Examining Human-Animal Interactions in Zoos and Aquariums

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK 99664, USA
Interests: conservation psychology; zoo studies

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Guest Editor
Brevard Zoo, Melbourne, FL 32940, USA
Interests: human–animal interactions; visitor studies; conservation education

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Guest Editor
Anthrozoology, Carroll College, Helena, MT 59625, USA
Interests: human–animal interaction; animal-assisted interventions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many zoos and aquariums place an emphasis on creating connections between their guests and the animals. The development of a bond between humans and animals is complex, often being influenced by the environment, social contexts, and the specific intervention employed. While much is known about the outcomes of the human–animal bond, human–animal interventions, and general human–animal interactions in situations involving companion animals, there is a need to explore these phenomena across diverse taxa. It is established that human–animal interactions have a direct influence on the visitor experience, education outcomes, animal wellbeing, and job satisfaction in zookeepers. However, more evidence is needed to provide zoological managers with the strategies to increase overall effectiveness in these interventions that benefit both humans and animals. Through this Special Issue, we aim to continue the conversation surrounding human–animal interactions within zoological spaces and how zoological managers can use evidence-supported practices to achieve mission outcomes through human–animal interactions. Likewise, we hope to increase the capacity for evaluating these experiences in zoos through papers using novel methods or examining the effectiveness in measuring the outcomes of human–animal interactions. Contributions that also use companion animal cases as a base to draw parallels or a potential application in zoological spaces are welcome.

Dr. John Fraser
Dr. Brian Ogle
Dr. Marie Suthers
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • human–animal interaction
  • human–animal relationships
  • animal–visitor interactions
  • anthrozoology
  • zoo
  • aquarium
  • ambassador animals

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

16 pages, 268 KB  
Article
People and Zoos: The Role and Implementation of Direct Human–Animal Interactions in Zoological Establishments
by Stacey J. Higgs, Maren Huck, David Sheffield and Dean Fido
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6040061 - 3 Dec 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Zoological establishments have five main roles: education, conservation, recreation, research, and provision of positive welfare to exhibited and housed animals. This review highlights the effect direct human–animal interactions had on the non-human animals’ physical and psychological wellbeing in relation to short- and long-term [...] Read more.
Zoological establishments have five main roles: education, conservation, recreation, research, and provision of positive welfare to exhibited and housed animals. This review highlights the effect direct human–animal interactions had on the non-human animals’ physical and psychological wellbeing in relation to short- and long-term education and conservation engagement and action. The literature was reviewed from worldwide English sources, which focused on welfare, direct animal interactions, and alternative provisions. With over 700 million visits made to zoological establishments annually, only USD350 million in funds were reported to be reinvested into conservation efforts worldwide, with the true outcome and impact of this effort unknown. Currently, the main focal area is recreation, with 75% of those surveyed (N = 1241) worldwide found to offer direct human–animal interactions. This review takes a holistic approach to human–animal interactions and highlights key opportunities that are missed in the delivery method of these. Worldwide, direct human–animal interactions during the last 30 years have had no to limited regulations. Organisations such as Pan-Africa Association of Zoos and Aquaria and British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria aim to regulate and monitor welfare, breeding, and husbandry within collections; however, joining is entirely voluntary. This has led to only 13 zoological establishments in Africa accredited under PAAZA, compared to over 100 establishments accredited under BIAZA in the United Kingdom. This review highlights that clear training plans need to be implemented before and during human–animal interactions with particular focus on feeding time demonstrations, CGI models, film rooms, and no-contact interactive areas. Further research needs to quantify the significance of the taxonomy used in direct interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Examining Human-Animal Interactions in Zoos and Aquariums)
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