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30 pages, 7365 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI–Human Collaborative Interpretation (AHCI)—A Methodological Framework for Human–Machine Collaboration in the Visualisation and Aesthetic Evaluation of Complex Cultural Heritage

by Liwen Zhang, Yiqi Liu, Jingya Li and Yuexi Dong

Information 2026, 17(7), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17070675 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

This paper proposes the AI–Human Collaborative Interpretation (AHCI) human–machine collaboration methodological framework, offering a new research pathway for the digital interpretation of complex cultural heritage. The framework integrates multi-source data processing, formalised feature modelling, interpretable analysis and human–machine feedback mechanisms, translating the complex [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the AI–Human Collaborative Interpretation (AHCI) human–machine collaboration methodological framework, offering a new research pathway for the digital interpretation of complex cultural heritage. The framework integrates multi-source data processing, formalised feature modelling, interpretable analysis and human–machine feedback mechanisms, translating the complex information of cultural heritage into an analysable and interactive structure. Building upon this, the Tianlai.China project serves as a case study for the multimodal data integration, aesthetic feature modelling and interactive visualisation of the Illustrated Catalogue of Famous Porcelains Through the Ages. The effectiveness of the collaborative mechanism is validated through expert–public–AI comparative experiments and human–AI feedback loop experiments. The main contributions of this paper include: proposing a methodological framework for human–machine collaboration in cultural heritage value assessment; constructing an interpretable formalised model of cultural features and a corresponding visualisation system; analysing the impact of AI explanations on expert cognition through empirical research; and exploring the transferability of this framework across different types of cultural heritage. Against this backdrop, the human–machine collaboration system developed by AHCI—comprising ‘data semantics–feature modelling–visual output–cognitive feedback’—possesses cross-domain applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Creativity and Human-Centered Design for Enhanced User Experience)

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21 pages, 8123 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Phase II Trial of Defactinib Combined with Avutometinib in Patients with Metastatic Uveal Melanoma

by Rino S. Seedor, Mizue Terai, Sergei Koshkin, Andrew E. Aplin, Marlana Orloff, Erin Sharpe-Mills, Madeleine Naccarato, Aurora Mills, Alfredo A. Molinolo, J. Silvio Gutkind and Takami Sato

Cancers 2026, 18(14), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18142232 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: Treatment options are limited, and outcomes remain poor for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM). We conducted an investigator-initiated, prospective, single-arm, single-institution, phase II study evaluating the combination of an FAK inhibitor (defactinib) with a RAF/MEK inhibitor (avutometinib) for the treatment of [...] Read more.

Background: Treatment options are limited, and outcomes remain poor for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM). We conducted an investigator-initiated, prospective, single-arm, single-institution, phase II study evaluating the combination of an FAK inhibitor (defactinib) with a RAF/MEK inhibitor (avutometinib) for the treatment of MUM. Methods: From February 2021 through January 2023, 12 patients with MUM were treated with the combination of defactinib and avutometinib. Defactinib was given 200 mg twice daily, and avutometinib was given 3.2 mg twice a week. Both drugs were given for 3 weeks on and 1 week off (28-day cycle). Disease control rate was the primary endpoint of this study. Results: Median lines of prior therapies for the patients were two. After two cycles, six patients achieved stable disease while six patients developed progressive disease (disease control rate of 50%). With a median follow-up of 20.0 months, the median progression-free survival was 3.0 months and the median overall survival was 20.0 months. The combination was quite tolerable for patients, with no patients requiring dose reduction or discontinuation. Trial enrollment was stopped early by study sponsors before the anticipated accrual of 18 patients due to no patients having a significant reduction in disease. Conclusions: This is the first study reporting on the use of an FAK inhibitor combination in MUM. Further research should seek to elucidate an optimal combination treatment strategy for MUM, such as FAK and PKC inhibitors, for improved blockade of the signaling pathways downstream of GNAQ/GNA11 driver mutations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Uveal Melanoma)

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14 pages, 6681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexoelectricity in Pyramid-Patterned Contact Areas of NOA/Ecoflex Triboelectric Nanogenerators

by Nursalim Akhmetzhanov, Dong-Joo Kang, Jong-Man Kim, Dong-Myeong Shin and Yoon-Hwae Hwang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(14), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140855 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

This study investigates flexoelectricity in the pyramid- and truncated-pyramid-patterned contact interface of a NOA-63/Ecoflex (N/E) triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operating in contact–separation mode. Microscale pyramidal and truncated pyramidal arrays were fabricated using silicon molds and paired with an Ecoflex™ 00-10 elastomer substrate, and the [...] Read more.

This study investigates flexoelectricity in the pyramid- and truncated-pyramid-patterned contact interface of a NOA-63/Ecoflex (N/E) triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operating in contact–separation mode. Microscale pyramidal and truncated pyramidal arrays were fabricated using silicon molds and paired with an Ecoflex™ 00-10 elastomer substrate, and the structural integrity of the arrays was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Combining experimental results with established knowledge of soft-polymer indentation mechanics and hard-to-hard flexoelectric behavior, the surface charge density (σ) and flexoelectric coefficient (μ_flexo) were determined to be 8.48 × 10⁻⁶ C/m² and 2.95 × 10⁻¹¹ C/m, respectively. These parameters were incorporated into a total charge equation to estimate charge output for both pyramidal and truncated pyramidal N/E TENG arrays under varying applied loads. The proposed model can adequately predict the charge output of pyramidal and truncated pyramidal N/E TENGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Management for Triboelectric Nanogenerators)

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16 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomarkers Identify Distinct Biological Signatures of Eccentric Hypertrophy in Elite Athletes: A Sex-Specific Analysis

by Giuseppe Di Gioia, Armando Ferrera, Pier Giorgio Tiberi, Francesco Raffaele Spera, Viviana Maestrini, Andrea Serdoz, Alessandro Spinelli, Federica Mango, Antonio Pelliccia and Maria Rosaria Squeo

Medicina 2026, 62(7), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62071341 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Eccentric hypertrophy (EH) represents a common physiological cardiac adaptation in athletes, particularly in endurance disciplines. However, the biological correlates underlying EH and potential sex-specific differences remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical determinants of EH [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Eccentric hypertrophy (EH) represents a common physiological cardiac adaptation in athletes, particularly in endurance disciplines. However, the biological correlates underlying EH and potential sex-specific differences remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical determinants of EH in a large cohort of elite athletes. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 2522 elite athletes undergoing pre-participation screening for Olympic competitions. Athletes were classified according to cardiac geometry into EH or normal geometry (NG) based on echocardiographic parameters. Clinical, anthropometric, echocardiographic, and biochemical variables were compared between groups. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of EH. Results: EH was present in 601 athletes (23.8%) and was more prevalent in endurance sports (51.1% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.0001). Athletes with EH showed greater cardiac chamber dimensions and mass, with preserved systolic and diastolic function. Several biomarkers differed between groups, including higher AST, ALT, CPK, eosinophils, and HDL, and lower creatinine and TSH in EH (all p < 0.01). Following multivariable analysis, lower creatinine (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14–0.52, p < 0.0001), higher AST (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02–1.03, p < 0.0001), and higher eosinophil count (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06–1.20, p < 0.0001) independently predicted EH. The model showed moderate discrimination (AUC 0.72). Sex-stratified analyses showed different biomarker associations with EH in men (creatinine and AST) and women (eosinophils and HDL), with similar model performance (AUC 0.71 vs. 0.73). Conclusions: EH in elite athletes is associated with distinct biological signatures reflecting multiple physiological pathways. Notably, sex-specific patterns emerge, suggesting different mechanisms underlying cardiac adaptation in male and female athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Cardiology: From Athletes to Advanced Technologies for Cardiovascular Prevention and Exercise Prescription)

18 pages, 8570 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Control of Fusarium verticillioides P03 in Maize by Bacillus cereus sensu lato B25 Involves Coordinated Host–Bacterium Responses

by Jesús Eduardo Cazares-Álvarez, Karem María Figueroa-Brambila, Alejandro Miguel Figueroa-López, Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa and Ignacio Eduardo Maldonado-Mendoza

Microorganisms 2026, 14(7), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14071517 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Maize is a major global crop; however, its production is affected by Fusarium verticillioides, which causes stalk, ear, and root rot. Bacillus cereus B25 is a maize bacterium that antagonizes F. verticillioides, likely through antifungal compounds and possibly by inducing maize [...] Read more.

Maize is a major global crop; however, its production is affected by Fusarium verticillioides, which causes stalk, ear, and root rot. Bacillus cereus B25 is a maize bacterium that antagonizes F. verticillioides, likely through antifungal compounds and possibly by inducing maize chitinase genes. Fusarium verticillioides effectively infects maize by producing a chitinase-modifying protein that disrupts maize chitinases, preventing fungal cell wall degradation and evasion of plant immune responses triggered by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns. The aim of this work was to analyze maize, B25, and F. verticillioides gene expression during bipartite and tripartite interactions at early stages (5, 7, 10, and 14 days post-inoculation). Physiological results showed increased root and shoot growth in maize seedlings under the tripartite interactions compared to fungus alone. B25 was demonstrated to grow endophytically and coexist with F. verticillioides in maize roots. Maize extracellular chitinase genes were induced, possibly due to chitin fragments released from the fungal cell wall, while the fungus effector genes were also upregulated in response. Furthermore, the chitinase gene Zm00001eb317090 (bk4) may contribute to cell wall strengthening, as suggested by in silico co-expression analyses. Overall, these results support a coordinated interaction between maize and B25 that contributes to controlling F. verticillioides infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Microbe Interactions)

24 pages, 1938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Confidence-Guided Fallback Strategy: Fusing Traditional Binarization and Deep Segmentation for Real-Time Pupil Detection

by Yongchao Lu, Yang Mu, Pengxiang Xue and Changyuan Wang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(14), 6981; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16146981 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Real-time pupil detection is a critical prerequisite for eye-tracking applications such as vestibular videonystagmography (VNG) and gaze-based interaction: deep learning methods offer high accuracy but incur substantial computational cost, while traditional thresholding methods are fast but lack robustness under complex illumination. This paper [...] Read more.

Real-time pupil detection is a critical prerequisite for eye-tracking applications such as vestibular videonystagmography (VNG) and gaze-based interaction: deep learning methods offer high accuracy but incur substantial computational cost, while traditional thresholding methods are fast but lack robustness under complex illumination. This paper proposes the Confidence-Guided Fallback (CGF) framework, which employs four geometric factors—circularity, aspect ratio, area consistency, and convex-hull ratio—to evaluate the reliability of traditional detection results, and it invokes RITNet (a deep segmentation network finetuned on randomly cropped s-OpenEDS data) only when the confidence score falls below a threshold, thereby adaptively balancing accuracy and efficiency on a per-frame basis. RITNet is not trained on LPW; thus, LPW evaluation simultaneously constitutes cross-dataset validation. Hyperparameters (confidence weights and threshold values) are tuned on a validation set (15% of LPW subjects) and final performance is reported on an independent test set (18% of subjects), avoiding data leakage. On the validation set, the combined confidence factors achieve an AUROC of 0.961 for distinguishing high-quality frames, and the confidence distribution exhibits a bimodal structure with a valley near 0.7, providing a data-driven basis for threshold selection. On the independent test set (23,999 frames), CGF (

τ = 0.8

) detects 79.0% of frames; among detected frames, 84.0% achieve sub-5 px accuracy (median error 1.25 px) at 298 FPS on NVIDIA RTX 5090. At

τ = 0.7

, detection rate reaches 89.6% with 72.0% sub-5 px accuracy at 391 FPS. Failure-mode analysis reveals that approximately 64.3% of triggered deep-model frames represent “dilemma frames” where both traditional and deep methods fail, marking the practical ceiling of single-frame visual methods and pointing toward temporal modeling. The framework demonstrates robustness to confidence-weight perturbations (±20% weight changes yield <1% performance variation) and exhibits strong discriminative power on high-confidence frames (93.4% accuracy within 5 px on the test set). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Based Biomedical Signal and Image Processing)

18 pages, 3298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Integrin αvβ6 Expression in Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma as a Histopathology-Driven Biomarker for Integrin αvβ6-Targeted Radiotheranostics

by Muin Tuffaha, Wael Hananeh and Michael Starke

Cancers 2026, 18(14), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18142231 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: Gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas remain major causes of cancer- related mortality worldwide. Although perioperative chemotherapy, HER2-directed therapy, Claudin-18.2 (CLDN18.2)-targeted treatment, immune checkpoint inhibition, and anti-angiogenic therapy have improved outcomes in selected patients, clinically actionable targets are absent, heterogeneous, or lost in [...] Read more.

Background: Gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas remain major causes of cancer- related mortality worldwide. Although perioperative chemotherapy, HER2-directed therapy, Claudin-18.2 (CLDN18.2)-targeted treatment, immune checkpoint inhibition, and anti-angiogenic therapy have improved outcomes in selected patients, clinically actionable targets are absent, heterogeneous, or lost in many high-grade, diffuse, poorly cohesive, signet-ring-cell micropapillary, hepatoid, and sarcomatoid carcinomas. Additional histopathology-assessable biomarkers that can support both molecular imaging and targeted therapy are of considerable clinical interest. Methods: Integrin αvβ6 is an epithelial-specific adhesion receptor that is minimally expressed in most normal adult tissues but becomes markedly upregulated during epithelial carcinogenesis, tissue remodeling, invasion, and activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling. This retrospective histopathological and immunohistochemical study evaluated integrin αvβ6 expression by immunohistochemistry in 53 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded diagnostic specimens of untreated primary gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Tumors were classified according to the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System, 5th edition. Membranous integrin αvβ6 staining intensity and the percentage of positive tumor cells were recorded, and an H-score was calculated. Expression patterns were compared descriptively with histological subtype, differentiation grade, HER2 status, and CLDN18.2 expression. Results: Integrin αvβ6 immunoreactivity was detected in 49 of 53 tumors (92.5%), the clinically more relevant moderate to strong expression (H-score > 100) was present in 27 of 53 cases (50.9%), and strong expression was present in 13 of 53 cases (24.5%). Expression was not confined to conventional intestinal-type tumors; among carcinomas containing a signet-ring-cell component, 14 of 16 assessable cases (87.5%) showed integrin αvβ6 positivity, with 8 of 16 (50.0%) showing moderate to strong staining. By comparison, HER2 positivity was identified in 4 of 53 cases (7.5%; 4 of 52 assessable cases, 7.7%), and clinically relevant CLDN18.2 positivity, defined as moderate-to-strong membranous staining in at least 75% of tumor cells, was present in 7 of 38 assessable cases (18.4%). Conclusions: Integrin αvβ6 is frequently expressed in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, with moderate to strong expression in approximately half of all cases and in half of signet ring cell-containing tumors, including aggressive histological subtypes that often lack established therapeutic targets. The precise H-Score threshold for theranostic eligibility remains to be determined. The findings support integrin αvβ6 as a promising biomarker for histopathology-based screening, PET-based whole-body target assessment, and future targeted radionuclide therapy. Integration of immunohistochemistry and integrin αvβ6- targeted PET imaging will be essential to validate integrin αvβ6 as a candidate biomarker and to optimize radionuclide selection in gastric cancer, particularly with moderate to strong expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biomarkers)

12 pages, 11482 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Continued Advancement in Understanding of Corticosterone in Psittacines

by Timothy J. Brunner, Hailey B. Penticoff and Thomas N. Tully, Jr.

Animals 2026, 16(14), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16142160 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Understanding physiology and the manner in which psittacine and other avian species cope with stress, as well as the physiological and psychological effects of acute and chronic stress on their body, is critical in learning how to best care for and manage these [...] Read more.

Understanding physiology and the manner in which psittacine and other avian species cope with stress, as well as the physiological and psychological effects of acute and chronic stress on their body, is critical in learning how to best care for and manage these populations, both in captivity and in the wild. The way birds respond to and cope with both acute and chronic stress plays an important role in several physiological and metabolic functions, including homeostasis, glucose mobilization, activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and the fear response. Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid that regulates secretion along the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and mediates neurotransmission and humoral regulation. There are different methods used in measuring corticosterone concentrations in birds. It is necessary for the reader to understand these methods when assessing the results and conclusions in a published study. Along with understanding the samples to be submitted and the time periods they represent, it is also important to consider what factors have been identified to cause variation in corticosterone concentrations. Many of the avian research studies involving corticosterone have looked at measurements related to how real or perceived stressors affect the overall condition of the bird. The overall condition of the bird may be evaluated as feather quality, immune status, quality of life, metabolic and reproductive activity, and/or response to a typical veterinary clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Exotic Pet Medicine: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1243 KB

Open AccessArticle

Altered HIF-1α, Netrin-1, and Netrin-4 Levels in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Associations with Intermittent Hypoxia and Disease Severity

by Mehmet Erdem, Tuğba Raika Kıran, Nurcan Kırıcı Berber, Lale Şahin Gür and Şeniz Erdem

Medicina 2026, 62(7), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62071340 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse, leading to intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays a central role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia, whereas Netrin family members have emerged as [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse, leading to intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays a central role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia, whereas Netrin family members have emerged as regulators of inflammatory and endothelial responses. However, the roles of Netrin-1 and Netrin-4 in OSA-related intermittent hypoxia remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate circulating HIF-1α, Netrin-1, and Netrin-4 levels in patients with OSA and to evaluate their associations with disease severity and hypoxic burden. Materials and Methods: This study included 52 patients with newly diagnosed OSA and 26 healthy controls. Participants were classified as severe OSA, mild-moderate OSA, or control according to apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) values. All participants underwent overnight polysomnography. Serum HIF-1α, Netrin-1, and Netrin-4 levels were measured using ELISA. ROC curve analyses were performed to assess the ability of the investigated biomarkers to distinguish patients with OSA from controls. Correlation analyses evaluated associations between biomarkers and polysomnographic parameters, while multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for BMI, age, gender, CRP, and LDL levels were used to identify independent associations. Results: Serum HIF-1α, Netrin-1, and Netrin-4 levels differed significantly among the groups (p < 0.0001) and progressively increased from controls to mild-moderate and severe OSA groups. ROC curve analyses demonstrated excellent discriminative performance for HIF-1α (AUC = 0.9072) and Netrin-1 (AUC = 0.8928), while Netrin-4 also showed good discriminative ability (AUC = 0.8284). HIF-1α levels were positively correlated with both AHI, reflecting disease severity, and T90, reflecting nocturnal hypoxic burden (p < 0.0001). Similar positive correlations were observed between Netrin-1, Netrin-4, and both AHI and T90 (p < 0.0001). In multiple linear regression analyses, AHI remained independently associated with HIF-1α, Netrin-1, and Netrin-4 after adjustment for BMI, age, gender, CRP, and LDL levels (p < 0.0001). In contrast, BMI, age, gender, CRP, and LDL were not significantly associated with any of these biomarker levels in the adjusted models. Conclusions: Circulating HIF-1α, Netrin-1, and Netrin-4 levels are significantly elevated in patients with OSA and are positively associated with disease severity and hypoxic burden. The independent relationship between AHI and these biomarkers suggests that intermittent hypoxia may contribute to activation of HIF-1α–related and Netrin-associated pathways in OSA. These findings indicate that Netrin family members may have potential relevance as biomarkers of hypoxia-associated inflammatory and endothelial alterations in OSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pulmonology)

14 pages, 5460 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Genetic Heterogeneity of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Wild Boars in Italy

by Vittorio Sarchese, Federica Di Profio, Matteo Carnevale, Roberta Battistini, Barbara Moroni, Lisa Guardone, Serena Robetto, Riccardo Orusa, Fulvio Marsilio, Vito Martella and Barbara Di Martino

Animals 2026, 16(14), 2159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16142159 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in Europe, where most autochthonous infections are caused by genotype 3 (HEV-3) and are due to ingestion of raw or undercooked pork meat products. Pigs and wild boars are recognized as the main reservoirs [...] Read more.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in Europe, where most autochthonous infections are caused by genotype 3 (HEV-3) and are due to ingestion of raw or undercooked pork meat products. Pigs and wild boars are recognized as the main reservoirs of infection. In this study, we investigated the epidemiology of HEV in wild boars from the Liguria and Piedmont regions (northwestern Italy) by screening, molecularly, a total of 98 liver samples from Liguria (n = 66, collected during the 2023–2024 hunting seasons) and Piedmont (n = 32, collected during 2022–2025) regions. HEV RNA was detected in 11 out of 98 liver samples, with an overall prevalence of 11.2%, a finding consistent with a significant viral circulation within the investigated animal population. Molecular characterization of the partial capsid coding gene was successfully achieved for eight strains revealing genetic heterogeneity and a diverse spatial distribution of the viral strains identified, with subtype 3a detected in Liguria and subtypes 3c and 3f identified in Piedmont. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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24 pages, 4540 KB

Open AccessArticle

DNAH6: A Newly Identified Gene Improving Total Number Born with Functional Enrichment Analysis in French Large White Pigs

by Lin Zhang, Junjie Shao, Chenchen Yang, Xiangdong Ding, Chenkai Liu, Chunmei Han and Weiping Ao

Animals 2026, 16(14), 2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16142158 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Reproductive characteristics in pigs exhibit low heritability levels. Performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to pinpoint candidate genes for these characteristics is crucial for enhancing swine fertility. In this research, hair samples were gathered from 689 French Large White sows within the primary breeding [...] Read more.

Reproductive characteristics in pigs exhibit low heritability levels. Performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to pinpoint candidate genes for these characteristics is crucial for enhancing swine fertility. In this research, hair samples were gathered from 689 French Large White sows within the primary breeding population for DNA extraction purposes. Genotyping was carried out using a 50K liquid-phase SNP chip. Four statistical approaches—MLM, CMLM, FarmCPU, and BLINK—were utilized to perform GWAS on nine reproductive characteristics: total number born (TNB), litter birth weight (LBW), number born alive (NBA), number of healthy births (NHB), number of weak piglets (NWP), number of stillbirths (NSB), number of mummies (MUM), number of deformed fetuses (NDF), and adjusted 21-day litter weight (ALW). siRNAs targeting significantly associated genes were designed, and viral transfection was employed to introduce them into the ovarian granulosa cells of Large White sows to explore gene functions; transcriptome sequencing of granulosa cells treated with DNAH6 siRNA was conducted to investigate the gene’s action mechanism. The analysis indicated that both MLM and CMLM models identified a significant locus linked to the total number of piglets born, with the SNP positioned at 3-60064515, associated with the DNAH6 gene. Disruption of the DNAH6 gene notably reduced the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells (p < 0.05). Transcriptome sequencing results suggest that DNAH6 may support the normal transcriptional activity of the cAMP signaling pathway by maintaining EP300 and CREBBP expression in porcine ovarian granulosa cells, while potentially inhibiting the anti-proliferative effects of the FoxO pathway. This potential mechanism may help sustain the proliferative ability of granulosa cells and promote normal follicular development, which may ultimately contribute to an increase in the total number of piglets born in sows. These results offer a potential candidate marker for enhancing the total number born of French Large White sows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

20 pages, 947 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Multiphysics Coordinated Control Characteristics of 550 kV Fast Circuit Breaker Operating Mechanism and Arc-Extinguishing Chamber

by Shaoan Wang, Tianbo Zhang, Jianwei Wei, Qingchao Sun, Bowen Xu, Lumin Zhao, Qijie Zhu, Jianlei Zhao and Xiangwei Li

Energies 2026, 19(14), 3275; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19143275 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

With the expansion of the power grid and the high proportion of new energy access, the short-circuit current level of the system is increasingly approaching the breaking limit of the circuit breaker. This paper focuses on the 550 kV fast circuit breaker, using [...] Read more.

With the expansion of the power grid and the high proportion of new energy access, the short-circuit current level of the system is increasingly approaching the breaking limit of the circuit breaker. This paper focuses on the 550 kV fast circuit breaker, using a coupled numerical model of the operating mechanism and arc-extinguishing chamber to investigate the coordinated influence of nozzle turbulence grooves and compression cylinder diameter. It is found that the turbulence groove enhances the exchange of cold and hot airflow by inducing the recirculation zone. The turbulence groove modifies the local nozzle flow field and enhances cold–hot gas mixing, as indicated by the reduced arc-core temperature and gentler radial temperature gradient without affecting the contact motion characteristics. The maximum temperature of the arc core is reduced from 32.5 kK to 31.4 kK, and the pressure attenuation during the critical period of arc extinguishing is effectively delayed. In addition, the diameter of the compression cylinder and the opening characteristics show significant nonlinear coupling characteristics: when the diameter is 70 mm, the arc blowing strength is insufficient, and when the diameter is 90 mm, the pressure gas reaction overload inhibits the opening speed. The comprehensive analysis shows that when the diameter is 80 mm, the pressure accumulation and mechanical characteristics achieve the best balance, and the arc-core temperature is reduced to a minimum of 29 kK. Among the three investigated cylinder diameters, Dc = 80 mm provides the best balance between pressure build-up and operating-mechanism response when combined with the nozzle turbulence groove. This configuration provides more favorable flow-field conditions for long-arcing energy dissipation among the investigated cases. It should be emphasized that this conclusion is limited to the investigated range of Dc = 70–90 mm and should not be regarded as a global optimum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Voltage Engineering and Insulation Technologies)

14 pages, 1568 KB

Open AccessArticle

Choosing the Platinum Partner in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: A Propensity Score–Matched Real-World Comparison of Gemcitabine Plus Carboplatin Versus Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin

by Jirapat Wonglhow, Patrapim Sunpaweravong, Chirawadee Sathitruangsak, Arunee Dechaphunkul and Panu Wetwittayakhlang

Life 2026, 16(7), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16071150 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GemCis) has been served as an important first-line chemotherapy backbone for unresectable locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC). However, cisplatin is unsuitable for all patients. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin (GemCarbo) is frequently used as an alternative, but direct comparative [...] Read more.

Gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GemCis) has been served as an important first-line chemotherapy backbone for unresectable locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC). However, cisplatin is unsuitable for all patients. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin (GemCarbo) is frequently used as an alternative, but direct comparative data remain limited. We retrospectively review patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic BTC who received first-line GemCis or GemCarbo at Songklanagarind Hospital between 2011 and 2025. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and selected laboratory-based safety outcomes. Propensity score matching was applied to reduce baseline treatment selection bias. Among 154 eligible patients, 95 received GemCis and 59 received GemCarbo. In the overall cohort, median OS was 8.44 months with GemCarbo and 9.82 months with GemCis (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.82–1.70; p = 0.382). After propensity score matching, median OS was 8.44 months with GemCarbo and 11.63 months with GemCis (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.84–1.90; p = 0.271). Median PFS was 4.27 and 5.75 months (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.62–1.33; p = 0.617). ORR and DCR were comparable among evaluable patients. Increased serum creatinine was more frequent with GemCis, whereas hematologic toxicities were comparable. GemCarbo showed no statistically significant difference in OS or PFS compared with GemCis, suggesting that it may be considered as an alternative when cisplatin is unsuitable. However, prospective validation is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Treatment Options for Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Cancer)

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22 pages, 7238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Visual SLAM with Multi-Level Adaptive Image Enhancement

by Qiaobin Dai, Zhe Yue, Wangyang Yu, Xuerong Zhang and Zengzeng Lian

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2026, 15(7), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070315 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

To address the limitation that existing Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) methods fail under complex and variable illumination conditions due to the inability to extract sufficient feature points, this paper proposes a robust V SLAM localization method based on multi-level adaptive image [...] Read more.

To address the limitation that existing Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) methods fail under complex and variable illumination conditions due to the inability to extract sufficient feature points, this paper proposes a robust V SLAM localization method based on multi-level adaptive image enhancement. First, the method employs dynamic brightness compensation to preprocess the original image, initially improving the global brightness distribution. Second, through RGB-to-HSV color space conversion, the brightness V-channel is separated to eliminate the interference of color information in the enhancement process. On this basis, to overcome the limitation of the existing CLAHE algorithm that relies on a fixed clipping threshold and cannot adapt to the local brightness distribution and texture complexity of different image regions, we propose an improved adaptive-threshold CLAHE algorithm based on local statistical characteristics, providing a stable image foundation for feature extraction. Meanwhile, to handle the interference of moving objects in dynamic environments, we incorporate a YOLOv5 object detection thread into the ORB-SLAM3 framework to remove feature points on dynamic objects. This detection module works in synergy with the multi-level image enhancement module, further improving localization robustness in dynamic scenarios. Extensive experiments on the public EuRoC and TUM datasets demonstrate that our method reduces the root mean square error of absolute trajectory error by 29.60% compared to ORB-SLAM3, with a reduction of up to 97.85% on high-dynamic sequences. Our method achieves better localization accuracy and robustness under complex illumination conditions, offering a new solution for visual localization in challenging illumination scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Mobile Mapping and Location-Based Knowledge Services)

15 pages, 819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Barbell Position and Squat Depth on Trunk and Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation During the Back Squat in Healthy Adult Men

by Ju-Hyung Park, Shi Lei, Hwi-Young Cho and Sung-Hyeon Kim

Medicina 2026, 62(7), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62071339 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The back squat is widely used in resistance training, performance enhancement, and rehabilitation, and barbell position and squat depth are key modifiable variables that may influence neuromuscular demand. This study investigated the effects of barbell position and squat depth [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The back squat is widely used in resistance training, performance enhancement, and rehabilitation, and barbell position and squat depth are key modifiable variables that may influence neuromuscular demand. This study investigated the effects of barbell position and squat depth on trunk and lower-extremity muscle activation during the back squat. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two adult men with at least 2 years of back-squat experience performed high-bar and low-bar back squats to knee-flexion angles of 50°, 90°, and 130° using a standardized external load corresponding to 80% of each participant’s habitual one-repetition maximum (1RM). Conditions were presented in randomized order. Surface electromyography was used to record the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae. Electromyographic activity was analyzed separately for eccentric and concentric phases and normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). Results: Increasing squat depth most consistently increased quadriceps and erector spinae activation, indicating greater knee extensor and trunk extensor demand at deeper positions. Rectus abdominis activation showed a depth-related effect during the concentric phase, with only isolated pairwise differences during the eccentric phase, whereas gluteus maximus activation showed limited modulation. Barbell position produced selective phase- and depth-dependent responses: the low-bar squat showed greater hamstring and erector spinae activation in specific comparisons, whereas the high-bar squat showed greater knee-extensor activation at selected depths, most clearly in the rectus femoris. Conclusions: Barbell position and squat depth modify relative neuromuscular demand during the back squat and may be used to adjust the emphasis on knee extensor, trunk stabilizer, and posterior-chain demands rather than to target a single muscle group in isolation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, 2nd Edition)

26 pages, 3438 KB

Open AccessArticle

UV-C Irradiation Enhances Antioxidant Capacity and Delays Postharvest Shrinkage of Passion Fruit

by Qunyi Wang, Juan Qin, Xiangbin Xu, Yonggui Pan, Zhengke Zhang, Wanli Zhang and Lanhuan Meng

Foods 2026, 15(14), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15142464 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

In response to the water loss, shrivelling, and oxidative ageing commonly observed in Golden passion fruit after harvest, this study systematically evaluated the regulatory effects of short-wave ultraviolet (UV-C) treatment. The results showed that UV-C treatment at 3.6 kJ m⁻² significantly curtailed [...] Read more.

In response to the water loss, shrivelling, and oxidative ageing commonly observed in Golden passion fruit after harvest, this study systematically evaluated the regulatory effects of short-wave ultraviolet (UV-C) treatment. The results showed that UV-C treatment at 3.6 kJ m⁻² significantly curtailed the increases in weight loss and shrivelling index during storage. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed that this treatment effectively maintained the stability of water distribution in fruit tissues by delaying the conversion of free water to bound water. Regarding antioxidant regulation, UV-C treatment significantly increased the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), while promoting the accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as total phenols, total flavonoids, and ascorbic acid (AsA). These changes synergistically enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capacity, leading to significant reductions in H₂O₂ content and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, thereby alleviating lipid peroxidation damage to cell membranes. Overall, UV-C treatment effectively maintained cell membrane integrity and regulated water migration through the coordinated regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence systems, thereby delaying passion fruit shrivelling and improving postharvest quality and storage stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Strategies to Improve the Quality and Extend the Shelf-Life of Post-Harvest Fruits and Vegetables)

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18 pages, 2627 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of a Deep Learning Model in Predicting Permanent Maxillary Canine Eruption for Preventive Orthodontics: A Comparative Study with Orthodontists

by Zana Qadir Omer

Diagnostics 2026, 16(14), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16142172 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objective: The management and prevention of impacted maxillary canines is both an art and a science. These important teeth serve both aesthetic and functional purposes, so they demand meticulous evaluation. Deep learning model tools are game-changing technologies, elevating diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic planning. [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: The management and prevention of impacted maxillary canines is both an art and a science. These important teeth serve both aesthetic and functional purposes, so they demand meticulous evaluation. Deep learning model tools are game-changing technologies, elevating diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic planning. This study comprised a comparative analysis of the prediction of permanent maxillary canine eruption as a preventive measure between experts and a deep learning model. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 2230 panoramic radiographs of patients aged 9–14 years were analyzed to assess the patterns of eruption of unerupted maxillary permanent canines (UPMCs). The study images were classified into three sectors according to the modified Ericson and Kurol sectors. Data preprocessing techniques were used to prepare images for the deep learning model by using a DenseNet121-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The data were split into training and testing sets to train the AI to predict sectors. The deep learning model’s predictions were evaluated using sector accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Results: The sample included 796 (35.6%) men and 1434 (64.3%) women. The mean age of the participants was 12.2 ± 1.60 years. For sector 1, the right side of UMPCs, the AI reported an accuracy of 99.55% and perfect precision at 100%, while for the left side, accuracy and precision were 99.24% and 100.00%, respectively. For sector 2, prediction on the right side, the performance accuracy values reached 99.73%, and the precision was 98.15%. For the left side of UMPCs, the prediction accuracy was 98.79%, and precision was 94.10%. Regarding sector 3, the right side saw 99.82% accuracy and 98.83% precision. For the left side, the AI achieved an overall accuracy of 99.46% and precision of 99.72%. Conclusions: The deep learning-based system significantly reduced the time and human resources required for landmark identification and parameter generation, making the diagnostic process more efficient in interceptive/preventive orthodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Medical Diagnosis: From Algorithms to Clinical Integration)

19 pages, 24398 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Outcomes and Complications of Free Anterolateral Thigh Flaps in Lower Limb Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis

by Sarah Reisinger, Karl Heinz Bürger, Klaus Mayr, Andreas Salagean, Carina Anzinger, Christoph Hirnsperger and Georg Mattiassich

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(14), 5447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15145447 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Reconstruction of complex soft-tissue defects in the lower extremity remains a significant challenge in reconstructive surgery, necessitating reliable vascularized tissue coverage when local options are exhausted. Since 1984, the free ALT flap has been recognized for its versatility, consistent vascular anatomy [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Reconstruction of complex soft-tissue defects in the lower extremity remains a significant challenge in reconstructive surgery, necessitating reliable vascularized tissue coverage when local options are exhausted. Since 1984, the free ALT flap has been recognized for its versatility, consistent vascular anatomy and low donor-site morbidity. Methods: A two-pronged approach was used, consisting of a systematic review of 18 clinical studies (published 2015–2025, n > 3400) and a retrospective analysis of 20 patients treated for high-energy traumatic defects at a single center (2017–2021). Primary endpoints included flap survival, complication rates, and functional outcomes. Results: The retrospective cohort demonstrated a 90% flap survival rate, which was not significantly different from the figure of 92.4% reported in the literature (p = 0.661). The overall complication rate was 40%, significantly higher than the 7.4% literature average (p < 0.001). Most complications were localized wound-healing disorders, such as partial necrosis, associated with the zone of injury in trauma. Despite these complications, a 100% limb salvage rate was achieved. Good functional outcomes, defined as regaining weight-bearing capacity, were observed in 80% of patients, consistent with the literature benchmarks (84.8%, p = 0.532). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this retrospective cohort and systematic review, the findings suggest that the free ALT flap is a reliable option for lower-extremity reconstruction, providing high flap survival and favorable functional outcomes despite a relatively high rate of localized wound complications in complex trauma cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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22 pages, 2117 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time On-MCU Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis of Electric-Vehicle Inverters Using a Lightweight Angular Sector-Energy Network

by Mingxing Fang, Wenxu Yan and Wenyuan Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2026, 17(7), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17070357 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Power-switch open-circuit (OC) faults distort electric-vehicle (EV) inverter phase currents and require fast on-board diagnosis for fault-tolerant control. Trajectory-image methods encode the

α

–

β

current-vector trajectory as a binary image and classify it with a convolutional neural network (CNN); however, the baseline [...] Read more.

Power-switch open-circuit (OC) faults distort electric-vehicle (EV) inverter phase currents and require fast on-board diagnosis for fault-tolerant control. Trajectory-image methods encode the

α

–

β

current-vector trajectory as a binary image and classify it with a convolutional neural network (CNN); however, the baseline uses

6.46 \times 10^{5}

parameters and

3.31 \times 10^{7}

multiply–accumulate (MAC) operations per inference, which is costly for motor-control microcontrollers (MCUs). Here, each one-cycle trajectory is represented by a 36-dimensional normalized angular sector-energy vector and classified by a compact two-stage multilayer perceptron. Sector accumulation averages zero-mean measurement noise in the representation, without relying on noise-augmented training. The locating stage uses

1.58 \times 10^{4}

parameters and

1.56 \times 10^{4}

MACs per inference,

97.55 %

and

99.95 %

fewer than the baseline CNN; the complete pipeline runs on a TI F28379D in

0.52

ms. On measured resistive-load currents, both methods reach

100 %

accuracy from 40 to 20 dB, whereas the proposed method remains more accurate at 15 and 10 dB, including under

88 %

phase-current unbalance. A supplementary balanced

R L

-load experiment preserves

100 %

clean accuracy, confirming MCU-executable diagnosis under a lagging power-factor load for embedded EV inverter protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics Components)

13 pages, 875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Iron Nitrates Stimulate Phenolic Compound Production by Melissa officinalis L.

by Dorota Adamczyk-Szabela, Wojciech M. Wolf and Dawid Krakowiak

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(14), 6211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27146211 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Iron plays a key role in plant chemical processes and photosynthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various iron concentrations on total phenolic compound levels and photosynthetic efficiency in Melissa officinalis. It is a very popular herb, [...] Read more.

Iron plays a key role in plant chemical processes and photosynthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various iron concentrations on total phenolic compound levels and photosynthetic efficiency in Melissa officinalis. It is a very popular herb, widely cultivated worldwide for its medicinal properties. Herbs were grown under controlled laboratory conditions. Gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll index, and total content of phenolic compounds were determined. Additionally, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc concentrations in either soil or plant tissues were analyzed. The hypothesis that iron supplementation significantly affects photosynthesis and total phenolic compounds in lemon balm was confirmed by one-way analysis of variance. In particular, the beneficial biofortification at 100 and 200 µg/g iron doses generates a moderate increase in phenolic compounds and simultaneously does not hamper plant growth and photosynthetic efficiency. However, iron doses above 500 µg/g induce plant stress and trigger defense mechanisms that significantly increase phenolic compound production. This is accompanied by a decrease in biomass and photosynthetic efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Antioxidant Activity)

18 pages, 710 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microvascular Complications of Food Insecurity in a Vulnerable Patient Population

by Morgan Uebinger, Megan Gremillion, Stephanie M. Provenzano, Carliss Sampognaro, Lindsey Settoon, Emma Mayfield, Mason Granger, Courtlin Wadleigh, Ahmed I. Anwar, Alan D. Kaye and Ammar Husan

Diseases 2026, 14(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14070250 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: Food insecurity (FI), which is defined as limited or uncertain access to sufficient, nutritious food, disproportionately affects low-income populations and has been linked to poor control of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with North Louisiana having one of the [...] Read more.

Background: Food insecurity (FI), which is defined as limited or uncertain access to sufficient, nutritious food, disproportionately affects low-income populations and has been linked to poor control of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with North Louisiana having one of the highest rates of FI in the United States. The interaction between FI and neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage has not been well characterized in relation to microvascular diabetic complications. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between FI, socioeconomic disadvantage, and microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 163 adult patients with T2DM who received care at Ochsner LSU Health clinics in Shreveport and Monroe, Louisiana, between January 2018 and January 2023 were reviewed. FI status, Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated measure on neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, and microvascular complication outcomes including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy were obtained from electronic medical records. FI was assessed using the validated two-item Hunger Vital Sign screening tool. Results: The study found that FI alone was not a statistically significant predictor of nephropathy based on microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (MACR). However, the combination of FI and high ADI (≥7) was significantly associated with neuropathy (p = 0.024) and retinopathy (p < 0.001), particularly among patients with T2DM for more than five years. Additionally, the interaction between FI and high ADI was also found to influence MACR values significantly (p = 0.026), indicating that socioeconomic stressors may exacerbate kidney dysfunction. Conclusions: Food insecurity, coupled with socioeconomic adversity, was associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications in T2DM. These results highlight the importance of integrating FI screening and addressing social determinants of health in high-risk populations. Early identification and targeted interventions could help mitigate disease progression and reduce health disparities. Full article

28 pages, 427 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Scoring Approach to Contract and Exposure-Aware Re-Ranking in Real-Estate Recommendation

by Bogdan Arct, Mateusz Bieniek, Bartłomiej Kanabus, Aleksander Kozłowski, Piotr Wetmański, Michał Kruk, Sylwia Stachowiak and Jarosław Kurek

Information 2026, 17(7), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17070674 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

Large online marketplaces increasingly rely on multi-stage ranking pipelines where a learned relevance model is complemented by business-aware constraints such as contractual pacing, exposure caps and commercial alignment objectives. This paper develops a second-stage, contract-aware re-ranking layer for real-estate recommendation that explicitly balances [...] Read more.

Large online marketplaces increasingly rely on multi-stage ranking pipelines where a learned relevance model is complemented by business-aware constraints such as contractual pacing, exposure caps and commercial alignment objectives. This paper develops a second-stage, contract-aware re-ranking layer for real-estate recommendation that explicitly balances user–item relevance with plan fulfillment, lead value and operational guardrails. The proposed multi-objective re-ranker (PMOR) combines a calibrated base relevance score with multiplicative business adjustments and subtractive penalties for approaching contractual caps and for within-slate similarity. The method supports heterogeneous settlement models, including pay-per-action and fixed-fee contracts, via contract-specific weights. Because the scoring function is deterministic and structured, it admits exact component-wise contribution analysis and counterfactual ablations without relying on surrogate explainability methods. Offline evaluation on production logs from an anonymized marketplace covers 4219 recommendation requests and 184,147 candidate items, joined with daily business snapshots using an as-of strategy to prevent look-ahead bias. Under a profit proxy based on effective lead value, position discounting and billability, PMOR achieves an indexed expected-revenue proxy of 487.4 (baseline = 100), corresponding to a lift of 387.4% over a model-only baseline and 48.4% over a legacy production re-ranker (LPR). The gain is primarily associated with improved billable exposure, increasing the share of billable positions in TOP-3 to 78.22% compared with 37.85% for LPR. We discuss parameter sensitivity, operational considerations and limitations of offline proxy objectives for deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Modern Recommender Systems: Approaches, Challenges and Applications)

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29 pages, 1547 KB

Open AccessReview

Unfolding the Semen Microbiota: Implications for Male Infertility

by Michela Buttà, Arianna Sucato and Giuseppina Capra

Biomedicines 2026, 14(7), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14071557 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

In recent years, the growing interest in microbiota, supported by increasing evidence from next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based studies, has led to the hypothesis that multifactorial conditions such as male infertility may have their bases in its imbalance. Despite rapid advances in the field over [...] Read more.

In recent years, the growing interest in microbiota, supported by increasing evidence from next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based studies, has led to the hypothesis that multifactorial conditions such as male infertility may have their bases in its imbalance. Despite rapid advances in the field over the past decade, findings remain fragmented and sometimes inconsistent. Furthermore, analyses frequently exclude non-bacterial components, such as viruses (e.g., human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus), protozoa (e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis) and fungi (e.g., Candida spp.), with a few studies focusing on the influence of individual components. This review provides an integrative and critical synthesis of current knowledge on the composition and functional relevance of the male reproductive tract microbiota, including both bacterial and non-bacterial components. Particular attention is given to the methodological strengths and limitations of NGS approaches, the main bacterial taxa identified in seminal samples, and the emerging roles of viruses, protozoa, and fungi. The review also explores proposed mechanisms linking microbial dysbiosis to impaired spermatozoa function, the potential anatomical origins of seminal microorganisms, and evidence for microbiota exchange between sexual partners. By integrating recent data and addressing underexplored components beyond bacteria, this work provides a coherent framework to support future research on the role of the seminal microbiome in male infertility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Spermatozoa and Male Infertility: From Molecular Mechanism to Therapeutic Perspectives)

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25 pages, 17411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Altitude, Slope Aspect, and Soil Depth on Soil Properties and Herbaceous Root Distribution in Honghe Hani Rice Terraces

by Linlin Huang, Xuesen Zhang, Xin Wang, Ruihong Wang, Ruizhang Wang, Xiaoqin Zhang and Yingdu Sun

Plants 2026, 15(14), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15142144 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

To elucidate the elevational differentiation patterns of soil physical properties and nutrient contents within the Yuanyang Hani Terrace system and to clarify their influence on the spatial distribution of vegetation root systems, we systematically collected soil and root samples across varying elevations, slope [...] Read more.

To elucidate the elevational differentiation patterns of soil physical properties and nutrient contents within the Yuanyang Hani Terrace system and to clarify their influence on the spatial distribution of vegetation root systems, we systematically collected soil and root samples across varying elevations, slope aspects, and soil depths. A combination of soil physicochemical analyses, root distribution quantification, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) was employed. The results indicated that soil bulk density exhibited a unimodal trend along the elevation gradient, initially decreasing and then increasing, with the following order: high-elevation sunny slope > high-elevation shady slope > low-elevation sunny slope > low-elevation shady slope > mid-elevation sunny slope > mid-elevation shady slope. The lowest bulk density values (1.10–1.17 g cm⁻³) were observed at mid-elevations, where porosity and infiltration rates reached their maxima (>54% and 1.31–1.34 mm min⁻¹, respectively), whereas the poorest conditions were found at high elevations. Shady slopes consistently outperformed sunny slopes, with the greatest aspect-induced divergence occurring at mid-elevations (bulk density difference: 0.079 g cm⁻³). An anomalous combination of a sharp increase in bulk density (1.33 g cm⁻³), alongside simultaneous peak porosity (54.74%) and infiltration rate (1.32 mm min⁻¹), was detected in the 20–40 cm layer, which was attributed to compaction-induced alterations in pore configuration while preserving preferential flow pathways. Most nutrient variables exhibited optimal levels at mid-elevations; however, total potassium and available phosphorus displayed maximal values at low elevations, likely related to chemical weathering intensity and plant uptake competition. Root systems were predominantly concentrated in the surface layer (0–20 cm), accounting for 87.88% of total root abundance, and showed significant positive correlations with soil moisture and porosity (r ≥ 0.89) and significant negative correlations with bulk density (r ≤ −0.97). The first principal component of PCA (explaining 73.4% of total variance) was dominated by moisture, porosity, and infiltration rate, whereas nutrient loadings were relatively low, indicating that physical hydrological processes constituted the primary drivers of environmental differentiation. Collectively, these findings elucidate the coordinated regulation of soil multi-attribute variations by elevation, slope aspect, and soil depth, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of terrace agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant-Soil Interactions, 3rd Edition)

35 pages, 4214 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Mechanical Model of Single-Span Elastic Rod and Its Application

by Kunxiang Liu, Hongshu Wei, Bin Chen, Yi Lu, Guanhong Zhang, Fan Yu and Yunhu Lu

Processes 2026, 14(14), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14142268 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

A rod with end restraints is defined as a single-span elastic rod based on Kirchhoff’s nonlinear mechanical theory. To address the problems of unclear degrees of freedom, unsystematic boundary condition classification, and insufficient integration of theory with engineering applications, this paper establishes a [...] Read more.

A rod with end restraints is defined as a single-span elastic rod based on Kirchhoff’s nonlinear mechanical theory. To address the problems of unclear degrees of freedom, unsystematic boundary condition classification, and insufficient integration of theory with engineering applications, this paper establishes a systematic static analysis method. The degree of freedom of the single-span elastic rod is rigorously proved to be 12 through discrete constraint counting. Four criteria for boundary conditions are proposed: mutual correspondence and exclusion, coordination, and necessity. Based on these criteria, the boundary condition parameters are classified into generalized forces and generalized displacements, yielding 7 types with 729 valid combinations. A quaternion-based discretization method is developed to solve the equilibrium equations, and a mesh convergence study is performed using four mesh densities to confirm the numerical accuracy. The method is verified by comparing the computed results with analytical circular and helical curves, with coordinate errors below 1 cm for the circular case and below 5 cm for the helical case when using 40 elements. Using a deep-water landing string as an example, the complete application procedure is presented, including force analysis, boundary condition setting, distributed force application, and case study. The results show that the proposed model can effectively analyze three-dimensional large-deformation static problems of elastic rods, providing a unified theoretical framework for engineering applications such as cables, drill strings, and flexible manipulators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Production of Energy from Natural Gas Hydrates, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 3338 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reaction Model and Optimization of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of SF-3 Double-Base Propellant Wastes Using Analysis of Response Surface Methodology

by Jin Li, Yuhui Jiang, Jiaxin Niu, Xinxin Liang, Zongkuan Liu and Zhaolin Gu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(14), 6980; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16146980 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2026

Abstract

The alkaline hydrolysis process is a promising method for treating SF-3 double-base propellant waste. This study aimed to validate the SF-3 waste alkaline hydrolysis reaction model and optimize its reaction conditions, thereby promoting the industrial application of alkaline hydrolysis treatment of double-base propellant [...] Read more.

The alkaline hydrolysis process is a promising method for treating SF-3 double-base propellant waste. This study aimed to validate the SF-3 waste alkaline hydrolysis reaction model and optimize its reaction conditions, thereby promoting the industrial application of alkaline hydrolysis treatment of double-base propellant wastes. Thus, the SF-3 alkaline hydrolysis reaction model was developed based on theoretical assumptions, derivations, and experimental validation. A central composite design coupled with response surface methodology was used to optimize the operational conditions, including reaction temperature, liquid–solid ratio, and reaction time. The results showed that the SF-3 alkaline hydrolysis conformed to a shrinking particle reaction model. The relationship between the x_SF and the t is x_SF = [(α + 2)t/(αt_e′) − 2t²/(αt_e′²)] × 100, where the limiting step is the alkaline hydrolysis process on the particle surface. In addition to reaction temperature and reaction time, the liquid–solid ratio influenced the SF-3 alkaline hydrolysis process. Furthermore, the results of Pareto and analysis of variance analyses revealed that the regression model equation was obtained as x_SF = 48.91 + 8.32₁ + 13.11X₃ − 3.49X₁² − 2.162X₂² − 4.179X₃² + 2.78X₁X₂. Meanwhile, the optimal reaction temperature, time, and liquid–solid ratio were 86.5 °C, 70.8 min, and 6.0, respectively. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the predicted x_SF using the regression model was 99.80%, while the experimental value was 95.01 ± 1.87%, demonstrating the accuracy of the regression model. Therefore, this study provides theoretical and technical support for the industrial-scale safe disposal and resource utilization of waste double-base propellants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)

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