Primary specification: r = 0.4112

Single substitutions
  101 perceived difficulty instead of CLSRS            r = 0.4177
  85 self-directed subgroup only (n = 18)              r = 0.4234
  85 task-based subgroup only (n = 20)                 r = 0.3875
  85 equal-weight subgroup pool [DERIVED]              r = 0.4130
  79 germane load instead of intrinsic                 r = 0.4203
  70 ICL wave 1                                        r = 0.4218
  70 ICL wave 2                                        r = 0.4242
  70 ICL wave 3                                        r = 0.4534
  70 ICL wave 4                                        r = 0.4215
  70 ICL mean of the five waves [DERIVED]              r = 0.4255
  70 ICL five-wave mean, variance x5 [DERIVED]         r = 0.4195
  70 GCL wave 1                                        r = 0.4222
  70 GCL wave 2                                        r = 0.4180
  70 GCL wave 3                                        r = 0.4148
  70 GCL wave 4 (ns)                                   r = 0.4036
  70 GCL wave 5 (ns)                                   r = 0.3950
  70 ECL wave 1                                        r = 0.4134
  70 ECL wave 2 (ns)                                   r = 0.4067
  70 ECL wave 3                                        r = 0.4216
  70 ECL wave 4                                        r = 0.4116
  70 ECL wave 5 (ns)                                   r = 0.4046
  68 computer (extraneous) load instead of content     r = 0.4112
  73 dependency distance with sign reversed            r = 0.3750
  51 latent SEM path instead of zero-order r           r = 0.4268
  26 speaking-anxiety path only                        r = 0.4174
  26 learning-anxiety path only                        r = 0.4053
  46 prompt-management subscale                        r = 0.4029
  46 critical-evaluation subscale                      r = 0.4165
  46 integrative-synthesis subscale                    r = 0.4063
  46 authorial-core subscale                           r = 0.3997
  46 overall mental-effort item                        r = 0.4152
  2  information-rich condition only                   r = 0.3906
  2  rhetorical condition only                         r = 0.4312

  Range across single substitutions alone: 0.375 to 0.453

Corner specifications (all studies at their most / least favourable alternative)
  All-highest corner  r = 0.5243  95% CI [0.381, 0.643]
  All-lowest  corner  r = 0.2931  95% CI [0.151, 0.424]

RANGE ACROSS ALL 36 SPECIFICATIONS: r = 0.293 to 0.524
Specifications whose 95% CI excludes zero: 36 of 36
Lowest lower confidence bound across specifications: 0.151
