Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories3010006

Authors: Benkhalifa Mustapha Lahimer Marwa Montjean Debbie Chouaieb Salah Cabry Rosalie Benkhalifa Moncef

The different Assisted Reproductive Technology techniques are offering hope to millions of couples struggling with infertility. However, the success of IVF/ICSI is related at least partially to the optimization of embryo culture conditions, which are influenced by myriad of physiological and environmental factors. This review reports the latest advancements in embryo culture techniques, with a particular focus on the roles of oxygen tension, pH regulation, temperature stability, air quality in enhancing embryo viability, competency and implantation rates. In addition, we explored the critical importance of quality assurance (QA) factors and key performance indicators (KPIs) to keep laboratory efficiency. We highlighted also some emerging technologies, such as dynamic culture systems, metabolomics, proteomics biomarkers potential, and artificial intelligence (AI) in embryo selection and monitoring, which hold promise for further improving embryo culture techniques. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of embryo culture optimization, this review aims to guide future research and clinical practices in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories3010005

Authors: Prestone O. Owiti Bhavna H. Chohan Ingrid A. Beck Nuttada Panpradist Pooja Maheria Katherine K. Thomas Jessica H. Giang Leonard Kingwara Vera M. Onwonga Rukia S. Madada Shalyn Akasa Grace Akinyi Valarie Opollo John Kiiru Nancy Bowen Mansour Samadpour Garoma W. Basha Barry R. Lutz Lisa M. Frenkel Patrick Oyaro Lisa L. Abuogi Rena C. Patel

A point-of-care (POC) HIV drug resistance (HIV-DR) test is needed for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay (OLA)-Simple, designed as a near-POC HIV-DR test, was assessed for its overall usability in Kenya by technicians with and without molecular laboratory PCR experience. Further, its diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by PCR-experienced technicians utilizing 147 plasma samples with known Sanger sequence genotypes—based on seven major HIV-DR mutations of nucleotide and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Thirteen laboratory technicians were recruited, including five with prior PCR experience. Twelve technicians completed the training and attained OLA-Simple testing competency, ten of whom were able to perform the OLA-Simple test within 6 h. Technicians’ survey feedback indicated the user-friendliness of OLA-Simple, citing straightforward reagent reconstitution, concise instructions in prompts, and a shorter sample-to-result test time compared to standard genotyping assays. Of the 147 archived plasma samples tested, 132 (90%) yielded interpretable results. OLA-Simple assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.3% (95% CI 94.5, 98.9), a specificity of 97.2% (95% CI 95.5, 98.3), and a percent agreement of 97.1% (95% CI 95.9, 98.2) compared to Sanger sequencing. This evaluation found that OLA-Simple was user-friendly among intended end-users and performed well. LMIC HIV programs would benefit from strategizing on case-use scenarios for such near-POC HIV-DR assays to improve HIV outcomes.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories3010004

Authors: Marco Pradella

The Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) today presents a definition of measurement uncertainty that modifies the previous one and improves the management of scenarios other than scalar (quantitative) measurements, such as classificatory or qualitative (nominal and ordinal) properties. Nominal results are often found in biology and medicine. For the accreditation of medical laboratories and testing laboratories, both ISO 15189 and ISO 17025 require the management of these situations, using the professional expertise of specialists with the support of manufacturers. Some of the members of JCGM WG2 developed a discussion on the concept of measurement uncertainty and raised some criticisms. ISO produces detailed guides for this purpose, such as ISO 20914, ISO 27877, ISO 16393, ISO 20397-2, and ISO 22692. Laboratories now have all the tools they need to meet accreditation requirements on uncertainty.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories3010003

Authors: Luis Cuautle-Gutiérrez José de Jesús Cordero-Guridi

The development of an immersive virtual reality laboratory in the facilities of a private Mexican university is presented. This laboratory contemplates the use of different disciplines and different student profiles, for which it was developed considering technological, ergonomic, educational, and disciplinary requirements. A primary assessment of a selected group of students was developed to find out the initial level of satisfaction with the user experience in the laboratory and the improvements to be proposed for future adaptations.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories3010002

Authors: Hayden D. Hedman

Exposure to chemical irritants in laboratory and medical environments poses significant health risks to workers, particularly in relation to asthma-like symptoms. Routine cleaning practices, which often involve the use of strong chemical agents to maintain hygienic settings, have been shown to contribute to respiratory issues. Laboratories, where chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and ammonia are frequently used, represent an underexplored context in the study of occupational asthma. While much of the research on chemical exposure has focused on industrial and high-risk occupations or large cohort populations, less attention has been given to the risks in laboratory and medical environments, particularly for professional cleaning staff. Given the growing reliance on cleaning agents to maintain sterile and safe workspaces in scientific research and healthcare facilities, this gap is concerning. This study developed an exploratory simulation tool, using a simulated cohort based on key demographic and exposure patterns from foundational research, to assess the impact of chemical exposure from cleaning products in laboratory environments. Four supervised machine learning models were applied to evaluate the relationship between chemical exposures and asthma-like symptoms: (1) Decision Trees, (2) Random Forest, (3) Gradient Boosting, and (4) XGBoost. High exposures to hydrochloric acid and ammonia were found to be significantly associated with asthma-like symptoms, and workplace type also played a critical role in determining asthma risk. This research provides a data-driven framework for assessing and predicting asthma-like symptoms in professional cleaning workers exposed to cleaning agents and highlights the potential for integrating predictive modeling into occupational health and safety monitoring. Future work should explore dose–response relationships and the temporal dynamics of chemical exposure to further refine these models and improve understanding of long-term health risks.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories3010001

Authors: Matthew Oosthuizen Adelle Liebenberg Marcus Cattani Kiam Padamsey

Several studies have investigated airborne chemical exposures in university teaching laboratories, where activities are typically structured and supervised. University research laboratories typically involve greater autonomy, the use of more hazardous substances, and less oversight. This industry-embedded study aimed to develop a comprehensive guideline for occupational hygiene and health monitoring (OHHM) tailored to a university context, including both teaching and research laboratories. Guidelines and policies from the Western Australian mining sector and six Australian universities were analysed to identify common elements for a draft OHHM guideline. This draft was reviewed by an industry advisory group (IAG) of five Australian university health and safety managers. Their feedback was analysed and discussed with the Chief Safety Officer at Edith Cowan University (ECU). Following the incorporation of this input and final revisions, the guideline was ratified and implemented across ECU in April 2025. The guide adopts a risk-based occupational hygiene (OH) approach, in which OH monitoring results determine the need for health monitoring (HM). Implementation is supported by central coordination and external OH consultancy. The study presents the resulting guide document, which establishes a replicable framework that may inform similar initiatives in universities internationally (especially those with laboratories).

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2040023

Authors: Chao Ma

Effective management of chemical reagents in universities is essential for laboratory safety and operational efficiency. Manual management models characterized by fragmented oversight are insufficient to ensure traceability, real-time monitoring, and safety compliance, as evidenced by the recurring occurrence of laboratory safety accidents. In this study, we propose an intelligent management model for college-level chemical reagent repositories. The model was built on a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS)-based architecture and modified using Internet of Things (IoT) sensing, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and intelligent hardware. It transforms the full-lifecycle of reagents (from procurement and storage to distribution, usage, and waste disposal) into a digital, automated, closed-loop process. In addition, this study also highlights key technical challenges, including heterogenous system integration and reliable data acquisition under complex environmental conditions, and proposes practical strategies, such as lightweight Application Programming Interface (API) middleware. The results show that the proposed model is a feasible and robust framework for precise, proactive, and data-driven management of hazardous chemicals in academic settings.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2040022

Authors: Ariyaporn Haripottawekul Ethan Epstein Tiffany Lin Li-Qiong Wang

Designing laboratory experiences that support both skill development and conceptual understanding is a persistent challenge in introductory chemistry education—especially within accelerated or compressed course formats. To address this need, we developed and implemented a systems-thinking-based laboratory module on error analysis for a large introductory chemistry course at Brown University, composed primarily of first-year students (approximately 150–200 students in the spring semesters). Unlike traditional labs that isolate single techniques or concepts, this module integrates calorimetry, precipitation reactions, vacuum filtration, and quantitative uncertainty analysis into a unified experiment. Students explore how procedural variables interact to affect experimental outcomes, promoting a holistic understanding of accuracy, precision, and uncertainty. The module is supported by multimedia pre-lab materials, including faculty-recorded lectures and interactive videos developed through Brown’s Undergraduate Teaching and Research Awards (UTRA) program. These resources prepare students for hands-on work while reinforcing key theoretical concepts. A mixed-methods assessment across four semesters (n > 600) demonstrated significant learning gains, particularly in students’ ability to analyze uncertainty and distinguish between accuracy and precision. Although confidence in applying significant figures slightly declined post-lab, this may reflect increased awareness of complexity rather than decreased understanding. This study highlights the educational value of integrating systems thinking into early-semester laboratory instruction. The module is accessible, cost-effective, and adaptable for a variety of institutional settings. Its design advances chemistry education by aligning foundational skill development with interdisciplinary thinking and real-world application.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2040021

Authors: Sharon L. Burton

The escalating frequency and complexity of cyber threats have made cybersecurity education a national priority, yet a practical gap persists between theoretical instruction and workforce readiness. This study presents a comprehensive, modular framework for designing and implementing cybersecurity laboratories in academic institutions, environments that foster hands-on learning, skill mastery, and curricular innovation. Using a mixed-methods, multi-stage case study approach, the research combined qualitative analysis of institutional practices and instructional methods with quantitative evaluation of learning outcomes to comprehensively examine technical and pedagogical considerations impacting lab development. Data sources included literature analysis, direct observation, document review, and semi-structured interviews. The study synthesized best practices across these domains into a scalable lab design model grounded in experiential learning theory. Results demonstrate that the framework supports enhanced student performance, instructional adaptability, and simulation fidelity. Case study data revealed measurable gains in participant competency, with all participants achieving at least a 20% improvement in post-training test scores, high engagement levels demonstrated through consistent session attendance and active participation in hands-on exercises, and successful adaptation to logistical and technological barriers, including facility relocations and system downtime incidents. The lab’s modularity enabled curricular alignment, resource efficiency, and expansion to serve workforce training initiatives beyond the classroom. By integrating pedagogical (structured, teacher-guided instructional approaches) and andragogical (adult learning) design with technological scalability, this research contributes an actionable roadmap for institutions seeking to modernize cybersecurity education and respond effectively to evolving digital threats. The findings offer broad implications for future curriculum development, facilitator training, and sustainable program implementation.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2040020

Authors: Frederico Lázaro Jacob Maria Arcelina Marques Gustavo R. Alves André Vaz Fidalgo Felix Garcia Loro Elio San Cristóbal Ruiz

Engineering education depends on hands-on experimentation, but laboratory access is often limited by time, availability, and resources. Remote laboratories mitigate these barriers by enabling online access to real experiments, with the Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality (VISIR) standing out as a long-established system for teaching electronics and electrical circuits. Based on an extensive literature review and on substantial experience, this study qualitatively analyzes VISIR and identifies limitations related to scalability, interoperability, and integration with emerging technologies. From these insights, the paper proposes a set of improvements and technologies to enhance or replace key components while preserving its core infrastructure. The conclusions contribute to practical recommendations for those developing remote laboratories for electrical circuits and analog electronics education, thus offering achievable design suggestions and outlining directions for future research and development.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2040019

Authors: Howard Mason Kate Jones Laura Byrne

Occupational asthma (OA) and rhinitis are health problems occurring in facilities employing animals for medical and scientific reasons. We have compared the UK trends (2006–2023) in these outcomes reported to the SWORD scheme with changes in routine and personal air monitoring for the major mouse (Mus m 1) and rat (Rat n 1) allergens. The exposure data contained 1540 and 688 mouse and rat results, respectively, expressed in ng.m−3. The median, 75th and 90th percentiles were used as exposure characteristics, and annually incrementing three-yearly rolling data slices compared exposure and health outcomes by linear regression. The median, P75 and P90 for Mus m 1 all showed annual declines of around 5–6% (p < 0.001), suggesting general improvements in controlling mouse allergen exposure, but without evidence of a decline in rat allergen levels (p > 0.05), although control measures for both species are largely identical. An annual mean decline in OA of 2.9% (p = 0.021) was identified, but without a significant decline in rhinitis (−1.4%; p = 0.21). Over 16 years, reductions in exposure to the predominant rodent species were accompanied by a concomitant but smaller reduction in OA. These data confirm the immediate value of controlling relevant allergen exposure in reducing the incidence of IgE-E mediated OA.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2030018

Authors: Luis Felipe Zapata-Rivera

Online laboratories have emerged as a viable alternative for providing hands-on experience to engineering students, especially in fields related to computer, software, and electrical engineering. In particular, remote laboratories enable users to interact in real time with physical hardware via the internet. However, current remote laboratory systems often restrict access to a single user per session, limiting broader participation. Embedded systems laboratory activities have traditionally relied on in-person instruction and direct interaction with hardware, requiring significant time for code development, compilation, and hardware testing. Students typically spend an important portion of each session coding and compiling programs, with the remaining time dedicated to hardware implementation, data collection, and report preparation. This paper proposes a remote laboratory implementation that optimizes remote laboratory stations’ availability, allowing users to lock the system only during the project debugging and testing phases while freeing the remote laboratory station for other users during the code development phase. The implementation presented here was developed for a microprocessor laboratory course. It enables users to code the solution in their preferred local or remote environments, then upload the resulting source code to the remote laboratory hardware for cross-compiling, execution, and testing. This approach enhances usability, scalability, and accessibility while preserving the core benefits of hands-on experimentation and collaboration in online embedded systems education.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2030017

Authors: Beatriz Moreira Oliveira Fernanda Cavicchioli Zola Bruna Maria Gerônimo Franciely Velozo Aragão Daiane Maria de Genaro Chiroli

The Multi-User Textile Analysis Laboratory (LTex), a case study from a Brazilian university, was established to address the technical demands of the local textile industry, a regional hub with a predominantly female workforce. Globally, laboratories seeking recognition for their technical competence rely on accreditation to a widely adopted international standard. This work explores how the technical requirements of this standard can be integrated with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, using a Brazilian recommended practice aligned with global frameworks such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals as a reference. The goal is to propose a unified framework for sustainable and inclusive management in university laboratories. The research employed an exploratory literature review, a documentary analysis comparing the two normative documents, the development of a structured checklist, and the formulation of a conceptual model for sustainable and inclusive laboratory management. The findings identified both overlaps and gaps, particularly regarding risk management, transparency, and gender equity, and supported the creation of an evaluation tool structured around six thematic axes. The proposed checklist enables simultaneous assessment of technical compliance and ESG maturity, guiding laboratories toward aligning accreditation processes with sustainability goals. The LTex case study demonstrates the model’s applicability and its potential to foster regulatory compliance, organizational improvement, and female empowerment in technical leadership.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2030016

Authors: Veljko Dragojlovic

Polycarbonate laboratory safety glasses and facial shields were tested for impact resistance. Impacts from 22-caliber bullets fired from a firearm were compared with impacts of pellets fired from an air rifle. A low-weight pellet fired from an air rifle is a suitable and safer alternative to the use of a firearm. The results show that if there is a need for protection from flying projectiles, one should use multiple layers of protection. Furthermore, already-damaged protective equipment, even if the damage appears to be minor, may not provide any protection and should not be used. The resulting impacted polycarbonate lenses and sheets were used in a classroom discussion with the undergraduate chemistry students about polymer properties and adequate safety protection.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2030015

Authors: Marco Pradella

This review recalls some ISO 15189:2022 requirements for the management of examination results and emerging alternatives to internal quality control (IQC) in relation to Italian Society of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SIPMeL) Recommendation Q19. We observed phenomena of contrasting “metrological”, or rather “tracealogic”, and “statistical” approaches. SIPMeL Recommendation Q19 enhances IQC with a moving average based on ISO 15189, which enables the use of the moving average of patient sample results (MA). In the veterinary field, the procedure of QC with repeat testing on patient samples (RPT-QC) has met with some success. The “Bayesian approach” of IQC makes use of the distinction between a priori probability, evidential probability (data) and a posteriori probability (IQC rules). SIPMeL Recommendation Q19 strictly adheres to the ISO 15189:2022 document. SIPMeL Q19 calls for abandoning the 1–2 s rule, using appropriate computer tools, not only control charts, and trying to reduce false positives to very low frequencies. Alternatives to IQC using patient results and the Bayesian approach are compatible with ISO 15189 and SIPMeL Q19. In contrast, the alternative using material designed for traceability with assigned values, is not compatible with the ISO standard.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2030014

Authors: Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga Rashmi T. D’souza Lal P. Madathil Russell F. DeSouza Arnadi R. Shivashankara Princy L. Palatty

From an occupational health perspective, if not stored, handled, and disposed of properly, laboratory chemicals exhibit hazardous properties such as flammability, corrosion, and explosibility. Additionally, they can also cause a range of health effects in handlers, including irritation, sensitization, and carcinogenicity. Additionally, the chemical waste generated during the planned assay is a significant byproduct and, if left untreated, can cause detrimental effects on both living organisms and non-living elements when released into the environment. Chemically, laboratory waste contains reagents, organic and inorganic compounds, and diagnostic stains. These agents are more toxic and hazardous than residential waste and affect the personnel handling them and the environments in which they are released. Considering this, it is crucial to adhere to waste management regulations during the various stages including generation, segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. This is extremely important and necessary if we are to avoid harm to individuals and environmental contamination. This review encompasses the examination of laboratory medical waste, various categories of chemical waste, and strategies to minimize and ensure the safe disposal of these toxic agents. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first review that focuses on the effects of laboratory-generated chemical wastes and environmental ethics. This is a neglected topic in healthcare education, and this review will serve as a valuable resource for students.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2020013

Authors: Daniel Onut Badea Doru Costin Darabont Alina Trifu Iulian Ivan Vicentiu Ciocirlea

People in laboratories often use paper or digital formats for incident reporting. These methods make it difficult to group events, check follow-up actions, or use the data to improve safety. This article presents a conceptual model for digital incident reporting in laboratories, designed to improve occupational safety and health (OSH) by addressing the lack of standardized reporting structures. The model was developed based on a review of safety standards, laboratory procedures, and relevant studies published between 2010 and 2024. The review identified five basic functions required for an effective digital incident reporting system: structured data input, event classification, alerting, access to reports, and follow-up tracking. These five functions were used to create a modular structure that shows how incident reporting works in laboratories. The model can be used with simple tools, and it does not require specialist software. It can be adjusted to local workflows and settings. While ISO 45001:2018 describes the goals of incident management, it does not offer a structure for reporting. This model responds to that gap. It supports consistent documentation and can help laboratories review incidents. This makes it easier to track responses, especially when no formal system exists.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2020012

Authors: Emmanuel Edwar Siddig Ayman Ahmed Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza Isabelle Mukagatare Claude Mambo Muvunyi

The Marburg virus (MARV) is an extremely contagious zoonotic virus that leads to severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, with a fatality rate as high as 90%. It is known for causing nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals and laboratories globally. The recent outbreak of MARV in Rwanda highlighted significant challenges to infection prevention and control (IPC) protocols in two major hospitals, leading to outbreaks in intensive care units (ICUs) where the majority of infections occurred among healthcare providers. In contrast, the Rwandan National Reference Laboratory (NRL) demonstrated remarkable preparedness and resilience due to systematic investments and capacity building, which resulted in zero contamination, exposure, or infection, despite handling thousands of samples from across the country. This stark difference in infection dynamics between laboratory personnel at the NRL and healthcare providers underscores the effectiveness of the strict biosafety and biosecurity measures in place. Consequently, this situation underscores the urgent need for cross-facility training, the sharing of best practices, and the role of the NRL in reinforcing IPC measures throughout the country. This report delves into the preparedness and resilience of the NRL by examining its exemplary laboratory biosafety and biosecurity practices, emphasizing the crucial need for ongoing training, supervision, adherence to safety protocols, and improvements in the structure and operations of healthcare settings to prevent future outbreaks.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2020011

Authors: Xinglong Jin Haiqing Zhang Xiaoyan Wang

Based on the interpretation of the identified risk biases from a narrative perspective, this paper studies the biases in safety and security risk management of chemical-related academic laboratories from four parts: risk identification, risk assessment, risk control and continuous monitoring. Mainly systematic error, inclusion of risk events, cognitive factors, model/algorithmic and social/interpersonal during risk management are discussed. The bias related to uncertain risk events, which is the most common and easily ignored during risk management, mainly including the imbalance between safety risk management and security risk management. Therefore, while protecting the laboratory from unintentional and unpremeditated safety risks within the system, it is also critical to protect the system from external, deliberate and premeditated security risks. This research paper is expected to spur and promote more discussion and the best practices in laboratory risk management among researchers, educators, managers and other stakeholders for handling biases in the risk management of chemical-related academic laboratories.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2020010

Authors: Nastja Riemer Sascha Eidner Jolanda Hermanns

For their future profession, pre-service chemistry teachers need to acquire practical skills during their university studies. In this article, the development, use and evaluation of several laboratory courses that aim at the acquisition of experimental competencies are described and discussed. During their bachelor’s studies, students take laboratory courses in general, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry and a research internship. During their master’s studies, students take one laboratory course in organic chemistry. To evaluate these laboratory courses, quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. As the results of those evaluations show, the students are content with the courses and rate them as relevant for their future profession. The courses often use methods and tools that pre-service chemistry teachers can also use in their future profession in schools; such methods and tools serve as a didactic double decker, which means that pre-service chemistry teachers use their experiences as a student later in schools as a teacher. To further develop the laboratory courses, this idea will continue to be considered.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2020009

Authors: Kaixi Jiang Zhaohua Lin Lijuan Gao

The persistence of recurrent safety noncompliance (RSN) in university laboratories presents a critical challenge to laboratory safety risk management. This paper deconstructs RSN by conducting an in-depth analysis of potential safety risks, their underlying causes, and management obstacles. The research reveals that the phenomenon of RSN is fundamentally the result of the combined effects of complex human factor risks and outdated management methods. At the human factor level, cognitive biases regarding experimental safety risks and negative resistance lead to “habitual violations” of safety regulations. At the management level, routine laboratory safety inspections, requirements for rectifying safety hazards, and commonly adopted punitive measures have proven insufficient to prevent RSN. To address this issue, this study proposes actively leveraging the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) in dynamic perception and proactive interventions. It advocates for the deep integration of AI technologies into the transformation of the management paradigm for RSN in university laboratories. Furthermore, this study preliminarily explores the application prospects, applicable principles, and scope of application of AI technologies in this context, providing an important reference for enhancing the systematic management of RSN in university laboratories.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010008

Authors: Adebola Adekoya Mercy A. Okezue Kavitha Menon

Medical laboratories (MLs) are vital in global healthcare delivery, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and supporting clinical decision-making. This systematic review examines the multifaceted contributions of ML, emphasizing their importance in pandemic preparedness, disease surveillance, and the integration of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). Medical laboratories are equally crucial to clinical practices, offering essential diagnostic services to identify diseases like infections, metabolic disorders, and malignancies. They monitor treatment effectiveness by analyzing patient samples, enabling healthcare providers to optimize therapies. Additionally, they support personalized medicine by tailoring treatments based on genetic and molecular data and ensure test accuracy through strict quality control measures, thereby enhancing patient care. The methodology for this systematic review follows the PRISMA-ScR guidelines to systematically map evidence and identify key concepts, theories, sources, and knowledge gaps related to the roles and impact of MLs in public health delivery. This review involved systematic searching and filtering of literature from various databases, focusing on studies from 2010 to 2024, primarily in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The selected studies were analyzed to assess their outcomes, strengths, and limitations regarding MLS roles, impacts, and integration within healthcare systems. The goal was to provide comprehensive insights and recommendations based on the gathered data. The article highlights the challenges that laboratories face, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where resource constraints hinder effective healthcare delivery. It discusses the potential of AI to improve diagnostic processes and patient outcomes while addressing ethical and infrastructural challenges. This review underscores the necessity for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to enhance laboratory services, ensuring that they are accessible, efficient, and capable of meeting the evolving demands of healthcare systems. Overall, the findings advocate for strengthened laboratory infrastructures and the adoption of advanced technologies to improve health outcomes globally.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010007

Authors: Lidia Caporossi Enrico Paci Daniela Pigini Silvia Capanna Alessandra Alteri Luca Pagliardini Bruno Papaleo

Introduction. Bisphenols are chemicals widely used in industrial production, but they are also of significant concern due to their potential health effects. In particular, bisphenol A (BPA) is a documented endocrine disruptor. As a result, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) are now frequently used as substitutes. However, evidence of endocrine-disrupting properties is also emerging for these substances. Methods. A new, simple, and rapid HPLC-MS/MS procedure for the urinary analysis of bisphenols was developed and validated. Results. The mean accuracy ranged from 83.3 to 119.2%, and precision values (CV%) ranged from 2.2 to 18.9%. The limit of detections (LODs) for BPA, BPS, and BPF, were 0.01, 0.001, and 0.07 µg/L. The pre-analytical step involved only enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by a liquid–liquid extraction, for the subsequent urine analysis of the three BPs. Chromatographic separation was achieved in 9 min, with high selectivity. Discussion. The procedure was applied to 36 urine samples of a male population attending a fertility center. Most of the subjects showed relevant exposure to BPs (BPS average level: 0.87 ± 3.03 µg/g creatinine; BPF average level: 0.14 ± 0.34 µg/g creatinine), particularly to BPA (average level 0.97 ± 1.27 µg/g creatinine). The procedure demonstrated high efficiency and was confirmed to be practical, fast, and accurate.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010006

Authors: Mingtai Chen

This paper presents a redesign of the MAE 372 Aerospace Structures Laboratory at North Carolina State University (NCSU), incorporating both traditional laboratory demonstrations and an integrated student project to enhance hands-on learning. The redesign aligns with Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)’s emphasis on engineering education that bridges theoretical learning and practical, real-world experiences. In the redesigned laboratory, students participate in four laboratory demonstrations focused on fundamental structural concepts, followed by a student-led project in which they design and test stiffened panels. A new feature of this redesign is the use of a portable test apparatus for three of the laboratories, streamlining the laboratory setup and reducing costs, providing comparable accuracy between experimental results and theory. The paper outlines the structure of the course, the methodology for redesigning the laboratories, and the educational benefits of the new approach. Cost analyses of equipment and materials are also included, making this paper a valuable resource for educators aiming to implement similar lab redesigns.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010005

Authors: Wanshu Wang Yang Su Huiting Cao Dapeng Li

Chemical laboratories, as the cornerstone of scientific innovation, face inherent risks due to the nature of their operations. Hazards such as flammable, explosive, and corrosive chemicals, combined with high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, present significant safety challenges. Accidents not only jeopardize the health and safety of personnel but also risk equipment damage, environmental pollution, and broader societal impacts. Ensuring a safe laboratory environment demands a multifaceted approach involving all stakeholders. Institutional managers must establish and enforce comprehensive safety management systems, covering chemical storage, equipment handling, and waste disposal. Laboratory directors play a pivotal role in overseeing the implementation of these protocols, ensuring all members are well-trained and compliant. Laboratory personnel, as direct operators, must adhere to safety procedures, utilize protective equipment, and responsibly manage experimental waste. By fostering a culture of safety and collaboration, laboratories can effectively mitigate risks, safeguard research environments, and advance scientific progress without compromising well-being.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010004

Authors: Demetra Z. Adrahtas Brady L. Bresnahan Pauline G. Lynch Sofía Ramírez-Lopez Brian Andersson

Since 2012, the Joint Safety Team (JST) has led initiatives aimed at increasing safety awareness and improving safety culture in research laboratory environments at the University of Minnesota. Specifically, its Analysis and Compliance committee has implemented biannual lab safety walkthroughs and safety surveys to monitor safety culture, sentiments, and compliance. Despite several lab safety teams (LSTs) using similar initiatives, the logistics and effectiveness of these initiatives have yet to be reported. Hence, JST has analyzed the decade of overall lab safety walkthrough scores and scores of individual safety items in the context of the evolution of our rubrics and external factors. Similarly, the changes to the safety survey content have been analyzed to demonstrate the dynamic approach of gauging sentiments towards arising safety issues. Generally, the results suggest that these initiatives improved laboratory safety. Furthermore, safety compliance was observed to vary by semester, with fewer safety issues in the spring semester compared to the fall semester, and to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These observations support the effectiveness of these student-led initiatives, despite the initiatives being designed for internal use. Additionally, the initiative logistics are described to inform LSTs of strategies for creating, sustaining, and improving their own initiatives.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010003

Authors: Wanying Gao Zongzhen Wu Kunlan Zuo Qiangyu Xiang Lu Zhang Xiaoya Chen Feng Tan Huan Liu

From the perspective of the history of science and technology, this paper delves into the global development of high-level biosafety laboratories, the establishment of related legal frameworks, and the evolution of safety standards. The importance of these laboratories within the context of national security is emphasized. This paper begins with an overview of global high-level biosafety laboratories’ origins and technological advancements. Then, it provides a detailed analysis of the legal and institutional frameworks that different countries have developed in the field of biosafety. By comparing the evolution of laboratory standards across nations, the paper illustrates how high-level biosafety laboratories have adapted to and addressed the international challenges posed by health security and biological threats. This study provides a broad review and analysis of the historical development and technological progress of these laboratories, offering insights into the construction and management of high-level biosafety laboratories. It also provides important historical perspectives for the formulation of future biosafety policies and international cooperation, contributing to the development of more effective strategies to address global biosafety challenges. This review demonstrates the critical role of high-level biosafety laboratories in safeguarding national security and global health, highlighting the continuous need for improving regulatory systems, upgrading standards, and fostering technological innovation.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010002

Authors: Yitong Niu Xiongjie Jia Chee Keong Lee Haoran Jiang Cheu Peng Leh

This study applied ARIMA modeling to analyze the energy consumption patterns of laboratory equipment over one month, focusing on enhancing energy management in the laboratory. By explicitly examining AC and DC equipment, this study obtained detailed daily operating cycles and periods of inactivity. Advanced differencing and diagnostic checks were used to verify model accuracy and white noise characteristics through enhanced Dickey–Fuller testing and residual analysis. The results demonstrate the model’s accuracy in predicting energy consumption, providing valuable insights into the use of the model. This study highlights the adaptability and validity of the ARIMA model in laboratory environments, contributing to more competent laboratory energy management practices.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010001

Authors: Qiaohui Wang Yifan Liu Lei Zhou Shizhong Yang Jidong Gu Bozhong Mu

The distribution of water droplets in crude oil is one of the key issues involved in the processes of oil extraction and transportation, and these water droplets might also be habitats for microorganisms in oil reservoirs. However, it is still a challenge to observe and measure the distribution of water droplets in crude oil quickly and directly. In this work, an improved method based on the optical microscopy technique is introduced, which is named the Plate Pressing (PP) method and can observe and determine the distribution of water droplets in crude oil directly. The reliability of this method was verified by comparing the results with those of a computed tomography (CT) scan, indicating that the PP method can measure the distribution of water droplets accurately. Meanwhile, the total number and size distribution of water droplets in three crude oil samples from different oilfields were obtained by the PP method, which consolidated the idea that the PP method is capable of determining the distribution of the water droplets in crude oil directly and is suitable for the statistical analysis of water droplets in multiple samples of crude oil.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1030013

Authors: Wanying Gao Zongzhen Wu Kunlan Zuo Qiangyu Xiang Lu Zhang Xiaoya Chen Feng Tan Huan Liu

From the perspective of science and technology history, we review the development history and key events of global biosafety laboratories to deepen our understanding of biosafety. The construction history of biosafety laboratories reveals the complex interactions between science, social needs, public health safety, and national security. From the recognition of laboratory infection incidents in the late 19th century to the potential hazards of biological warfare and the development of biotechnology in the mid-20th century, the gradual establishment of a laboratory biosafety level system to the construction of high-level biosafety laboratories in the 21st century to respond to global infectious disease challenges, each stage of development is closely related to the social background, technological progress, public health needs and national security considerations of the times.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1030012

Authors: Julie Leleu Maxime Simon Luiz Cesar Cavalcanti Pereira da Silva Tommaso Virgilio Melissa A. de la Garza Jaco Bakker

Rectal prolapse is a common condition in laboratory-housed macaques, usually associated with recurrent gastroenteritis and stress. However, evidence for both statements is lacking. Therefore, the prevalence of rectal prolapses and their risk factors in laboratory-housed macaques have yet to be assessed. In addition, a standard of care pharmacological treatment remains to be recognized and documented. Thus, a retrospective study involving 816 laboratory-housed macaques was conducted, in which the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment success of rectal prolapses was assessed. The prevalence was shown to be 3.92%, and all cases could be either directly or indirectly linked to stress factors. By eliminating the suggested stressor, most rectal prolapses reverted naturally (69%). Moreover, we discuss the advantage of the ancillary administration of hyoscine butylbromide and metamizole as a treatment modality.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1030011

Authors: Jimmy Hu

Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a highly toxic and flammable solvent extensively used in chemical processes and laboratory analyses. This review examines both air and biological monitoring methods for assessing the exposure of laboratory workers to CS2. Emphasis is placed on the measurement of airborne CS2 concentrations and the monitoring of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine, a key biomarker of exposure. By analysing case studies and practical applications, the paper outlines the effectiveness and limitations of current monitoring techniques. Additionally, the review addresses key challenges such as CS2 volatility, dietary influence on biomarker levels, and the sufficiency of protective measures, including nitrile gloves. It also proposes best practices to mitigate exposure, such as improved ventilation, the use of polyvinyl alcohol gloves, and the substitution of CS2 with less hazardous solvents. This comprehensive review underscores the need for continuous vigilance in managing chemical exposure and offers insights into how laboratories can better protect their workers by integrating air and biological monitoring strategies.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1020010

Authors: Ibtissam Courti Sébastien Allix

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of two methods for airborne surface decontamination: hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP). Spores of G. stearothermophilus and B. atrophaeus were exposed to a 35% hydrogen peroxide solution under controlled laboratory conditions, including specific concentrations, exposure durations, humidity levels, and temperatures. Following each decontamination procedure, the spores were incubated for 7 days to evaluate bacterial growth and assess the efficacy of each method. The results indicate that the aHP method achieved biocidal rates of 84.76% for G. stearothermophilus and 89.52% for B. atrophaeus, while the HPV method demonstrated respective rates of 90.95% and 90.48%. These findings suggest that both the aHP and HPV methods are highly effective for microbial decontamination, with HPV showing a slight edge in overall efficacy. However, despite its comparable effectiveness, the HPV method has raised concerns regarding technical and economic factors. Observations highlighted issues such as fluctuations in humidity levels causing surface damage, a problem not encountered with the aHP method. Economically, HPV requires specific devices that can cost up to EUR 50,000, whereas aHP equipment costs do not exceed EUR 10,000. These observations emphasize the importance of critically evaluating the pros and cons of each decontamination method, taking into account factors such as biocidal efficacy, technical feasibility, and the associated costs.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1020009

Authors: Glen L. Hortin

Laboratory testing is a complex process with a significant error rate. Studies of laboratory errors have found that the major causes are preanalytical factors, interferences, and process errors. Efforts by regulatory agencies to improve quality via more stringent premarket evaluations of laboratory tests therefore have poor prospects of reducing laboratory errors and improving test quality. Efforts toward increasing the regulation of laboratory tests are analogous to preventing traffic accidents by increasing the premarket evaluation of automobiles. This analogy illustrates how increased premarket evaluation has limited prospects for quality improvement and, in some cases, actually contributes to errors and lower quality. Tools that are used by laboratories to detect, prevent, and address analytical errors are discussed, and the increased implementation of such tools offers approaches that can be used to improve laboratory quality.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1020008

Authors: John K. Chipangura Abdussamad M. Abdussamad David I. Lewis

Infections acquired in research laboratories and unintentional pathogen escapes from breaches in biocontainment pose risks to humans and the environment, necessitating the need for effective biosafety and biosecurity management frameworks in biocontainment research animal facilities (BRAFs). We examine key biosafety issues associated with BRAFs, including inadequate decontamination procedures for wastewater and experimental samples, handling high biosafety level pathogens in lower-level laboratories, risks of animal bites and sharps injuries, contamination of bedding and enrichment materials, and improper management and transportation of biohazard samples. Additionally, we discuss the role of veterinarians in research animal facilities and the challenges they encounter in maintaining biocontainment standards. We emphasise the importance of routine monitoring of effluent water to detect possible disease outbreaks. We recommend a thorough investigation of disease outbreaks to identify potential sources of pathogen release from BRAFs, which could serve as hotspots for future disease outbreaks. Findings from such investigations will inform the development of policies aimed at safeguarding human populations from future pandemics and preventing BRAFs from becoming sources of infectious disease outbreaks.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1020007

Authors: Kunlan Zuo Zongzhen Wu Chihong Zhao Huan Liu

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the history of laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) from a scientific perspective on biosafety risks. It analyzes cases from the late 19th century to the 2020s, whereas the previous research on this topic has primarily focused on social factors. By combining real case studies, this study elucidates the mechanisms of LAI occurrence and development, compares the attribution of risks and mitigation measures, and establishes the scientific patterns of LAIs’ historical evolution. The details of LAI cases are compared to the biosafety risk assessment indices of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States, and China. These real cases of LAI occurrence risks are now incorporated into biosafety standards and assessments in the modern era. Additionally, factors that pose potential risks of LAIs, even if they have not yet manifested, are also highlighted.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1010006

Authors: Hendra Y. Agustian

Despite the growing number of published studies on student learning in the laboratory, there is a critical need to improve methodological rigor. Resonating with discussions on research methods, this paper outlines the importance of theory-informed research questions, the minimization of researcher and participant biases, and the use of triangulation and iteration in data collection to establish rigor. An illustrative case is presented within the context of a large interdisciplinary research project aimed at improving laboratory learning at the university level. The project incorporates two research avenues: one focusing on student and faculty perspectives, and the other on a comprehensive assessment of multidimensional learning in the laboratory. The project employs a mixed methods paradigm and is grounded in a conceptual framework that conceptualizes laboratory work as epistemic practice, requiring a holistic analysis of student learning. The article concludes by discussing the results and implications of the project’s findings, which are synthesized to highlight aspects of establishing methodological rigor. The overarching goal is to develop a comprehensive assessment instrument that captures the complexity and richness of the laboratory learning environment. The findings from this research are expected to contribute to the advancement of laboratory education research by providing a model for methodological rigor that can be applied across various scientific and interdisciplinary contexts.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1010005

Authors: Gassan Hodaifa

The modernization of society goes hand in hand with agricultural, industrial, and economic development, with this development becoming increasingly complex due to the large number of activities being carried out and the diversification of products generated by society [...]

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1010004

Authors: Marco Gardella Pasquale Carrieri Paola Salvadeo Stefano Pavone Guido Giombi Michele Ramigni Claudio Rivetti

Herein, we present the implementation of a low-cost web-based information system tailored to manage a university department chemical warehouse. The system provides a centralized platform for cataloging, tracking, and managing chemical inventory data, while also facilitating purchasing and various administrative tasks associated with laboratory operations. The system has been developed within the Campusnet platform and has the following functionalities: (i) an efficient way for cataloging the extensive array of products available in the warehouse; (ii) an intuitive web interface with a device-responsive layout to facilitate browsing and purchasing of products by students, researchers, and technical staff; (iii) an inventory transaction recording system to simplify the attribution of costs; (iv) a simple procedure to streamline the process of joint purchases; and (v) a low deployment cost and ease of maintenance. Key design considerations, including regulatory compliance and safety, are also presented.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1010003

Authors: Tyler S. Love Kenneth R. Roy Sandra Sturdivant West

Authentic hands-on learning experiences are paramount for applying content and practices in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and career and technical (CTE) education. Such learning experiences are foundational for preparing P-12 students for future post-secondary and workplace opportunities. However, valuable hands-on learning opportunities often involve some level of potential safety hazards and resulting health and safety risks. While progress has been made in some aspects of STEM education and CTE safety, numerous safety issues and barriers remain. This article provides a detailed overview of some of the most pertinent health and safety issues from the literature and recent studies (e.g., overcrowding and occupancy load). Moreover, this article provides important information for policy makers, state departments of education, teacher preparation programs, school systems, school administrators, curriculum directors, educators, and other stakeholders to make data-informed decisions to improve safety in P-12 STEM education and CTE programs.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1010002

Authors: Rodrigo Antunes Luís Nunes Martim Lima de Aguiar Pedro Dinis Gaspar

The rapid evolution of robotics across various sectors, including healthcare, manufacturing, and domestic applications, has underscored a significant workforce skills gap. The shortage of qualified professionals in the labor market has had adverse effects on production capacities. Therefore, the significance of education and training for cultivating a skilled workforce cannot be overstated. This research work presents the development of a pedagogical approach centered on laboratory infrastructure designed specifically with multidisciplinary technologies and strategic human–machine interaction protocols to enhance learning in industrial robotics courses. Progressive competencies in laboratory protocols are developed, focusing on programming and simulating real-world industrial robotics tasks, to bridge the gap between theoretical education and practical industrial applications for higher education students. The proposed infrastructure includes a user-configurable maze comprising different colored elements, defining starting points, endpoints, obstacles, and varying track sections. These elements foster a dynamic and unpredictable learning environment. The infrastructure is fabricated using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining and 3D printing techniques. A collaborative robot, the Universal Robots UR3e, is used to navigate the maze and solve the track with advanced computer vision and human–machine communication. The amalgamation of practical experience and collaborative robotics furnishes students with hands-on experience, equipping them with the requisite skills for effective programming and manipulation of robotic devices. Empowering human–machine interaction and human–robot collaboration assists in addressing the industry’s demand for skilled labor in operating collaborative robotic manipulators.

Laboratories doi: 10.3390/laboratories1010001

Authors: Carlos Rafael Silva de Oliveira Catia Rosana Lange de Aguiar Maria Elisa Philippsen Missner Franciely Velozo Aragão Afonso Henrique da Silva Júnior António Benjamim Mapossa

Textile chemistry and textile processing laboratories are essential environments for textile product research and development, but they also pose hazards that require rigorous precautions. Among the most common risks is handling chemicals used in the textile industry, such as dyes, solvents, and finishing chemicals, which can be contaminants, corrosive, and flammable, presenting risks of poisoning and fire. Textile processing laboratories also require proper ventilation, as a lack of appropriate ventilation in these environments can accumulate toxic vapors in the air. The most relevant risks and hazards of using textile chemistry laboratories include using equipment such as dyeing autoclaves under pressure and high temperature; drying ovens like furnaces/lab stenters; cylinders of squeezing, calenders, and others, capable of causing severe accidents. These laboratories also generate or handle solid waste and effluents containing, heavy metals to pathogens (e.g., from industrial sludge). It is essential to adopt rigorous safety measures in textile chemistry laboratories, including using personal protective equipment (PPE), proper training of workers, effective ventilation systems, and safe waste disposal protocols. Good laboratory work practices not only reduce risk but also promote better research; more accurate results; and better data. Therefore, this study aimed to map the risks and hazards of textile processing laboratories with a view to accident prevention and formalizing a protocol for good practices.