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Water
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Focus on the Salinization Issue in the Mediterranean Area
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Special Issue "Focus on the Salinization Issue in the Mediterranean Area"

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology and Hydrogeology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020).

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Micòl Mastrocicco
Website
SciProfiles
Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Italy
Interests: water resources management and protection in the coastal plains, with a focus on water and nitrogen balance at basin scale and salinization processes; characterization and monitoring of dissolved contaminants in aquifers via different assessment methods; implementation of density-dependent groundwater flow models and reactive transport models
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Throughout the Mediterranean Region, recent studies highlight an increase in temperature, especially during summer, a decrease in precipitation and a certain change in the in-year precipitation pattern. These patterns are contributing to increasing the salinization of water resources. The Mediterranean Region is characterized by a variety of local climates and by a very complex geological and stratigraphical architecture. Moreover, the majority of the population is located along the coasts, with an increasing water demand. Thus, in the next years with the progressive loss of surface water resources, groundwater resources will be gradually more stressed, especially in coastal Mediterranean areas. This makes the Mediterranean area a good benchmark to test and validate scientific approaches to characterizing and better understanding the ongoing salinization trends of water resources.

The aim of this Special Issue of Water is to publish papers that describe the state of the art of surface waters and groundwater salinization in watersheds, with emphasis on the Mediterranean area. In detail, the goal of this Special Issue is to deliver a limited number of papers which describe the key features of aquifer, wetland, lake and river salinization and new challenges that need to be tackled. Particular importance will be given to papers employing novel geochemical and geophysical approaches, numerical modelling and their conjunctive use to monitor, assess and quantify relevant processes in aquifer salinization. This Special Issue aims to cover, without being limited to, the following areas: Multidisciplinary approaches that allow to distinguish between actual saltwater intrusion from paleo-salinization; Interaction between coastal wetlands and groundwater bodies; Numerical transport models that account for solutes’ variable density in saturated/unsaturated media; and the related scenario modelling to quantify future impacts of climate changes on groundwater resources.

Prof. Micòl Mastrocicco
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water quality
  • climate change
  • vertical profile
  • coastal areas
  • geochemical processes

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Natural and Anthropogenic Groundwater Contamination in a Coastal Volcanic-Sedimentary Aquifer: The Case of the Archaeological Site of Cumae (Phlegraean Fields, Southern Italy)
by
Luisa Stellato
,
Silvio Coda
,
Michele Arienzo
,
Pantaleone De Vita
,
Brunella Di Rienzo
,
Antonio D’Onofrio
,
Luciano Ferrara
,
Fabio Marzaioli
,
Marco Trifuoggi
and
Vincenzo Allocca
Water 2020, 12(12), 3463; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123463 - 09 Dec 2020
Abstract
Archeological sites close to coastal volcanic-sedimentary aquifers are threatened by groundwater contaminated by natural and anthropogenic processes. The paper reports on a hydrogeological, chemical (major, minor and trace elements) and isotopic (δD-H2O, δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3 [...] Read more.
Archeological sites close to coastal volcanic-sedimentary aquifers are threatened by groundwater contaminated by natural and anthropogenic processes. The paper reports on a hydrogeological, chemical (major, minor and trace elements) and isotopic (δD-H2O, δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3, δ18O-NO3, δ11B, 222Rn) survey of groundwater at the Cumae archaeological site, which is located in the coastal north-western sector of the volcanic district of Phlegraean Fields (southern Italy), where groundwater flooding phenomena occur. Results show the presence of a complex coastal volcanic-sedimentary aquifer system where groundwater quality is influenced mainly by: (i) aquifer lithology and localized ascent of magmatic fluids along buried volcano-tectonic discontinuities, (ii) mixing of groundwater, deep mineralized fluids and seawater during groundwater pumping, and (iii) nitrate contamination >50 mg/L from non-point agricultural sources. Moreover, δD and δ18O point toward fast recharge from seasonal precipitations, while the isotopic ratios of N and O in nitrate reveal the contribution of mineral and organic fertilizers as well as leakage from septic tanks. Results can assist the local archaeological authority for the safeguarding and management of the archaeological heritage of the Cumae site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on the Salinization Issue in the Mediterranean Area)
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Open AccessArticle
Sources of Salinization of Groundwater in the Lower Yarmouk Gorge, East of the River Jordan
by
Peter Möller
,
Marco De Lucia
,
Eliahu Rosenthal
,
Nimrod Inbar
,
Elias Salameh
,
Fabien Magri
and
Christian Siebert
Water 2020, 12(5), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051291 - 01 May 2020
Abstract
In the Lower Yarmouk Gorge the chemical composition of regional, fresh to brackish, mostly thermal groundwater reveals a zonation in respect to salinization and geochemical evolution, which is seemingly controlled by the Lower Yarmouk fault (LYF) but does not strictly follow the morphological [...] Read more.
In the Lower Yarmouk Gorge the chemical composition of regional, fresh to brackish, mostly thermal groundwater reveals a zonation in respect to salinization and geochemical evolution, which is seemingly controlled by the Lower Yarmouk fault (LYF) but does not strictly follow the morphological Yarmouk Gorge. South of LYF, the artesian Mukeihbeh well field region produces in its central segment groundwaters, an almost pure basaltic-rock type with a low contribution (<0.3 vol-%) of Tertiary brine, hosted in deep Cretaceous and Jurassic formations. Further distal, the contribution of limestone water increases, originating from the Ajloun Mountains in the South. North of the LYF, the Mezar wells, the springs of Hammat Gader and Ain Himma produce dominantly limestone water, which contains 0.14–3 vol-% of the Tertiary brine, and hence possesses variable salinity. The total dissolved equivalents, TDE, of solutes gained by water/rock interaction (WRI) and mixing with brine, TDEWRI+brine, amount to 10–70% of total salinity in the region comprising the Mukheibeh field, Ain Himma and Mezar 3 well; 55–70% in the springs of Hammat Gader; and 80–90% in wells Mezar 1 and 2. The type of salinization indicates that the Lower Yarmouk fault seemingly acts as the divide between the Ajloun and the Golan Heights-dominated groundwaters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on the Salinization Issue in the Mediterranean Area)
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Open AccessArticle
Quantitative Estimation of Soil Salinization in an Arid Region of the Keriya Oasis Based on Multidimensional Modeling
by
Nijat Kasim
,
Balati Maihemuti
,
Rukeya Sawut
,
Abdugheni Abliz
,
Cui Dong
and
Munira Abdumutallip
Water 2020, 12(3), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030880 - 20 Mar 2020
Cited by 1
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the major factors causing land degradation and desertification on earth, especially its important damage to farming activities and land-use management in arid and semiarid regions. The salt-affected land is predominant in the Keriya River area of Northwestern China. [...] Read more.
Soil salinity is one of the major factors causing land degradation and desertification on earth, especially its important damage to farming activities and land-use management in arid and semiarid regions. The salt-affected land is predominant in the Keriya River area of Northwestern China. Then, there is an urgent need for rapid, accurate, and economical monitoring in the salt-affected land. In this study, we used the electrical conductivity (EC) of 353 ground-truth measurements and predictive capability parameters of WorldView-2 (WV-2), such as satellite band reflectance and newly optimum spectral indices (OSI) based on two dimensional and three-dimensional data. The features of spectral bands were extracted and tested, and different new OSI and soil salinity indices using reflectance of wavebands were built, in which spectral data was pre-processed (based on First Derivative (R-FD), Second Derivative (R-SD), Square data (R-SQ), Reciprocal inverse (1/R), and Reciprocal First Derivative (1/R-FD)), utilizing the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) method to construct estimation models and mapping the regional soil-affected land. The results of this study are the following: (a) the new OSI had a higher relevance to EC than one-dimensional data, and (b) the cross-validation of established PLSR models indicated that the β-PLSR model based on the optimal three-band index with different process algorithm performed the best result with R2V = 0.79, Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEV) = 1.51 dS·m−1, and Relative Percent Deviation (RPD) = 2.01 and was used to map the soil salinity over the study site. The results of the study will be helpful for the study of salt-affected land monitoring and evaluation in similar environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on the Salinization Issue in the Mediterranean Area)
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