Supplementary Data for manuscript hydrology-4395430

Manuscript title:
Evaporative Water Consumption and Heat Redistribution under Pumped-Storage Hydropower Operation in an Arid Region

This supplementary data package provides station observations, ERA5 reanalysis inputs, processed meteorological forcing data, and model-output figures supporting the analyses reported in the manuscript. The package is organized to help editors, reviewers, and readers identify the data sources used for the annual 2024 simulations, the ERA5 benchmark forcing, and the outputs used for the main figures.

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are provided in the Supplementary Materials. The ERA5 reanalysis data used in this study are publicly available from the Copernicus Climate Data Store.

Folder Structure

Supplementary_Data_hydrology-4395430/
  01_station_observations/
  02_ERA5_reanalysis/
  03_model_outputs_and_figures/
  README.txt
  FILE_MANIFEST.csv
  DATA_AVAILABILITY_STATEMENT.txt

01_station_observations

File: Station_observations_upper_lower_reservoir_2024.xlsx

This workbook contains hourly meteorological observations from the upper-reservoir and lower-reservoir meteorological stations used to drive the main annual attribution simulations.

Time period: 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.
Temporal resolution: hourly.
Study role: primary meteorological forcing for the station-driven annual simulations.

Worksheets:
1. Upper_reservoir_station_obs
   Meteorological observations used for the upper-reservoir forcing.
2. Lower_reservoir_station_obs
   Meteorological observations used for the lower-reservoir forcing.

Main variables include station identifier, province, station name, latitude, longitude, year, month, day, hour, air pressure, air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Units are given in the original worksheet headers, for example hPa for pressure, degrees Celsius for air temperature, m/s for wind speed, percent for relative humidity, and MJ/m2 for hourly accumulated solar radiation.

02_ERA5_reanalysis

File: ERA5_processed_forcing_2024.xlsx

This workbook contains processed ERA5 meteorological forcing data used as an independent benchmark for comparison with station-driven simulations.

Time period: 1 January 2024 to 31 December 2024.
Temporal resolution: hourly.
Worksheet: ERA5_Processed.

Variables:
1. Time: timestamp.
2. Ta: air temperature in degrees Celsius.
3. RH: relative humidity in percent.
4. Ws: wind speed in m/s.
5. P: air pressure in hPa.
6. Rn_net: net radiation in W/m2.

Study role: independent ERA5-based forcing used to evaluate the directional and magnitude robustness of the main conclusions.

File: ERA5_Raw_Processed.mat

This MATLAB data file stores the processed ERA5 forcing variables generated from the raw ERA5 NetCDF files. It is included to document the processed data state used in the analysis.

Files: accum_2024_*.nc and instant_2024_*.nc

These NetCDF files are the ERA5 reanalysis files used to construct the processed forcing dataset.

accum_2024_*.nc: accumulated ERA5 variables used in the radiation-processing workflow.
instant_2024_*.nc: instantaneous ERA5 variables used in the meteorological-forcing workflow.
Source: Copernicus Climate Data Store.
Study role: raw public reanalysis inputs for the ERA5 benchmark forcing.

03_model_outputs_and_figures

This folder contains the main model-output figures generated for the manuscript.

Figure3.png: ERA5 and station-based meteorological forcing comparison in 2024.
Figure4.png: annual meteorological context and summer evaporative-forcing conditions in 2024.
Figure6.png: annual evaporation and upper-reservoir area-temperature response in 2024.
Figure7.png: annual factorial attribution of evaporation changes in 2024.
Figure8.png: annual energy-budget decomposition for the upper and lower reservoirs.
Figure9.png: seasonal advective heat transport and evaporation response under different dispatch intensities.
Figure10.png: annual sensitivity and meteorological-driver contribution analysis.

FILE_MANIFEST.csv

This file lists all files in the supplementary data package, their file sizes, and SHA256 checksums. It is included to support file verification.

Notes on Reuse and Interpretation

1. The station observations and processed forcing data are provided to support verification of the manuscript's annual simulations and figure results.
2. ERA5 files are public reanalysis products derived from the Copernicus Climate Data Store. Users should cite the appropriate ERA5 data source when reusing these data.
3. The package contains the data and output files needed to document the final annual evaporation analysis.

