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42 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,130 Views
17 Pages

Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling of 2-Difluoromethylbenzimidazole Derivatives as Potential PI3Kα Inhibitors

  • Xiangcong Wang,
  • Moxuan Zhang,
  • Ranran Zhu,
  • Zhongshan Wu,
  • Fanhong Wu,
  • Zhonghua Wang and
  • Yanyan Yu

8 January 2022

PI3Kα is one of the potential targets for novel anticancer drugs. In this study, a series of 2-difluoromethylbenzimidazole derivatives were studied based on the combination of molecular modeling techniques 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
998 Views
24 Pages

21 July 2025

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) is frequently mutated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), leading to the constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which promotes tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,183 Views
22 Pages

In Vivo PK-PD and Drug–Drug Interaction Study of Dorzagliatin for the Management of PI3Kα Inhibitor-Induced Hyperglycemia

  • Guanqin Jin,
  • Kewei Zheng,
  • Shihuang Liu,
  • Huan Yi,
  • Wei Wei,
  • Congjian Xu,
  • Xiaoqiang Xiang and
  • Yu Kang

Objectives: The anticancer effects of PI3Kα inhibitors (PI3Ki) are constrained by their hyperglycemic side effects, while the efficacy of conventional hypoglycemic agents, such as insulin, metformin, and SGLT-2 inhibitors, in mitigating PI3Ki-i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,014 Views
14 Pages

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thienopyrimidine Derivatives as PI3Kα Inhibitors

  • Lide Yu,
  • Qinqin Wang,
  • Caolin Wang,
  • Binliang Zhang,
  • Zunhua Yang,
  • Yuanying Fang,
  • Wufu Zhu and
  • Pengwu Zheng

20 September 2019

Three series of novel thienopyrimidine derivatives 9a–l, 15a–l, and 18a–h were designed and synthesized, and their IC50 values against four cancer cell lines HepG-2, A549, PC-3, and MCF-7 were evaluated. Most compounds show moderate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,167 Views
15 Pages

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major health burden, with abnormal activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) strongly implicated in its pathogenesis. Targeting PI3Kα represents a promising therapeut...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,770 Views
25 Pages

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 6-(Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)quinazoline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents via PI3Kα Inhibition

  • Mei Li,
  • Daoping Wang,
  • Qing Li,
  • Fang Luo,
  • Ting Zhong,
  • Hongshan Wu,
  • Liang Xiong,
  • Meitao Yuan,
  • Mingzhi Su and
  • Yanhua Fan

Aberrant expression of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway is often associated with tumourigenesis, progression and poor prognosis. Hence, PI3K inhibitors have attracted significant interest for the treatment of cancer. In thi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,616 Views
22 Pages

A Novel Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor, XIN-10, for the Treatment of Cancer

  • Leixuan Luo,
  • Xin Sun,
  • Yang Yang,
  • Lulu Xia,
  • Shiyu Wang,
  • Yuxing Fu,
  • Yuxuan Zhu,
  • Shan Xu and
  • Wufu Zhu

1 October 2023

An imbalance in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway signaling in humans often leads to cancer. Therefore, the investigation of anti-cancer medications that inhibit PI3K and mTOR has emerged as a significant area of research. The aim of this study was to explore th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,483 Views
16 Pages

24 November 2024

Background: Dysregulation in phosphoinositide-3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) signaling is implicated in the development of various cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We have previously synthesized a series of N-phenyl-6-chloro-4-h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
5,537 Views
17 Pages

A Phase Ib Study of Sotrastaurin, a PKC Inhibitor, and Alpelisib, a PI3Kα Inhibitor, in Patients with Metastatic Uveal Melanoma

  • Alexander N. Shoushtari,
  • Shaheer Khan,
  • Kimberly Komatsubara,
  • Lynn Feun,
  • Nicolas Acquavella,
  • Shahnaz Singh-Kandah,
  • Tiffany Negri,
  • Alexandra Nesson,
  • Kelly Abbate and
  • Serge Cremers
  • + 5 authors

2 November 2021

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare subset of melanoma characterized by the presence of early initiating GNAQ/11 mutations, with downstream activation of the PKC, MAPK, and PI3Kα pathways. Activity has been observed with the PKC inhibitors sotrastaurin (AE...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,132 Views
18 Pages

N-(2-fluorphenyl)-6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-quinolone-3-carboxamide (R19) is a newly synthesized phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) inhibitor with promising activity against cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to develop a polymeric...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
6,079 Views
12 Pages

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α (PI3Kα) is an attractive target for anticancer drug design. Liphagal, isolated from the marine sponge Aka coralliphaga, possesses the special “liphagane” meroterpenoid carbon skeleton and has been demonstrated as a PI3...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,429 Views
20 Pages

Antitumor Activity of DFX117 by Dual Inhibition of c-Met and PI3Kα in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

  • Yanhua Fan,
  • Huaiwei Ding,
  • Donghwa Kim,
  • Duc-Hiep Bach,
  • Ji-Young Hong,
  • Yongnan Xu and
  • Sang Kook Lee

Aberrant activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway caused by gene amplification or mutation plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Therefore, c-Met is considered as an attractive target for cancer therapy and c-Met inhib...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,845 Views
22 Pages

20 March 2023

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) plays an important role in cell proliferation, survival, migration, and metabolism, and has become an effective target for cancer treatment. Meanwhile, inhibiting both PI3K and mammalian rapamycin receptor (mTOR)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,282 Views
16 Pages

A series of new thiophene-containing triaryl pyrazoline derivatives, 3a–3t, were synthesized and evaluated regarding PI3K inhibition activity and anti-tumor potency based on a trial of introducing significant moieties, including pyrazoline and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,825 Views
18 Pages

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Antagonist Peptides Combined with PI3K Isoform Inhibitors Enhance Cell Death in Prostate Cancer

  • Carlos Perez-Stable,
  • Alicia de las Pozas,
  • Medhi Wangpaichitr,
  • Wei Sha,
  • Haibo Wang,
  • Renzhi Cai and
  • Andrew V. Schally

13 May 2025

Background. Antagonists of GHRH have experimental therapeutic value, but as single agents are not likely to improve clinical outcomes, especially in advanced prostate cancer resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. Our objective is to identify anti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,499 Views
26 Pages

Synthesis, Molecular Docking, In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Novel Dimorpholinoquinazoline-Based Potential Inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

  • Maria V. Zapevalova,
  • Ekaterina S. Shchegravina,
  • Irina P. Fonareva,
  • Diana I. Salnikova,
  • Danila V. Sorokin,
  • Alexander M. Scherbakov,
  • Alexander A. Maleev,
  • Stanislav K. Ignatov,
  • Ivan D. Grishin and
  • Alexander N. Kuimov
  • + 3 authors

17 September 2022

A (series) range of potential dimorpholinoquinazoline-based inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade was synthesized. Several compounds exhibited cytotoxicity towards a panel of cancer cell lines in the low and sub-micromolar range. Compound 7c with t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
9,434 Views
13 Pages

The Guareschi Pyridine Scaffold as a Valuable Platform for the Identification of Selective PI3K Inhibitors

  • Ubaldina Galli,
  • Elisa Ciraolo,
  • Alberto Massarotti,
  • Jean Piero Margaria,
  • Giovanni Sorba,
  • Emilio Hirsch and
  • Gian Cesare Tron

18 September 2015

A novel series of 4-aryl-3-cyano-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-morpholino-pyridines have been designed as potential phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. The compounds have been synthesized using the Guareschi reaction to prepare the key 4-aryl-3-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,085 Views
10 Pages

Gold Nanocomplex Strongly Modulates the PI3K/Akt Pathway and Other Pathways in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

  • Nouf N. Mahmoud,
  • Duaa Abuarqoub,
  • Rand Zaza,
  • Dima A. Sabbah,
  • Enam A. Khalil and
  • Rana Abu-Dahab

Conjugating drugs with gold nanoparticles (GNP) is a key strategy in cancer therapy. Herein, the potential inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, and other pathways of the MCF-7 cell-line, was investigated upon treatment...

  • Review
  • Open Access
73 Citations
12,662 Views
35 Pages

Structural Determinants of Isoform Selectivity in PI3K Inhibitors

  • Michelle S. Miller,
  • Philip E. Thompson and
  • Sandra B. Gabelli

26 February 2019

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer, thrombosis, and inflammatory and immune diseases. The four highly homologous Class I isoforms, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ have unique, non-redund...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,198 Views
38 Pages

5 September 2024

This study explores the inhibitory potential of the flavonoids resokaempferol and tectochrysin against both wild-type and H1047R mutant forms of PI3Kα, aiming to expand the repertoire of targeted cancer therapies. Employing an array of computat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,831 Views
15 Pages

PLK1 Inhibitor Onvansertib Enhances the Efficacy of Alpelisib in PIK3CA-Mutated HR-Positive Breast Cancer Resistant to Palbociclib and Endocrine Therapy: Preclinical Insights

  • Sreeja Sreekumar,
  • Elodie Montaudon,
  • Davis Klein,
  • Migdalia E. Gonzalez,
  • Pierre Painsec,
  • Héloise Derrien,
  • Laura Sourd,
  • Tod Smeal,
  • Elisabetta Marangoni and
  • Maya Ridinger

25 September 2024

Background: Endocrine therapy (ET) combined with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) is the preferred first-line treatment for hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Although this is beneficial, acquired resistan...

  • Review
  • Open Access
34 Citations
8,833 Views
10 Pages

Class (I) Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases in the Tumor Microenvironment

  • David Gyori,
  • Tamara Chessa,
  • Phillip T. Hawkins and
  • Len R. Stephens

4 March 2017

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a diverse family of enzymes which regulate various critical biological processes, such as cell proliferation and survival. Class (I) PI3Ks (PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ) mediate the phosphorylation of the inosi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,503 Views
23 Pages

Discovery of Novel Dual Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases (ERK) and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors as a Promising Strategy for Cancer Therapy

  • Lingzhi Zhang,
  • Qiurong Ju,
  • Jinjin Sun,
  • Lei Huang,
  • Shiqi Wu,
  • Shuping Wang,
  • Yin Li,
  • Zhe Guan,
  • Qihua Zhu and
  • Yungen Xu

3 December 2020

Concomitant inhibition of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways has been recognized as a promising strategy for cancer therapy, which effectively overcomes the drug resistance of MAPK signaling pathway-related inhibitors. Herein, we report the scaffold-ho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
7,476 Views
14 Pages

A novel series of PI3Kβ (Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases beta subunit) inhibitors with the structure of benzothiazole scaffold have been designed and synthesized. All the compounds have been evaluated for inhibitory activities against PI3Kα, β, γ, δ a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
35 Citations
7,010 Views
25 Pages

18 March 2022

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) signaling regulates key cellular processes, such as growth, survival and apoptosis. Among the three classes of PI3K, class I is the most important for the development, differentiation and activation of B and T cells...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
6,139 Views
18 Pages

Perspective: Potential Impact and Therapeutic Implications of Oncogenic PI3K Activation on Chromosomal Instability

  • Bart Vanhaesebroeck,
  • Benoit Bilanges,
  • Ralitsa R. Madsen,
  • Katie L. Dale,
  • Evelyn Lau and
  • Elina Vladimirou

1 August 2019

Genetic activation of the class I PI3K pathway is very common in cancer. This mostly results from oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA, the gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed PI3Kα catalytic subunit, or from inactivation of the PTEN tumour suppressor,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,724 Views
13 Pages

Actinomycin V Induces Apoptosis Associated with Mitochondrial and PI3K/AKT Pathways in Human CRC Cells

  • Shiqing Jiang,
  • E Zhang,
  • Hang Ruan,
  • Jiahui Ma,
  • Xingming Zhao,
  • Yaoyao Zhu,
  • Xiaoyu Xie,
  • Ningning Han,
  • Jianjiang Li and
  • Hao Zhang
  • + 2 authors

22 October 2021

Actinomycin (Act) V, an analogue of Act D, presented stronger antitumor activity and less hepatorenal toxicity than Act D in our previous studies, which is worthy of further investigation. We hereby report that Act V induces apoptosis via mitochondri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
5,115 Views
19 Pages

Inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR Pathway in Breast Cancer to Enhance Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Breast Cancer

  • Chi Yan,
  • Jinming Yang,
  • Nabil Saleh,
  • Sheau-Chiann Chen,
  • Gregory D. Ayers,
  • Vandana G. Abramson,
  • Ingrid A. Mayer and
  • Ann Richmond

Objectives: Inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway suppresses breast cancer (BC) growth, enhances anti-tumor immune responses, and works synergistically with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). The objective here was to identify a subclass of PI3K inhib...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,178 Views
27 Pages

29 March 2023

The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is one of the most frequently activated pathogenic signalling cascades in a wide variety of cancers. In the last 15 years, there has been an increase in the search for selective inhibitors of the four...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,715 Views
16 Pages

Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of Benzylsulfone Coumarin Derivatives as Anti-Cancer Agents

  • Tao Wang,
  • Tao Peng,
  • Xiaoxue Wen,
  • Gang Wang,
  • Yunbo Sun,
  • Shuchen Liu,
  • Shouguo Zhang and
  • Lin Wang

7 November 2019

In this work, a series of benzylsulfone coumarin derivatives 5a–5o were synthesized and characterized. Kinase inhibitory activity assay indicated that most of the compounds showed considerable activity against PI3K. Anti-tumor activity studies...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2,009 Views
22 Pages

PI3Kδ as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Aggressive Prostate Cancer

  • Bi-Dar Wang,
  • Alyssa Lucero,
  • Siyoung Ha and
  • Reyhaneh Yarmohammadi

9 May 2025

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) signaling represents an important pathway regulating cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, and metabolism. Notably, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is frequently dysregulated in the majority of malignancies. Am...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
9,820 Views
13 Pages

11 March 2021

Activation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway occurs in several human cancers, including hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer (BC) where is associated with resistance to endocrine therapy and disease progression. In BC, the most common PI3K–AKT–mTO...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,276 Views
35 Pages

Design, Synthesis, and Development of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Derivatives as a Novel Series of Selective PI3Kδ Inhibitors: Part II—Benzimidazole Derivatives

  • Mariola Stypik,
  • Stanisław Michałek,
  • Nina Orłowska,
  • Marcin Zagozda,
  • Maciej Dziachan,
  • Martyna Banach,
  • Paweł Turowski,
  • Paweł Gunerka,
  • Daria Zdżalik-Bielecka and
  • Aleksandra Stańczak
  • + 13 authors

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is the family of lipid kinases participating in vital cellular processes such as cell proliferation, growth, migration, or cytokines production. Due to the high expression of these proteins in many human cells and the...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,633 Views
14 Pages

Anticancer Potential of Azatetracyclic Derivatives: In Vitro Screening and Selective Cytotoxicity of Azide and Monobrominated Compounds

  • Costel Moldoveanu,
  • Ionel I. Mangalagiu,
  • Gheorghita Zbancioc,
  • Ramona Danac,
  • Gabriela Tataringa and
  • Ana Maria Zbancioc

5 February 2025

This study investigated the antiproliferative activity of three classes of benzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline azatetracyclic derivatives. All compounds were screened against 60 cancer cell lines at a single dose of 10 μM. When we compared the activit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,518 Views
26 Pages

PI3Kδ Sustains Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation and Epithelial Inflammation: Implications for a Topically Druggable Target in Psoriasis

  • Laura Mercurio,
  • Martina Morelli,
  • Claudia Scarponi,
  • Giovanni Luca Scaglione,
  • Sabatino Pallotta,
  • Cristina Albanesi and
  • Stefania Madonna

2 October 2021

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in psoriatic lesions and contributes to disease pathogenesis. Among PI3Ks enzymes, PI3Kα, β, and δ isoforms are known to bind the p85 regulatory subunit and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,477 Views
16 Pages

Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of LASSBio-2208 and the Attempts to Determine Its Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics In Vitro Profile

  • Raysa Magali Pillpe-Meza,
  • Wesley Leandro Gouveia,
  • Gisele Barbosa,
  • Carlos A. M. Fraga,
  • Eliezer J. Barreiro and
  • Lidia Moreira Lima

18 March 2024

Inappropriate expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC-6) and deregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway are common aberrations observed in cancers. LASSBio-2208, has been previously described as a dual inhibitor in th...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,984 Views
13 Pages

26 December 2022

The majority of breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), and endocrine therapies that suppress ER signaling are the standard-of-care treatment for this subset. However, up to half of all ER+ cancers eventually relapse, highlighting a need...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,150 Views
14 Pages

Bosutinib Inhibits EGFR Activation in Head and Neck Cancer

  • Carmen Segrelles,
  • David Contreras,
  • Elena M. Navarro,
  • Carmen Gutiérrez-Muñoz,
  • Ramón García-Escudero,
  • Jesús M. Paramio and
  • Corina Lorz

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and although new therapeutic approaches have been recently evaluated, overall patient survival is still poor. Thus, new effective and selective clinical treatmen...

  • Correction
  • Open Access
373 Views
2 Pages

Correction: Shoushtari et al. A Phase Ib Study of Sotrastaurin, a PKC Inhibitor, and Alpelisib, a PI3Kα Inhibitor, in Patients with Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. Cancers 2021, 13, 5504

  • Alexander N. Shoushtari,
  • Shaheer Khan,
  • Kimberly Komatsubara,
  • Lynn Feun,
  • Nicolas Acquavella,
  • Shahnaz Singh-Kandah,
  • Tiffany Negri,
  • Alexandra Nesson,
  • Kelly Abbate and
  • Serge Cremers
  • + 5 authors

16 September 2025

Figure [...]

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,833 Views
12 Pages

Beyond PARP Inhibitors in Advanced Breast Cancer Patients with Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations: Focus on CDK4/6-Inhibitors and Data Review on Other Biological Therapies

  • Marta Nerone,
  • Lorenzo Rossi,
  • Rosaria Condorelli,
  • Vilma Ratti,
  • Fabio Conforti,
  • Antonella Palazzo and
  • Rossella Graffeo

23 June 2023

We explored the outcomes of germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PVs/LPVs) in the endocrine-sensitive disease treated with first-line standard of care cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors. Three studies retrospectively s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,762 Views
23 Pages

Anticancer Potential of Cymbopogon citratus L. Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Insights into Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells

  • Tamara Maksimović,
  • Daliana Minda,
  • Codruța Șoica,
  • Alexandra Mioc,
  • Marius Mioc,
  • Daiana Colibășanu,
  • Alexandra Teodora Lukinich-Gruia,
  • Maria-Alexandra Pricop,
  • Calin Jianu and
  • Armand Gogulescu

29 April 2025

This study aims to assess the potential anticancer activity of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) using in vitro and in silico methods. The steam hydrodistillation of the aerial parts yielded 3.2% (wt) LEO. The GC-MS analysis of the LEO revealed the pres...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,884 Views
25 Pages

In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil: Effects on Mitochondrial Function and Cytotoxic Potential Against Cancer Cells

  • Andreea Munteanu,
  • Armand Gogulescu,
  • Codruța Șoica,
  • Alexandra Mioc,
  • Marius Mioc,
  • Andreea Milan,
  • Alexandra Teodora Lukinich-Gruia,
  • Maria-Alexandra Pricop,
  • Calin Jianu and
  • Christian Banciu
  • + 1 author

8 December 2024

The current study proposes the in vitro and in silico anticancer evaluation of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil (CEO). The steam hydrodistillation method used yielded 10.7% (wt) CEO. GC-MS analysis revealed that the obtained oil is rich i...