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Batteries
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Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: 3rd Edition
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Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: 3rd Edition

A Special Issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105) belonging to the section "Energy Storage System Aging, Diagnosis and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2026 | Viewed by 3000

Editors

Prof. Dr. Jinsheng Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: batteries for electric vehicles; lithium-ion batteries; thermal management; heat transfer; hydrogen production and storage; hydrogen refueling system; renewable and clean energies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hengyun Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
Interests: battery thermal management; battery test; phase change materials; electronics cooling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tianqi Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: hydrogen energy; lithium-ion battery; heat and mass transfer; energy transition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used as power sources for both industry and daily life. This is mainly due to their salient features, such as high energy density, high power output, low self-discharge rate, and little memory effect. Nonetheless, the performances of LIBs are highly dependent on the operating temperature. A higher temperature would cause accelerated battery degradation with shortened lifetime and even thermal runaway, and a lower temperature would cause reduced discharge capacity and rate, leading to mileage anxiety and sudden power failure. Research on the thermal and energy storage performances of LIBs is still limited in terms of thermal and safety design in demanding application scenarios.

This Special Issue, titled “Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: 3rd Edition”, aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances in the thermal management of LIBs under various application conditions. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Liquid cooling and its hybrid forms;
  • Air cooling;
  • Phase change materials and coupled cooling;
  • Refrigeration cooling;
  • Thermal safety performance;
  • Thermal runaway;
  • Dynamic thermal performance under operating conditions;
  • Advanced modeling techniques such as machine learning;
  • Multi-scale approach (from battery cell, module, and pack to system scale).

Prof. Dr. Jinsheng Xiao
Prof. Dr. Hengyun Zhang
Dr. Tianqi Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • liquid cooling and its hybrid forms
  • air cooling
  • phase change materials and coupled cooling
  • refrigeration cooling
  • thermal safety performance
  • dynamic thermal performance under operating conditions
  • advanced modeling techniques

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 7464 KB  
Article
Thermal–Hydraulic Optimization of a Metal Foam Manifold Cold Plate for Energy Storage Battery Systems Using CFD and Machine Learning
by Xiang Li, Yilan Yin, Jun Ren, Hanshen Li and Benjun Xie
Batteries 2026, 12(8), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12080268 - 23 Jul 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1255
Abstract
This work presents a new Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) concept utilizing a metal foam manifold cold plate (MFMCP), developed specifically to meet the rising thermal dissipation needs of lithium-ion batteries. By coupling a manifold flow design and high-conductivity metal foams (characterized via [...] Read more.
This work presents a new Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) concept utilizing a metal foam manifold cold plate (MFMCP), developed specifically to meet the rising thermal dissipation needs of lithium-ion batteries. By coupling a manifold flow design and high-conductivity metal foams (characterized via SEM), the system significantly enhanced heat transfer and temperature uniformity. A Local Thermal Equilibrium (LTE) model evaluated thermal–hydraulic performance across varying Reynolds numbers (40–200), foam structures (PPI and porosity), and Al2O3 nanofluid concentrations. Results indicated that an optimal foam structure (95 PPI, porosity of 0.905) yielded a significant surface temperature reduction of 15 K. Although the Al2O3 nanofluid provided an additional cooling effect of 0.3 K, its pressure penalty lowered the performance evaluation criterion (PEC); the highest initial PEC of 2.57 was established when employing the pure base fluid without any functional additives. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was developed to expedite design validation, achieving high predictive accuracy as evidenced by an R2 of 0.983 and an MRE of 1.8%. Subsequent optimization via a genetic algorithm (GA) further increased the maximum PEC by 12% to 2.88. Equal pumping power system simulations indicated that the MFMCP design achieved a peak cell temperature of 304.35 K, outperforming traditional designs which peaked at 308.33 K. Furthermore, transient tests at 1C to 2C discharge rates confirmed consistent cooling improvements, demonstrating the MFMCP’s promising potential for dynamic operational conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 4992 KB  
Article
Study on Thermal Runaway Protection Characteristics of Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery Modules Integrating Sodium Acetate Trihydrate, Aerogel Felt and Liquid Cooling
by Liang Tong, Chengfu Xie, Hanwei Xu, Linzhi Xu, Min Liu, Lingyu Chen, Qianqian Xin, Tianqi Yang, Hengyun Zhang and Jinsheng Xiao
Batteries 2026, 12(6), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12060191 - 26 May 2026
Viewed by 484
Abstract
With the widespread application of lithium-ion battery energy storage stations, thermal runaway (TR) of energy storage batteries has evolved into a safety issue that cannot be overlooked. To prevent the propagation of thermal runaway, this study proposes a thermal runaway protection strategy for [...] Read more.
With the widespread application of lithium-ion battery energy storage stations, thermal runaway (TR) of energy storage batteries has evolved into a safety issue that cannot be overlooked. To prevent the propagation of thermal runaway, this study proposes a thermal runaway protection strategy for prismatic battery modules based on the sodium acetate trihydrate-expanded graphite (SAT-EG), aerogel felt (AEGF) and liquid cooling. The study also investigates the impact of factors such as the thickness of the SAT-EG, the thickness of the AEGF, and the area of the AEGF on the protection performance. The results show that compared with the conventional paraffin-expanded graphite (PA-EG), SAT-EG can block the propagation of thermal runaway, but the maximum temperature of adjacent batteries still approaches T2 (T2 denotes the battery thermal runaway triggering temperature). After introducing AEGF to form a sandwich structure, the maximum temperature of adjacent batteries can be effectively controlled below T1 (T1 denotes the temperature at which heat generation from battery side reactions intensifies). However, the utilization rate of SAT-EG is relatively low, and the thermal runaway trigger time of the thermal runaway battery is advanced. By reducing the AEGF area, the overall utilization rate of SAT-EG can be effectively improved, and the thermal runaway trigger time of the thermal runaway battery can be significantly delayed, gaining time for the detection and handling of thermal runaway and ensuring the safety of energy storage power stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 4174 KB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Wavey-Channel Cold Plates for Li-Ion Batteries by Deep Neural Network
by Kun Xi, Zhihui Xie, Xinshan Ni, Min Zhang and Xiaochen Chen
Batteries 2026, 12(5), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12050164 - 9 May 2026
Viewed by 806
Abstract
The continuously improving power density of Li-ion batteries and the widespread application of fast charging and discharging have rendered thermal management an increasingly critical task. Cold plates are among the most important means for such a task, and their channel structure significantly affects [...] Read more.
The continuously improving power density of Li-ion batteries and the widespread application of fast charging and discharging have rendered thermal management an increasingly critical task. Cold plates are among the most important means for such a task, and their channel structure significantly affects battery performance. Aiming to further improve the thermohydraulic performance of cold plate, this study proposes a cold plate with sinusoidal wave-shaped channel. Using channel quantity, amplitude, wavelength, diameter, and coolant mass flow rate as variables, the orthogonal experimental scheme is employed to design combinations of different variables for numerical simulation. The numerical simulation results are used to train a deep neural network for cold plate performance prediction. The trained neural network can accurately predict the maximum temperature, comprehensive performance indicators, and entropy generation rate with errors below 5.0%, 5.0%, and 10.0%, respectively. Multi-objective optimization design (MOOD) is implemented by combining a deep neural network with the NSGA-II genetic optimization, yielding two sets of Pareto fronts as follows: one for maximizing comprehensive performance indicator and minimizing entropy generation rate, and the other for minimizing maximum temperature and entropy generation rate, and TOPSIS decision points are provided. This study provides a new method and valuable MOOD results for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries and cold plate engineering while offering theoretical guidance for practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: 3rd Edition)
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