Le Grill,
  • Christophe Drouet,
  • Olivier Marsan,
  • Yannick Coppel,
  • Vincent Mazel,
  • Marie-Claire Barthelemy and
  • Fabien Brouillet

10 January 2024

A large amount of research in orthopedic and maxillofacial domains is dedicated to the development of bioactive 3D scaffolds. This includes the search for highly resorbable compounds, capable of triggering cell activity and favoring bone regeneration...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,178 Views
15 Pages

There are several alternative technologies to nitrite use in meat products, including cold plasma. In this study, a cold-plasma-treated phosphate solution was added to smoked sausage, as a new ingredient. Subsequently, the color, texture, and flavor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,385 Views
10 Pages

Evaluation of Dentin Tubule Occlusion Using Pre-Treatment with No-Ozone Cold Plasma: An In Vitro Study

  • Byul-Bora Choi,
  • Seung-Ah Park,
  • Jeong-Hae Choi,
  • Sang-Rye Park and
  • Gyoo-Cheon Kim

26 October 2023

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common disease of the oral cavity, which renders the tooth extremely sensitive to stimuli. These symptoms usually result from the exposure of the dentinal tubules to the external environment. There is a need for a treatme...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
8,271 Views
28 Pages

Abiotic stresses, including low-temperature environments, adversely affect the structure, composition, and physiological activities of soil microbiomes. Also, low temperatures disturb physiological and metabolic processes, leading to major crop losse...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,439 Views
10 Pages

21 October 2023

The changes in storage loss, water distribution status, gel characteristics, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), total volatile basic nitrogen, and total plate count of cooked reduced-phosphate silver carp surimi batter during cold stor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
756 Views
22 Pages

Identification of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Family Members Associated with Cold Stress in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

  • Jianwei Zhang,
  • Jianxin Fan,
  • Zhiying Tan,
  • Yao Jiang,
  • Xianjun Chen,
  • Qin Yang and
  • Huanxiu Li

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is a critical enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, playing an essential role in plant growth, development, and adaptation to abiotic stress. In this study, we identified four members of the G6PDH gene fam...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,080 Views
16 Pages

In Situ Microstructure Characterization of Potassium Di-Phosphate (KDP) Densification during Cold Sintering

  • Andrew J. Allen,
  • Russell A. Maier,
  • Fan Zhang,
  • Ivan Kuzmenko and
  • Jan Ilavsky

18 October 2022

In order for ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) to achieve its full potential, it is increasingly important to develop a more rigorous understanding of fundamental phenomena that govern the kinetics and thermodynamics of ceramic AM processes. In the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,298 Views
16 Pages

Bone Regeneration Potential of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in Combination with Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Pretreated Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate: An In Vivo Assessment

  • Maja Miletić,
  • Nevena Puač,
  • Nikola Škoro,
  • Božidar Brković,
  • Miroslav Andrić,
  • Bogomir Bolka Prokić,
  • Vesna Danilović,
  • Sanja Milutinović-Smiljanić,
  • Olivera Mitrović-Ajtić and
  • Slavko Mojsilović

19 December 2023

In regenerative bone tissue medicine, combining artificial bone substitutes with progenitor cells is a prospective approach. Surface modification via cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) enhances biomaterial–cell interactions, which are crucial for su...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,038 Views
14 Pages

Arabidopsis Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels (VDACs): Overlapping and Specific Functions in Mitochondria

  • Mickaële Hemono,
  • Élodie Ubrig,
  • Kevin Azeredo,
  • Thalia Salinas-Giegé,
  • Laurence Drouard and
  • Anne-Marie Duchêne

21 April 2020

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are essential components of the mitochondrial outer membrane. VDACs are involved in the exchange of numerous ions and molecules, from ATP to larger molecules such as tRNAs, and are supposed to adjust exchanges...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,642 Views
20 Pages

Spraying KH2PO4 Alleviates the Damage of Spring Low-Temperature Stress by Improving the Physiological Characteristics of Wheat Flag Leaves

  • Xiang Chen,
  • Ying Weng,
  • Tiantian Chen,
  • Wenci Dai,
  • Zhiwei Tang,
  • Hongmei Cai,
  • Baoqiang Zheng and
  • Jincai Li

27 October 2024

The low-temperature stress (LTS) in spring results in tremendous yield loss in wheat production, and the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) can alleviate stress-induced damage. However, the underlying effect of spraying KH2PO4 on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
8,308 Views
13 Pages

25 January 2012

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase from the psychrophilic microorganism Psychromonas ingrahamii was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a His-tag fusion protein. The enzyme was characterized with respect to its spectroscopic, catalytic, and th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
757 Views
25 Pages

24 September 2025

Three fungal strains belonging to the genus Penicillium from different temperature classes (two Antarctic strains—psychrotolerant and mesophilic, and a temperate mesophilic) were used to investigate their metabolic cell response to cold stress....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,007 Views
22 Pages

19 August 2025

Global climate change is pushing insects into colder regions. Understanding their cold tolerance is important for predicting population dynamics. During overwintering, Streltzoviella insularis larvae activate the AMPK signaling pathway. This suggests...

  • Review
  • Open Access
128 Citations
7,641 Views
15 Pages

21 November 2018

Cold temperatures restrict plant growth, geographical extension of plant species, and agricultural practices. This review deals with cold stress above freezing temperatures often defined as chilling stress. It focuses on the redox regulatory network...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,600 Views
13 Pages

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of OsSPXs Revealed Its Genetic Influence on Cold Tolerance of Dongxiang Wild Rice (DXWR)

  • Cheng Huang,
  • Jilin Wang,
  • Dianwen Wang,
  • Jingjing Chang,
  • Hongping Chen,
  • Dazhou Chen,
  • Wei Deng and
  • Chunjie Tian

SPX-domain proteins (small proteins with only the SPX domain) have been proven to be involved in phosphate-related signal transduction and regulation pathways. Except for OsSPX1 research showing that it plays a role in the process of rice adaptation...

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
4,964 Views
19 Pages

iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteome Revealed Metabolic Changes in Winter Turnip Rape (Brassica rapa L.) under Cold Stress

  • Yaozhao Xu,
  • Xiucun Zeng,
  • Jian Wu,
  • Fenqin Zhang,
  • Caixia Li,
  • Jinjin Jiang,
  • Youping Wang and
  • Wancang Sun

26 October 2018

Winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a large-scale winter-only oil crop cultivated in Northwest China. However, its cold-resistant molecular mechanism remains inadequate. Studying the cold adaptation mechanisms of winter turnip rape based on the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,035 Views
14 Pages

Silencing CaTPS1 Increases the Sensitivity to Low Temperature and Salt Stresses in Pepper

  • Bingdiao Gou,
  • Panpan Duan,
  • Min Wei,
  • Shufang Zhao,
  • Yongfu Wang,
  • Nan Yang,
  • Gaoyuan Zhang and
  • Bingqiang Wei

20 January 2023

Trehalose, as a non-reductive disaccharide, plays a vital role in plant growth and development and resistance to abiotic stress. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis mechanism of trehalose and TPS1 genes play a crucia...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,123 Views
13 Pages

Transcriptome Analysis of Low-Temperature-Treated Tetraploid Yellow Actinidia chinensis Planch. Tissue Culture Plantlets

  • Yipei Li,
  • Zhiming Zhang,
  • Xiaozhen Liu,
  • Zhuo Wei,
  • Xianang Zhang,
  • Wen Bian,
  • Shengxing Li and
  • Hanyao Zhang

10 October 2022

The cold-resistant mechanism of yellow kiwifruit associated with gene regulation is poorly investigated. In this study, to provide insight into the causes of differences in low-temperature tolerance and to better understand cold-adaptive mechanisms,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,165 Views
12 Pages

21 January 2022

We report here the preparation and characterization of polyaniline Ni-complex catalytic electrode by one-pot plasma deposition for the electrochemical detection of phosphate via the redox reaction of glucose. We first prepared a precursory solution b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,395 Views
16 Pages

PET/MRI-Evaluated Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue via Cold Exposure Impacts Lipid Metabolism

  • Katarzyna Miniewska,
  • Katarzyna Maliszewska,
  • Karolina Pietrowska,
  • Joanna Godzień,
  • Łukasz Łabieniec,
  • Małgorzata Mojsak,
  • Adam Krętowski and
  • Michał Ciborowski

Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is considered to play a protective role against obesity and type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms of its activation and associations with clinical parameters are not well described. Male adults underwent a 2 h cold expos...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,294 Views
18 Pages

7 November 2020

Trichogramma spp. is an important egg parasitoid wasp for biocontrol of agriculture and forestry insect pests. Trehalose serves as an energy source or stress protectant for insects. To study the potential role of trehalose in cold resistance on an eg...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,681 Views
17 Pages

Starch Degradation and Sucrose Accumulation of Lily Bulbs after Cold Storage

  • Junpeng Yu,
  • Sujuan Xu,
  • Xinyue Liu,
  • Ting Li,
  • Dehua Zhang,
  • Nianjun Teng and
  • Ze Wu

Functional lilies are a group of edible lily cultivars with great potential for landscape application. Low-temperature storage can significantly improve their taste, but the knowledge of this process is largely unknown. In this study, we used the fun...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
5,185 Views
15 Pages

Osteoblast Cell Response to Naturally Derived Calcium Phosphate-Based Materials

  • Valentina Mitran,
  • Raluca Ion,
  • Florin Miculescu,
  • Madalina Georgiana Necula,
  • Aura-Catalina Mocanu,
  • George E. Stan,
  • Iulian Vasile Antoniac and
  • Anisoara Cimpean

27 June 2018

The demand of calcium phosphate bioceramics for biomedical applications is constantly increasing. Efficient and cost-effective production can be achieved using naturally derived materials. In this work, calcium phosphate powders, obtained from dolomi...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,015 Views
15 Pages

Cold Spraying of Thick Biomimetic and Stoichiometric Apatite Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

  • Ambra Paterlini,
  • Joël Alexis,
  • Yannick Balcaen and
  • Ghislaine Bertrand

Ceramic coatings have a long history in the orthopaedic field, with plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxyapatite as leading standard in the manufacturing process; however, these coatings can contain secondary phases resulting from the decomposition of h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
4,809 Views
18 Pages

Camellia weiningensis Y. K. Li. sp. nov. (CW) is an endemic oil-tea species in Guizhou province, distributed in the alpine karst area, which exhibits cold resistance and better economic characters than C. oleifera (CO). The mechanism of cold response...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,210 Views
14 Pages

13 October 2021

Aegilops tauschii (Coss.) is an aggressive and serious annual grass weed in China. Its DD genome is a rich source of genetic material and performs better under different abiotic stress conditions (salinity, drought, temperature, etc.). Reverse-transc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,373 Views
13 Pages

The Formation of Phytic Acid–Silane Films on Cold-Rolled Steel and Corrosion Resistance

  • Wanjiao Duan,
  • Yunying Fan,
  • Baipo Shu,
  • Yichun Liu,
  • Yi Wan,
  • Rongguang Xiao,
  • Jianxin Xu,
  • Shan Qing and
  • Qingtai Xiao

12 March 2024

In this work, phytic acid (PA) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) underwent a condensation process to produce a phytic acid–silane (abbreviated PAS) passivation solution. Additionally, it was applied to the surface of cold-rolled steel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
5,816 Views
22 Pages

4 December 2018

In this paper, we report the application of zinc phosphate electrostatic-painting top coating on cold sprayed AA7075 leading to a significant improvement in corrosion-fatigue performance. High strength AA7075 powder was sprayed on AZ31B substrate, fo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,409 Views
19 Pages

Role of Liver CD38 in the Regulation of Metabolic Pathways during Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Mice

  • Andrea Benzi,
  • Sonia Spinelli,
  • Laura Sturla,
  • Markus Heine,
  • Alexander W. Fischer,
  • Friedrich Koch-Nolte,
  • Hans-Willi Mittrücker,
  • Andreas H. Guse,
  • Antonio De Flora and
  • Joerg Heeren
  • + 1 author

28 November 2022

Boosting NAD+ levels are considered a promising means to promote healthy aging and ameliorate dysfunctional metabolism. The expression of CD38, the major NAD+-consuming enzyme, is downregulated during thermogenesis in both brown and white adipose tis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,584 Views
24 Pages

Cryoprotectant-Mediated Cold Stress Mitigation in Litchi Flower Development: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Perspectives

  • Xue-Wen Zheng,
  • Xin-Yue Cao,
  • Wen-Hao Jiang,
  • Guang-Zhao Xu,
  • Qing-Zhi Liang and
  • Zhuan-Ying Yang

15 April 2024

Temperature is vital in plant growth and agricultural fruit production. Litchi chinensis Sonn, commonly known as litchi, is appreciated for its delicious fruit and fragrant blossoms and is susceptible to stress when exposed to low temperatures. This...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,667 Views
17 Pages

Identification of Metabolite and Lipid Profiles in a Segregating Peach Population Associated with Mealiness in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

  • Victoria Lillo-Carmona,
  • Alonso Espinoza,
  • Karin Rothkegel,
  • Miguel Rubilar,
  • Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco,
  • Romina Pedreschi,
  • Reinaldo Campos-Vargas and
  • Claudio Meneses

16 April 2020

The peach is the third most important temperate fruit crop considering fruit production and harvested area in the world. Exporting peaches represents a challenge due to the long-distance nature of export markets. This requires fruit to be placed in c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,203 Views
17 Pages

28 September 2022

In plants, the trehalose biosynthetic pathway plays key roles in the regulation of carbon allocation and stress adaptation. Engineering of the pathway holds great promise to increase the stress resilience of crop plants. The synthesis of trehalose pr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,404 Views
20 Pages

26 January 2023

Petrological, geochemical, and biostratigraphical investigations have been conducted on seventy-nine samples from four selected sections in Jordan to understand the factors that influenced the enrichment and deposition of massive phosphorite deposits...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,075 Views
13 Pages

9 August 2024

Background and objectives: The main problem of vascular preservation is the maintenance of vessel graft quality and function following extended storage. Conventional preservation solutions such as histidine–tryptophan–ketoglutarate (HTK)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,352 Views
13 Pages

24 August 2021

Allium fistulosum is a perennial plant species grown worldwide belonging to the family Liliaceae. In Korean medicine, it is referred to as Chongbaek (CB), and it is prescribed for symptoms associated with the common cold due to its antipyretic proper...

  • Article
  • Open Access
66 Citations
8,578 Views
28 Pages

Microbial Diversity of Psychrotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Wild Flora of Andes Mountains and Patagonia of Chile towards the Selection of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia to Alleviate Cold Stress in Plants

  • Paulina Vega-Celedón,
  • Guillermo Bravo,
  • Alexis Velásquez,
  • Fernanda P. Cid,
  • Miryam Valenzuela,
  • Ingrid Ramírez,
  • Ingrid-Nicole Vasconez,
  • Inaudis Álvarez,
  • Milko A. Jorquera and
  • Michael Seeger

Cold stress decreases the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Psychrotolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) may protect and promote plant growth at low temperatures. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize psychrot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,699 Views
15 Pages

Four Simple Biomimetic Mineralization Methods to Improve the Thermostability and Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles as a Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease

  • Mengnan Guo,
  • Jiajun Li,
  • Zhidong Teng,
  • Mei Ren,
  • Hu Dong,
  • Yun Zhang,
  • Jiaxi Ru,
  • Ping Du,
  • Shiqi Sun and
  • Huichen Guo

12 August 2021

The need for a cold chain system during storage and transport substantially increases the cost of vaccines. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are among the best countermeasures against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, VLPs are composed of pure...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,706 Views
22 Pages

Impacts of Mesoscale Eddies on Biogeochemical Variables in the Northwest Pacific

  • Jianhua Kang,
  • Yu Wang,
  • Shuhong Huang,
  • Lulu Pei and
  • Zhaohe Luo

7 October 2022

Mesoscale eddies play an important role in regulating biogeochemical cycles. However, the response of biogeochemical variables to cold and warm eddies has not been well elucidated, mainly due to most previous studies relying on remote sensing techniq...

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