277 Results Found

Microglia, the unique and motile immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), function as a security guard in maintaining CNS homeostasis, primarily through calcium signaling. The calcium dynamics in microglia control important functions such as...

Platinum compounds cause significant clinical neurotoxicity. Several studies highlight neurological complications especially in paediatric oncology patients with Central Nervous System (CNS) and non-CNS malignancies. To understand the toxicity mechan...

Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation at various levels, leading to tumor growth and spread. This review focuses on the role of ion homeostasis in cancer progression. It describes a model of ion-mediated regulat...

Epilepsy is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to control seizures. Even though parts of their mechanisms of action are known, there are still components that need to be studied. Therefore...

Calcium is a highly positively charged ionic species. It regulates all cell types’ functions and is an important second messenger that controls and triggers several mechanisms, including membrane stabilization, permeability, contraction, secret...

Skeletal muscle, constituting 40–50% of total body mass, is vital for mobility, posture, and systemic homeostasis. Muscle contraction heavily relies on ATP, primarily generated by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria play a key...

For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear...

Background: Frailty and severe aortic stenosis (AoS) are critical conditions in older adults, both of which share pathophysiological mechanisms including chronic inflammation and calcium metabolism dysregulation, potentially influencing the developme...

The antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone is toxic to yeast cells due to provoking Ca2+ entry into cytosol. Here we show that in Ogataea parapolymorpha, the loss of Cch1 or Mid1, which are the primary components of the high-affinity Ca2+ uptake system (HACS...

High intestinal availability of dietary phosphorus (P) may impair calcium (Ca) homeostasis and bone integrity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phytase supplementation in comparison to the soaking of cereal grains in 2.5% lactic ac...

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known to regulate crucial bodily functions, including healthy muscle activity. However, its precise roles in normal skeletal muscle function and the development of muscle disorders remain unclear. Previously, we de...

Background: The mechanisms underlying dysfunction in the sinoatrial node (SAN), the heart’s primary pacemaker, are incompletely understood. Electrical and Ca2+-handling remodeling have been implicated in SAN dysfunction associated with heart failure,...

The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is bound to increase globally in the following years, affecting the quality of life of millions of people, increasing mortality and morbidity, and beleaguering health care systems. Increasingly effective the...

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) is a crucial component of the cellular machinery responsible for Ca2+ homeostasis. The selective inhibition of SERCA by thapsigargin (TG) leads to perturbations in Ca2+ signaling, which can trigger endo...

Background: Vitamin D exerts multiple beneficial effects in humans, including neuronal, immune, and bone homeostasis and the regulation of cardiovascular functions. Recent studies correlate vitamin D with cancer cell growth and survival, but meta-ana...

It is known that seven mammalian selenoproteins are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum: SELENOM, SELENOT, SELENOF, SELENOK, SELENOS, SELENON, and DIO2. Among them, SELENOM and SELENOT are the least studied; therefore, the study of their function...

Milk fever, or periparturient hypocalcemia, in dairy cows has traditionally been addressed as an acute calcium deficiency, leading to interventions like supplementation and adjustments in dietary cation–anion balance. Although these measures ha...

Mitochondria represent the fundamental system for cellular energy metabolism, by not only supplying energy in the form of ATP, but also by affecting physiology and cell death via the regulation of calcium homeostasis and the activity of Bcl-2 protein...

Calcium (Ca2+) is an important mediator of multicellular homeostasis and is involved in several diseases. The interplay among the kidney, bone, intestine, and parathyroid gland in Ca2+ homeostasis is strictly modulated by numerous hormones and signal...

Calcineurin, a key regulator of the calcium signaling pathway, is involved in calcium signal transduction and calcium ion homeostasis. Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating filamentous phytopathogenic fungus in rice, yet little is known about the funct...

Background: Neurodegenerative and mood disorders represent growing medical and social problems, many of which are provoked by oxidative stress, disruption in the metabolism of various neurotransmitters, and disturbances in calcium homeostasis. Biolog...

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D and serum calcium play a key role in several physiological and pathological conditions. Vitamin D and PTH receptors are largely expressed in the central nervous system and are involved in the modulation of inflamm...

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates. Exercise also affects bone and mineral metabolism, particularly calcium...

Nanosized objects are increasingly present in everyday life and in specialized technological applications. In recent years, as a consequence of concern about their potential adverse effects, intense research effort has led to a better understanding o...

In this work, we studied the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis using IZEs as explants. We characterized the process at the light and scanning electron microscope level and studied several specific aspects such as WUS expression, callo...

S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular homeostasis, and can work extracellularly, intracellularly...

Sigma receptor type 1 (σ1R) is a transmembrane protein expressed throughout the central nervous system and in certain peripheral tissues. The human σ1R E102Q mutation causes juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), likely by inducing...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neuronal damage in the central nervous system. Dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, particularly through the Store-Operated Calcium Entry-Associated Regulato...

Recombinant aequorin has been extensively used in mammalian and plant systems as a powerful tool for calcium monitoring. While aequorin has also been widely applied in yeast research, a notable gap exists in the literature regarding comprehensive rev...

The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) was first identified in parathyroid glands, and its primary role in controlling systemic calcium homeostasis by the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion has been extensively described in literature. Ad...

Calcium ions are vital for maintaining the physiological and biochemical processes inside cells. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly dependent on calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation has been associated with several neurodegenerativ...

The calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) is a cell surface receptor belonging to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. CaSR is mainly expressed by parathyroid glands, kidneys, bone, skin, adipose tissue, the gut, the nervous system, and the cardiovas...

Bone is an extremely dynamic and adaptive tissue, whose metabolism and homeostasis is influenced by many different hormonal, mechanical, nutritional, immunological and pharmacological stimuli. Genetic factors significantly affect bone health, through...

Bones are metabolically active organs. Their reconstruction is crucial for the proper functioning of the skeletal system during bone growth and remodeling, fracture healing, and maintaining calcium–phosphorus homeostasis. The bone metabolism and tiss...

The past few decades have seen an increased emphasis on the involvement of the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) in various neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In PD, alterations in...

Calcium is used in many cellular processes and is maintained within the cell as free calcium at low concentrations (approximately 100 nM), compared with extracellular (millimolar) concentrations, to avoid adverse effects such as phosphate precipitati...

Serum calcium and phosphate levels are controlled by a regulatory system, but their individual concentration tendencies and interactions may affect long-term vascular health. This study aimed to assess the effects of serum calcium and phosphate level...

The regulation of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is a critical process in both plant and animal systems, involving complex interplay between various organelles and a diverse network of channels, pumps, and transporters. This review provides a concise ove...

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the human body, influencing a wide range of physiological processes from bone health to immune function. The complex biochemical pathways involved in the synthesis, metabolism, and action of Vitamin D are explored, e...

Accumulating evidence over the past three decades suggests that altered calcium signaling during development may be a major driving force for adult pathophysiological events. Well over a hundred human genes encode proteins that are specifically dedic...

Pesticides of different chemical classes exert their toxic effects on the nervous system by acting on the different regulatory mechanisms of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Pesticides have been shown to alter Ca2+ homeostasis, mainly by increasing its in...

Vitamin D is a hormone involved in many physiological processes. Its active form, 1,25(OH)2D3, modulates serum calcium–phosphate homeostasis and skeletal homeostasis. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the renoprotective effects of vit...

The relationship between vitamin D status, calcium intake and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a topic of growing interest. One of the most interesting non-skeletal functions of vitamin D is its potential role in glucose homeostasis. T...

The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The ext...

Electrolyte balance is essential to maintain homeostasis in the body. The most crucial electrolytes are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), and calcium (Ca2+). These ions maintain the volume of body fluids, and blood...

Dysregulation of systemic calcium homeostasis during malignancy is common in most patients with high-grade tumors. However, it remains unclear whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter the sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor (...

Calcium is a crucial mediator of cell signaling in skeletal muscles for basic cellular functions and specific functions, including contraction, fiber-type differentiation and energy production. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is an organelle that pro...

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) expressed in extraoral tissues represent a whole-body sensory system, whose role and mechanisms could be of interest for the identification of new therapeutic targets. It is known that TAS2R46s in pre-contracted airway...

Redox regulation is crucial for the cardiac action potential, coordinating the sodium-driven depolarization, calcium-mediated plateau formation, and potassium-dependent repolarization processes required for proper heart function. Under physiological...

This review highlights a paradigm shift in our understanding of hypocalcemia during milk fever by introducing the concept of the Calci-Inflammatory Network. Traditionally viewed as a pathological deficiency necessitating rapid correction (e.g., throu...