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84 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
4,993 Views
9 Pages

Graphene-PEDOT: PSS Humidity Sensors for High Sensitive, Low-Cost, Highly-Reliable, Flexible, and Printed Electronics

  • Vasiliy I. Popov,
  • Igor A. Kotin,
  • Nadezhda A. Nebogatikova,
  • Svetlana A. Smagulova and
  • Irina V. Antonova

24 October 2019

A comparison of the structure and sensitivity of humidity sensors prepared from graphene (G)-PEDOT: PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) composite material on flexible and solid substrates is performed. Upon an increase in humidity, the G: PEDOT:...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,166 Views
13 Pages

The high overpotentials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) create an extremely negative impact on the energy efficiency of the air-based battery systems. To overcome this problem, binuclear ball-type metallophthalocyanines containing methoxy substit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,424 Views
13 Pages

16 November 2020

Si/PEDOT: PSS solar cell is an optional photovoltaic device owing to its promising high photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) and economic manufacture process. In this work, dopamine@graphene was firstly introduced between the silicon substrate an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,399 Views
11 Pages

13 September 2021

Immobilization of the biocomponent is one of the most important stages in the development of microbial biosensors. In this study, we examined the electrochemical properties of a novel PEDOT:PSS/graphene/Nafion composite used to immobilize Gluconobact...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,360 Views
15 Pages

Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Fe NWs/Graphene/PEDOT:PSS with a Porous Structure

  • Ping’an Yang,
  • Sha Xiang,
  • Rui Li,
  • Haibo Ruan,
  • Dachao Chen,
  • Zhihao Zhou,
  • Xin Huang and
  • Zhongbang Liu

10 August 2022

With the rapid development of wearable smart electronic products, high-performance wearable flexible strain sensors are urgently needed. In this paper, a flexible strain sensor device with Fe NWs/Graphene/PEDOT:PSS material added under a porous struc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,891 Views
8 Pages

Effect of Borophene and Graphene on the Elastic Modulus of PEDOT:PSS Film—A Finite Element Study

  • Gbolahan Joseph Adekoya,
  • Oluwasegun Chijioke Adekoya,
  • Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku,
  • Yskandar Hamam and
  • Suprakas Sinha Ray

A finite element method (FEM) was employed to investigate the interaction of borophene nanoplatelets (BNPs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the mechanical properties of Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) PEDOT:PSS film. A...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,211 Views
20 Pages

17 August 2024

In recent years, flexible and wearable biosensor technologies have gained significant attention due to their potential to revolutionize healthcare monitoring. Among the various components involved in these biosensors, the electrode material plays a c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,323 Views
11 Pages

3 December 2021

Graphene/poly-(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate)(PSS)/poly-(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) composite is a frequently adopted system for fabricating polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Swelling is the bottleneck limiting its applications, and its effects on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
5,703 Views
15 Pages

Fabrication and Characterization of Humidity Sensors Based on Graphene Oxide–PEDOT:PSS Composites on a Flexible Substrate

  • Francisco J. Romero,
  • Almudena Rivadeneyra,
  • Markus Becherer,
  • Diego P. Morales and
  • Noel Rodríguez

29 January 2020

In this paper, we present a simple, fast, and cost-effective method for the large-scale fabrication of high-sensitivity humidity sensors on flexible substrates. These sensors consist of a micro screen-printed capacitive structure upon which a sensiti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,417 Views
17 Pages

18 December 2024

This work presents a simple process for the development of flexible acetone gas sensors based on zinc oxide/graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate). The gas sensors were prepared by inkjet printing, which was followed by a me...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,761 Views
17 Pages

Advanced Flexible Wearable Electronics from Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Nanofibers, PEDOT:PSS and Reduced Graphene Oxide

  • Ana Carrascosa,
  • Jaime S. Sánchez,
  • María Guadalupe Morán-Aguilar,
  • Gemma Gabriel and
  • Fabiola Vilaseca

29 October 2024

The need for responsible electronics is leading to great interest in the development of new bio-based devices that are environmentally friendly. This work presents a simple and efficient process for the creation of conductive nanocomposites using ren...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
6,915 Views
19 Pages

20 October 2018

Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as an ideal filler to reinforce polymeric matrices owing to its large specific surface area, transparency, flexibility, and very high mechanical strength. Nonetheless, functionalization is required to improve its solub...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,667 Views
20 Pages

Wind Tunnel Characterization of a Graphene-Enhanced PEDOT:PSS Sensing Element for Aircraft Ice Detection Systems

  • Dario Farina,
  • Marco Mazio,
  • Hatim Machrafi,
  • Patrick Queeckers and
  • Carlo Saverio Iorio

28 January 2024

This study details the development and validation of a graphene-based ice detection system, designed to enhance flight safety by monitoring ice accumulation on aircraft surfaces. The system employs a semiconductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS) with graphene e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,561 Views
14 Pages

Gluconobacter Oxydans-Based MFC with PEDOT:PSS/Graphene/Nafion Bioanode for Wastewater Treatment

  • Sergei Tarasov,
  • Yulia Plekhanova,
  • Vadim Kashin,
  • Pavel Gotovtsev,
  • Maria Assunta Signore,
  • Luca Francioso,
  • Vladimir Kolesov and
  • Anatoly Reshetilov

31 August 2022

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a variety of bioelectrocatalytic devices that utilize the metabolism of microorganisms to generate electric energy from organic matter. This study investigates the possibility of using a novel PEDOT:PSS/graphene/Nafion...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,686 Views
12 Pages

Graphene: Hexagonal Boron Nitride Composite Films with Low-Resistance for Flexible Electronics

  • Irina V. Antonova,
  • Marina B. Shavelkina,
  • Artem I. Ivanov,
  • Dmitriy A. Poteryaev,
  • Nadezhda A. Nebogatikova,
  • Anna A. Buzmakova,
  • Regina A. Soots and
  • Vladimir A. Katarzhis

17 May 2022

The structure and electric properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN):graphene composite with additives of the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS and ethylene glycol were examined. The graphene and h-BN flakes synthesized in plasma with nanometer sizes w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
9,641 Views
15 Pages

Solid-State rGO-PEDOT:PSS Transducing Material for Cost-Effective Enzymatic Sensing

  • Firdaus Abd-Wahab,
  • Habibah Farhana Abdul Guthoos and
  • Wan Wardatul Amani Wan Salim

1 March 2019

Performance of a sensing device is dependent on its construction material, especially for components that are directly involved in transporting and translating signals across the device. Understanding the morphology and characteristics of the materia...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,488 Views
15 Pages

20 February 2023

Composites based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)—graphene oxide (GO) are increasingly considered for sensing applications. In this work we aim at patterning and prototyping microscale geometries of PEDOT...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,874 Views
10 Pages

2 November 2020

Fabrication of ion-selective sensors for continuous measurement in fluids depends on understanding the electrochemical and morphological properties of transducers. Electropolymerized nanomaterials essentially offer stable transducers that can reduce...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,858 Views
7 Pages

28 September 2019

A nylon thread (NT) resistive memory is fabricated by performing a simple dip-and-dry solution process using graphene–poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductive ink. The piezoresistive characteristics of th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,972 Views
10 Pages

29 July 2020

Lately, the optical properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) films have been studied in the ultraviolet and visible spectral range. However, the accurate optical properties in the extended near-infrared and mid-infrared rang...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
4,879 Views
12 Pages

Label Free Glucose Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene):Polystyrene Sulfonate/Titanium Carbide/Graphene Quantum Dots

  • Siti Nur AshakirinMohd Nashruddin,
  • Jaafar Abdullah,
  • Muhammad Aniq Shazni Mohammad Haniff,
  • Mohd Hazani Mat Zaid,
  • Ooi Poh Choon and
  • Mohd Farhanulhakim Mohd Razip Wee

7 August 2021

The electrochemical biosensor devices based on enzymes for monitoring biochemical substances are still considered attractive. We investigated the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on a new composite nanomaterial poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,249 Views
9 Pages

19 May 2019

Ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs) have received considerable attention for their flexibility, lightweight composition, large displacement, and low-voltage activation. Recently, many metal–nonmetal composite electrodes have been actively stud...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,645 Views
18 Pages

Novel Water-Based Paints for Composite Materials Used in Electromagnetic Shielding Applications

  • Ioan Valentin Tudose,
  • Kyriakos Mouratis,
  • Octavian Narcis Ionescu,
  • Cosmin Romanitan,
  • Cristina Pachiu,
  • Marian Popescu,
  • Volodymyr Khomenko,
  • Oksana Butenko,
  • Oksana Chernysh and
  • George Kenanakis
  • + 3 authors

29 January 2022

The development of materials offering electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is of significant consideration, since this can help in expanding the lifetime of devices, electromagnetic compatibility, as well as the protection of biological syste...

  • Article
  • Open Access
58 Citations
6,328 Views
14 Pages

Performance Analysis and Optimization of a PBDB-T:ITIC Based Organic Solar Cell Using Graphene Oxide as the Hole Transport Layer

  • Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan,
  • Abdul Samad,
  • Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
  • Tauqeer Mushtaq,
  • Ameer Hussain,
  • Maria Malik,
  • Sabah Haider,
  • Phuong V. Pham and
  • Jeong Ryeol Choi

22 May 2022

The hole transport layer (HTL) in organic solar cells (OSCs) plays an imperative role in boosting the cell’s performance. PEDOT:PSS is a conventional HTL used in OSCs owing to its high design cost and instability issues. It can be replaced with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,008 Views
8 Pages

5 January 2021

Flexible strain sensors are fabricated by using a simple and low-cost inkjet printing technology of graphene-PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)) conductive ink. The inkjet-printed thin-film resistors on a polyethylene...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,996 Views
14 Pages

Environmental Chamber Characterization of an Ice Detection Sensor for Aviation Using Graphene and PEDOT:PSS

  • Dario Farina,
  • Marco Mazio,
  • Hatim Machrafi,
  • Patrick Queeckers and
  • Carlo Saverio Iorio

7 April 2024

In the context of improving aircraft safety, this work focuses on creating and testing a graphene-based ice detection system in an environmental chamber. This research is driven by the need for more accurate and efficient ice detection methods, which...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,388 Views
10 Pages

Direct Printing of a Multi-Layer Sensor on Pet Substrate for CO2 Detection

  • Bruno Andò,
  • Salvatore Baglio,
  • Giovanna Di Pasquale,
  • Antonio Pollicino,
  • Salvatore Graziani,
  • Chiara Gugliuzzo,
  • Cristian Lombardo and
  • Vicenzo Marletta

12 February 2019

The use of inexpensive gas sensors is a real need for many applications requiring the use of disposable sensors. This work deals with the realization and characterization of a low cost CO2 sensor realized by rapid prototyping techniques. In particula...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,882 Views
15 Pages

Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT:PSS/Graphene Conductive Layers in Artificial Sweat

  • Boriana Tzaneva,
  • Mariya Aleksandrova,
  • Valentin Mateev,
  • Bozhidar Stefanov and
  • Ivo Iliev

20 December 2023

Electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS are gaining increasing importance as conductive electrodes and functional layers in various sensors and biosensors due to their easy processing and biocompatibility. This study investigates PEDOT:PSS/graphene layers depo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,047 Views
20 Pages

Pentacoordinated Organotin(IV) Complexes as an Alternative in the Design of Highly Efficient Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Devices: Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization

  • María Elena Sánchez Vergara,
  • Elizabeth Gómez,
  • Emiliano Toledo Dircio,
  • José Ramón Álvarez Bada,
  • Samuel Cuenca Pérez,
  • José Miguel Galván Hidalgo,
  • Arturo González Hernández and
  • Simón Hernández Ortega

The synthesis of four pentacoordinated organotin(IV) complexes prepared in a one-pot reaction from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine and organotin oxides is reported. The complexes were characterized by UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H, 13C and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
6,989 Views
14 Pages

16 September 2018

Ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators that are driven by electrical stimuli have been widely investigated for use in practical applications. However, conventional electrodes in IEAP actuators have a serious drawback of poor durability under lo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,411 Views
17 Pages

Electrochemical Investigation of PEDOT:PSS/Graphene Aging in Artificial Sweat

  • Boriana Tzaneva,
  • Valentin Mateev,
  • Bozhidar Stefanov,
  • Mariya Aleksandrova and
  • Ivo Iliev

14 June 2024

Herein, we investigate the potential application of a composite consisting of PEDOT:PSS/Graphene, deposited via spray coating on a flexible substrate, as an autonomous conducting film for applications in wearable biosensor devices. The stability of P...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,030 Views
16 Pages

Pedot:PSS/Graphene Oxide (GO) Ternary Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Applications

  • Giuseppe Greco,
  • Antonella Giuri,
  • Sonia Bagheri,
  • Miriam Seiti,
  • Olivier Degryse,
  • Aurora Rizzo,
  • Claudio Mele,
  • Eleonora Ferraris and
  • Carola Esposito Corcione

26 March 2023

Among conductive polymers, poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been widely used as an electrode material for supercapacitors, solar cells, sensors, etc. Although PEDOT:PSS-based thin films have acceptable properties...

  • Article
  • Open Access
79 Citations
9,768 Views
11 Pages

2 March 2020

A graphene and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) modified conductive paper-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) aptasensor has been successfully fabricated by a simple and continuous coating process. A...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,000 Views
15 Pages

Reduced Graphene Oxide Inserted into PEDOT:PSS Layer to Enhance the Electrical Behaviour of Light-Emitting Diodes

  • Fernando Rodríguez-Mas,
  • Juan Carlos Ferrer,
  • José Luis Alonso,
  • Susana Fernández de Ávila and
  • David Valiente

In this study, poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK)-based LEDs doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanocrystals were fabricated by spin-coating. The hybrid LED structure was a layer sequence of glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/PEDO...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,396 Views
14 Pages

Realization of a PEDOT:PSS/Graphene Oxide On-Chip Pseudo-Reference Electrode for Integrated ISFETs

  • Marcel Tintelott,
  • Tom Kremers,
  • Sven Ingebrandt,
  • Vivek Pachauri and
  • Xuan Thang Vu

14 April 2022

A stable reference electrode (RE) plays a crucial role in the performance of an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) for bio/chemical sensing applications. There is a strong demand for the miniaturization of the RE for integrated sensor syst...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
942 Views
13 Pages

20 July 2025

This paper presents the electrical characterization of a flexible supercapacitor with a unique architecture incorporating a piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE film sandwiched between PEDOT:PSS:Graphene and LiTaO3 as a charge-generating and charge-transferring l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
58 Citations
8,442 Views
14 Pages

14 May 2020

In this work, a smartphone-based electrochemical detection system was designed and developed for rapid and real-time detection of dopamine (DA). The system included a screen-printed electrode (SPE) used as a sensor, a hand-held electrochemical potent...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,059 Views
11 Pages

Significant Improvement of Anticorrosion Properties of Zinc-Containing Coating Using Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Noncovalent Modified Graphene Dispersions

  • Jiehui Li,
  • Gang Niu,
  • Wei Bai,
  • Yanjie Ma,
  • Qingren Xiong,
  • Changyi Qin,
  • Junjie Zhang,
  • Ruihua An and
  • Wei Ren

25 November 2020

High-quality graphene zinc-containing anticorrosive coatings are highly and urgently desirable for effective, economical anticorrosion of metals and alloys in industrial products. The realization of such coatings is, however, hindered by the dispersi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
58 Citations
9,113 Views
20 Pages

A Review on Advanced Sensing Materials for Agricultural Gas Sensors

  • Calvin Love,
  • Haleh Nazemi,
  • Eman El-Masri,
  • Kenson Ambrose,
  • Michael S. Freund and
  • Arezoo Emadi

14 May 2021

This work is a comprehensive review of sensing materials, which interact with several target gases pertinent to agricultural monitoring applications. Sensing materials which interact with carbon dioxide, water vapor (relative humidity), hydrogen sulf...

  • Review
  • Open Access
123 Citations
21,046 Views
19 Pages

5 April 2016

There have been a wide variety of efforts to develop conductive elastomers that satisfy both mechanical stretchability and electrical conductivity, as a response to growing demands on stretchable and wearable devices. This article reviews the importa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,153 Views
16 Pages

Innovative AI-Enhanced Ice Detection System Using Graphene-Based Sensors for Enhanced Aviation Safety and Efficiency

  • Dario Farina,
  • Hatim Machrafi,
  • Patrick Queeckers,
  • Patrice D. Dongo and
  • Carlo Saverio Iorio

1 July 2024

Ice formation on aircraft surfaces poses significant safety risks, and current detection systems often struggle to provide accurate, real-time predictions. This paper presents the development and comprehensive evaluation of a smart ice control system...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,214 Views
11 Pages

Metal-N4@Graphene as Multifunctional Anchoring Materials for Na-S Batteries: First-Principles Study

  • Kaishuai Yang,
  • Dayong Liu,
  • Yiling Sun,
  • Zhengfang Qian,
  • Shengkui Zhong and
  • Renheng Wang

Developing highly efficient anchoring materials to suppress sodium polysulfides (NaPSs) shuttling is vital for the practical applications of sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries. Herein, we systematically investigated pristine graphene and metal-N4@graphen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,873 Views
7 Pages

13 March 2023

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene (Gr) has been successfully grown on a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) with very low mismatch between Gr and the sapphire nanostructure through metal-catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, the tr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
54 Citations
3,743 Views
15 Pages

Pyramidal Solar Stills via Hollow Cylindrical Perforated Fins, Inclined Rectangular Perforated Fins, and Nanocomposites: An Experimental Investigation

  • Suha A. Mohammed,
  • Ali Basem,
  • Zakaria M. Omara,
  • Wissam H. Alawee,
  • Hayder A. Dhahad,
  • Fadl A. Essa,
  • Abdekader S. Abdullah,
  • Hasan Sh. Majdi,
  • Iqbal Alshalal and
  • Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak
  • + 1 author

29 October 2022

A practical study was conducted to improve the performance of conventional pyramidal solar stills (CPSS) using two types of fins with differing geometries, as well as nanocomposites of TiO2 and graphene. The first fin was hollow, cylindrical, and per...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
6,900 Views
21 Pages

Development of Graphene Nano-Platelet Based Counter Electrodes for Solar Cells

  • Iftikhar Ahmad,
  • Joseph E. McCarthy,
  • Alexander Baranov and
  • Yurii K. Gun'ko

7 September 2015

Graphene has been envisaged as a highly promising material for various field emission devices, supercapacitors, photocatalysts, sensors, electroanalytical systems, fuel cells and photovoltaics. The main goal of our work is to develop new Pt and trans...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,670 Views
17 Pages

Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Graphene-Based Films

  • Grazia Giuseppina Politano and
  • Carlo Versace

16 April 2021

A review of the authors’ research works on Variable-Angle Spectroscopy (VASE) of graphene-based films is presented. The interaction of graphene oxide (GO) with magnetron-sputtered metals is a promising research area. VASE optical models of GO thin fi...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,378 Views
15 Pages

Integration of Inkjet Printed Graphene as a Hole Transport Layer in Organic Solar Cells

  • Julia Kastner,
  • Flavia Tomarchio,
  • Nicolas Decorde,
  • Matthias Kehrer,
  • Günter Hesser and
  • Anita Fuchsbauer

28 September 2023

This work demonstrates the green production of a graphene ink for inkjet printing and its use as a hole transport layer (HTL) in an organic solar cell. Graphene as an HTL improves the selective hole extraction at the anode and prevents charge recombi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,566 Views
9 Pages

19 October 2022

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a novel technique, has been extensively employed in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill malignant cells. However, most photosensitizers (PSs) are short of ROS yield and affect the therape...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,090 Views
14 Pages

Graphene Flakes for Electronic Applications: DC Plasma Jet-Assisted Synthesis

  • Irina V. Antonova,
  • Marina B. Shavelkina,
  • Artem I. Ivanov,
  • Regina A. Soots,
  • Peter P. Ivanov and
  • Alexey N. Bocharov

16 October 2020

The possibility of graphene synthesis (the bottom-up approach) in plasma and the effective control of the morphology and electrical properties of graphene-based layers were demonstrated. Graphene flakes were grown in a plasma jet generated by a direc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,078 Views
13 Pages

The effect of impedance measurements of applied voltage on the detection of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water samples using interdigitated electrodes (IDE) coated or not with thin films, is described. Firstly, the effect of immersion in EE2 a...

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