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Viruses
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Equine Influenza Viruses
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Equine Influenza Viruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 18627

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Pablo Murcia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Interests: virology; influenza; viral emergence; viral evolution

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are among the most important global pathogens. Outbreaks, epidemics, epizootics, and pandemics caused by IAVs can have devastating consequences. Therefore, IAVs represent a substantial ongoing threat to human and animal populations. IAVs are mainly of avian origin and have been established as endemic viruses in a very limited number of mammals, despite the large number of mammalian species. IAVs have jumped into horses and other equids on multiple occasions, and the former supports the continuous circulation of a specific IAV lineage known as equine influenza virus (EIV). EIV research has been key to mitigating the burden caused by equine influenza while also providing novel insight on aspects of general IAV biology, including virus transmission and evolution, epidemiology, vaccine design, and virus pathogenesis. The aim of this Special Issue is to publish original papers and reviews on any aspect of equine influenza research that not only advances the knowledge of EIV infection biology but also contributes to improving the understanding of IAVs in general.

Prof. Dr. Pablo Murcia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • equine influenza
  • influenza viruses
  • comparative medicine
  • One Health
  • influenza interspecies transmission
  • influenza adaptation

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

23 pages, 2434 KiB  
Review
Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species
by Christoforos Rozario, Luis Martínez-Sobrido, Henry J. McSorley and Caroline Chauché
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2519; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122519 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4908
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important respiratory pathogens of horses and humans. Infected individuals develop typical respiratory disorders associated with the death of airway epithelial cells (AECs) in infected areas. Virulence and risk of secondary bacterial infections vary among IAV strains. The IAV [...] Read more.
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important respiratory pathogens of horses and humans. Infected individuals develop typical respiratory disorders associated with the death of airway epithelial cells (AECs) in infected areas. Virulence and risk of secondary bacterial infections vary among IAV strains. The IAV non-structural proteins, NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X are important virulence factors controlling AEC death and host immune responses to viral and bacterial infection. Polymorphism in these proteins impacts their function. Evidence from human and mouse studies indicates that upon IAV infection, the manner of AEC death impacts disease severity. Indeed, while apoptosis is considered anti-inflammatory, necrosis is thought to cause pulmonary damage with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as interleukin-33 (IL-33). IL-33 is a potent inflammatory mediator released by necrotic cells, playing a crucial role in anti-viral and anti-bacterial immunity. Here, we discuss studies in human and murine models which investigate how viral determinants and host immune responses control AEC death and subsequent lung IL-33 release, impacting IAV disease severity. Confirming such data in horses and improving our understanding of early immunologic responses initiated by AEC death during IAV infection will better inform the development of novel therapeutic or vaccine strategies designed to protect life-long lung health in horses and humans, following a One Health approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Influenza Viruses)
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36 pages, 3134 KiB  
Review
Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines
by Fatai S. Oladunni, Saheed Oluwasina Oseni, Luis Martinez-Sobrido and Thomas M. Chambers
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081657 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9476
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV [...] Read more.
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Influenza Viruses)
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12 pages, 1411 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America
by Cecilia Olguin-Perglione and María Edith Barrandeguy
Viruses 2021, 13(5), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050888 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3337
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, [...] Read more.
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Influenza Viruses)
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