A Comprehensive Guide to Textile Process Laboratories: Risks, Hazards, Preservation Care, and Safety Protocol

: Textile chemistry and textile processing laboratories are essential environments for textile product research and development, but they also pose hazards that require rigorous precautions. Among the most common risks is handling chemicals used in the textile industry, such as dyes, solvents, and ﬁnishing chemicals, which can be contaminants, corrosive, and ﬂammable, presenting risks of poisoning and ﬁre. Textile processing laboratories also require proper ventilation, as a lack of appropriate ventilation in these environments can accumulate toxic vapors in the air. The most relevant risks and hazards of using textile chemistry laboratories include using equipment such as dyeing autoclaves under pressure and high temperature; drying ovens like furnaces/lab stenters; cylinders of squeezing, calenders, and others, capable of causing severe accidents. These laboratories also generate or handle solid waste and efﬂuents containing, heavy metals to pathogens (e.g., from industrial sludge). It is essential to adopt rigorous safety measures in textile chemistry laboratories, including using personal protective equipment (PPE), proper training of workers, effective ventilation systems, and safe waste disposal protocols. Good laboratory work practices not only reduce risk but also promote better research; more accurate results; and better data. Therefore, this study aimed to map the risks and hazards of textile processing laboratories with a view to accident prevention and formalizing a protocol for good practices.


Introduction
Textile laboratories play a fundamental role in the fashion industry and in developing innovative materials.These spaces are dedicated to research, development, and quality testing of textile products, ranging from fiber analysis and chemical inputs to clothing items, and others.Despite their great importance and functionality, textile laboratories also present a series of issues that must be properly managed to guarantee the safety of workers, the quality of products, and the preservation of the environment through the correct disposal of waste [1].Textile laboratories present a series of risks and hazards inherent to the activities carried out in these spaces.Some of the main risks include chemicals, accidents with equipment, fires, explosions, and particles suspended in the air.Textile laboratories often work with a variety of chemicals, which include dyes, solvents, auxiliary chemicals, and other reagents [2].Inadequate exposure to these substances can result in health consequences for workers.
Risks and hazards in textile laboratories can be categorized into several key areas, including chemical risks, physical risks, biological risks, and ergonomic risks.Chemical risks refer to exposure to toxic, irritating, and flammable chemicals used [3].Physical risks include fires, explosions, electromagnetic radiation, and noise.Biological risks are related to exposure to microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, present in effluent and activated sludge samples and can grow in moist substrates.Ergonomic risks are related to working conditions that can lead to musculoskeletal injuries due to inadequate postures and repetitive movements.Preservation care in textile laboratories is also essential to maintain the integrity of samples and equipment [4].Textile samples can be sensitive to moisture, light, heat, and atmospheric pollutants.Inadequate preservation can lead to sample degradation and unreliable results [5].Furthermore, laboratory equipment, much of which is expensive and delicate, needs to be regularly maintained and calibrated to ensure its proper functioning [4].
Implementing effective safety protocols is essential to minimize risks and hazards in textile laboratories.It involves appropriately educating and training employees, using personal protective equipment (PPE), creating standard operating procedures (SOPs), and maintaining a clean and organized work environment [6].Chemical and biological waste management also plays a critical role in reducing laboratory risks.ISO 45001 is the international standard that deals with occupational health and safety management systems and is an essential reference for creating safety protocols in laboratories, as well as in other work environments [6,7].It provides guidelines and requirements for establishing, implementing, and maintaining effective occupational health and safety management systems.
Although not exclusively aimed at laboratories, ISO 45001 is a relevant standard for safety management in all work environments, including laboratories [6,7].Organizations seeking to improve occupational safety can implement the principles of ISO 45001 to establish effective safety protocols.Adopting ISO 45001 helps ensure that textile laboratories comply with local and international occupational health and safety regulations [6].It not only maintains the legality of operations but also demonstrates a commitment to the safety and health of workers.
In this context, the present work sought to explore the risks and dangers associated with textile chemistry laboratories, as well as the preservation precautions and safety protocols necessary to mitigate these risks.

Textile Laboratories
Every product considered textile has textile fibers as its fundamental raw material, which, during industrial processes, are transformed into yarns and fabrics, which ultimately produce finished products for the most diverse applications [8].The textile industry is a very complex manufacturing segment comprising many production stages [3].Figure 1 shows a simplified illustrative scheme of the conventional textile manufacturing chain.All stages of textile production, from fiber extraction/manufacturing to product manufacturing, have quality and process control mechanisms [3,8].Some of these mechanisms are the investigation of the quality of the raw material that feeds the production and the characteristics of the manufactured product, intending to ensure that they fulfill their functionality and meet customer requirements in terms of quality, aesthetics, and comfort [9].
Throughout its evolution, the textile industry has understood the need to establish analysis standards to certify the quality of its products, with many of these standards being converted into international standards.As a result, each segment of the textile chain organized places to carry out specific tests and analyses, intending to ensure the quality of their outputs [2].In this way, the following process, upon receiving its raw material, which is the product of the previous process, jointly receives a report that assures the customer and supplier the guarantee that the material supplied does not cause quality problems in subsequent processes [2,3].A simple example is a spinning mill that produces yarn and supplies these yarns as raw material to a weaving factory.In this case, the spinning mill must provide a report with the physical characteristics and mechanical properties of the batch of yarn received by the weaving factory.Coloring processes include the different types of dyeing and printing processes with dyes and pigments through dry and wet chemical processes.(f) The finishing process includes finishing steps to make fabrics softer, more comfortable, functional, and suitable for cutting and sewing.(g) The sewing processes can be followed by laundry processes and finishing of the manufactured item, which will depend on the type of product, before shipping.
Throughout its evolution, the textile industry has understood the need to establish analysis standards to certify the quality of its products, with many of these standards being converted into international standards.As a result, each segment of the textile chain organized places to carry out specific tests and analyses, intending to ensure the quality of their outputs [2].In this way, the following process, upon receiving its raw material, which is the product of the previous process, jointly receives a report that assures the customer and supplier the guarantee that the material supplied does not cause quality problems in subsequent processes [2,3].A simple example is a spinning mill that produces yarn and supplies these yarns as raw material to a weaving factory.In this case, the spinning mill must provide a report with the physical characteristics and mechanical properties of the batch of yarn received by the weaving factory.
The analyses of different raw materials and textile products are carried out in textile laboratories.Textile laboratories have specific equipment that follows specific standards and requires specialized technical labor.Textile laboratories form a large group of laboratories that perform destructive and non-destructive techniques on textile samples The finishing process includes finishing steps to make fabrics softer, more comfortable, functional, and suitable for cutting and sewing.(g) The sewing processes can be followed by laundry processes and finishing of the manufactured item, which will depend on the type of product, before shipping.
The analyses of different raw materials and textile products are carried out in textile laboratories.Textile laboratories have specific equipment that follows specific standards and requires specialized technical labor.Textile laboratories form a large group of laboratories that perform destructive and non-destructive techniques on textile samples based on physical, chemical, physicochemical, and mechanical tests [10].Most analyses carried out in textile laboratories provide qualitative and quantitative results, almost always aimed at determining the quality of the finished product.Some textile laboratories are focused on research, and in these cases, the analyses are almost always aimed at developing and investigating the characteristics and properties of new materials [10].Most of the different types of textile laboratories are found within the industries themselves, especially those considered large [2].There are also private textile analysis laboratories that outsource reports to smaller industries, which do not have their own laboratory because some equipment is costly, which makes its acquisition unfeasible for small production volumes.

Types of Laboratories: Risks, Hazards, Preservation, and Safety Precautions
This work focuses on a generic approach to risks, dangers, preservation care, and safety in textile laboratory environments.As previously explained, there are many types of textile laboratories.For this reason, this work presents a quick discussion on most of them, emphasizing textile chemistry laboratories, considered the highest risk due to high temperatures, high pressure, and chemical products for carrying out textile tests.

Laboratory for the Analysis and Classification of Cotton Fibers
Around 80% of the natural fibers still used by humans are cotton, making it a fiber widely produced and sold worldwide.After harvesting, cotton fibers undergo a cleaning and preparation process for spinning.The fiber preparation process consists of removing plant materials, such as leaf and twig residues, and extracting the seeds through the ginning process [9].Once the fibers are clean and ready to be baled and sold to spinning companies, they are subjected to analysis and classification [2].Fiber classification includes several quality parameters, such as micronaire, fineness, maturity, color, resistance, length, and sugar index, among others.Based on these parameters, the fiber is classified and can be priced for trade.The analyses mentioned above take place on equipment specially designed for cotton classification [8].At this stage, the tests are exclusively physical and mechanical, occurring with minimal interference from the laboratory technician, guaranteeing a high degree of comfort and operational safety.Therefore, this type of laboratory and its analysis are not the focus of this work.

Laboratory for Quality Control of Raw Yarn
During the spinning process, as batches of yarn are produced, a series of quality analyses of the produced yarn are conducted by the spinning.Parameters such as elongation, mechanical strength, number of twists per unit of measurement, yarn count (yarn thickness), and pilling index, among others, are assessed [2,9].The report with the analysis results is used for pricing the yarn and facilitating its trade.At this stage, the tests are exclusively physical and mechanical, occurring with minimal interference from the laboratory technician, ensuring a high degree of comfort and operational safety.Therefore, this type of laboratory and its analyses are not the focus of this work.

Laboratory for Quality Control of Raw Fabric
In the weaving processes, fabrics are manufactured using yarns purchased from spinning.Depending on their type, pattern, weight, and yarn type, fabrics can exhibit particular characteristics and properties [9].These characteristics are verified during the weaving/knitting process to ensure that the fabric in production meets the specifications of the final product.Some quality parameters are also necessary at this stage of textile manufacturing, such as shrinkage percentages, twist, mechanical strength, weight, stitch opening, and density, among others [2,9].Once the fabrics meet the prerequisites of the technical sheet, they can be priced and marketed or proceed to the next production stages, which include cleaning, dyeing, and finishing.At this stage, the tests are exclusively physical and mechanical, occurring with minimal interference from the laboratory technician, ensuring a high degree of comfort and operational safety.Therefore, this type of laboratory and its analyses are not the focus of this work.

Laboratory for Quality Control of Finished Yarns and Fabrics
After the finishing process, which includes preparation, dyeing and/or printing, and finishing, the fabrics are ready for the cutting and sewing stages [5,11].However, the finished fabric needs to meet quite strict quality requirements, such as colorfastness tests (to light, heat, washing, chlorine, and others), validation tests for functional finishing, mechanical strength, elongation, weight, shrinkage, twist, and others [2].Some of these tests are quite simple physical and mechanical tests, while others are relatively simple chemical tests that do not involve the use of hazardous substances [5].Therefore, this type of laboratory and its analyses are not the focus of this work.

Textile Chemistry Laboratories
The handling of chemical products is inherent to textile chemistry laboratories, where they are applied, from developing recipes for dyeing yarns and fabrics to new finishes capable of improving the fiber properties or giving them new functionalities [12].However, exposure to certain chemicals can pose significant health risks to laboratory workers if adequate precautions are not taken.These risks include skin irritation, respiratory problems, and even exposure to potentially carcinogenic substances [13].Due to the presence of solvents and other flammable chemicals in textile chemistry laboratories, the risk of fire and explosions is also a constant concern.Furthermore, the combustion of textile materials can be rapid and highly hazardous, requiring specific safety protocols [9].Due to the above reasons, textile chemistry laboratories can be considered those with the most significant risk and hazard concerning the others.

Laboratory for Developing Colors and Textile Finishes
Textile ennoblement laboratories are generally installed in manufacturing units where cleaning, dyeing, and finishing operations of fibers, yarns, and fabrics are carried out.The inputs and equipment used in these locations are particular for processing these materials.Each type of fiber, depending on its origin (plant, animal, regenerated polymer, or synthetic) and chemical composition, needs to be treated with different inputs and temperatures [8].Inadequate choice of inputs and process parameters can result in ineffective cleaning or dyeing or even, in more severe cases, in partial or complete degradation of the fibers.The structures of textile substrates also affect the choice of processing machinery.That is, the processing of loose fibers, yarns, and fabrics must occur in equipment suitable for these materials [8].The use of inadequate equipment results in process errors, such as quality defects or loss of the substrate.On all occasions, to prepare process recipes, which are later delivered to the production environment, laboratory workers need to test and develop the process on a laboratory scale, carrying out preliminary tests that ensure reproducibility and the expected result [9].Therefore, the same inputs, generally fed directly into production machines by automated systems, are handled daily in small quantities by laboratory workers who develop process recipes, which exposes them to daily and constant risks of poisoning [5].
During the textile ennoblement process, the substrates first go through the pretreatment stage.In this phase, the substrates are cleaned of natural dirt and dirt added in previous processes, which can harm the subsequent coloring and finishing phases [3].Pre-treatment processes include desizing, scouring, and bleaching.In some cases, to improve the visual appearance of some fabrics and make them more absorbent and resistant, an optional mercerization process can be carried out [3].In these cases, for each type of substrate and fibrous composition, the laboratory technician develops a recipe containing the inputs and process parameters (concentrations, temperature, time, and pressure) [5].Table 1 summarizes the main inputs commonly used in pre-treatment processes, the risks and dangers of their use, safety precautions, and recommended PPE.
After the pre-treatment processes, the textile substrates become suitable for the coloring processes, such as dyeing and printing [3].Dyeing processes impart color to substrates by reacting fibers with coloring organic compounds, such as dyes.Each fiber, according to its origin and chemical composition, has particular characteristics that require specific process conditions [8].Furthermore, each type of fiber or fibrous mixture has a class of dyes capable of chemically reacting with them under particular conditions.Maintain maximum attention when using and handling the product.Maintain control of expiration dates and avoid cross-contamination between products due to the use of contaminated glassware.
[ [16][17][18] Sodium chlorite b 7758-19-2 The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.Evaporation at 20 Maintain maximum attention when using and handling the product. [18] Sodium hydrosulfite b,f,g 7775-14-6 The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.It irritates the eyes and respiratory tract, causing redness, cough, and sore throat.A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered, causing abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.[14,18] Sequestering agents a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h (commercial product) -Due to its hidden commercial formulation, it is not possible to define the specific hazards of this substance.
Direct contact with hands and eyes due to non-use of PPE.Direct contact through splashes, transport, and leaks due to inattention.Contamination due to lack of training.[14,15] Magnesium silicate i 1343-88-0 Toxic by inhalation, use in foods restricted to 2%.
Direct contact with hands and eyes due to non-use of PPE.Direct contact through splashes, transport, and leaks due to inattention.Inhalation of toxic dust due to open packaging. [18] Sodium nitrate f 7631-99-4 The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.Ingestion could cause effects on the blood (by the formation of methemoglobin), abdominal pain, convulsions, diarrhea, headache, labored breathing, confusion, nausea, blue lips, fingernails, and skin.Evaporation at 20 • C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.[17,18] Sodium phosphate f 7558-80-7 Not a hazardous substance.[18] Notes: a hydrolytic desizing; b oxidative desizing; c enzymatic desizing; d scouring; e bioscouring; f oxidative bleaching; g reductive bleaching; h mercerization, i scouringbleaching combined.
Most synthetic textile dyes pollute the environment.Numerous studies with dyes have elucidated the mechanism of contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by industrial dyes.Research has also revealed damage to living organisms and indirect contamination of human beings through food [19].Among the various classes of existing dyes, azo dyes are the most used and are also the most harmful to health.Research indicates that in exhaust dyeing processes, 15% to 50% of the azo dye does not bind to the fibers and is lost in the wastewater [13].One of the mechanisms of damage to the body after contamination with azo dyes is not caused directly by absorbed dye molecules but rather by the degradation products of these molecules in the body, such as the breakdown of azo groups and the formation of nitrosamines, which present a high carcinogenic and mutagenic potential in humans [19,20].
In practice, periodically, when factories create their collections, they bring together a series of types of yarns, fabrics, fibrous compositions, colors, and finishes that generate challenging demands for production technicians.For dyeing textile substrates, requirements include the exact color pattern, that is, its intensity, chromatic hue, and saturation [5].In these cases, laboratory experts, technicians, and process analysts test and develop colors in the laboratory to formulate recipes that are passed on to the production environment to obtain the expected color results [3,21].To do this, laboratory workers need to handle different types of dyes and their dyeing aids.This task keeps these professionals at risk of contamination daily.However, each process and each class of dye requires different auxiliary chemicals, as well as temperature and process time [3].Any skipped step, measurement errors, or inadequate parameters can result in color results that differ from the standard, staining, mechanical weakening of the fibers, and dimensional deformations of the substrate [4].
It is estimated that more than 10,000 types of dye molecules for textiles are currently sold worldwide.The large number of types and classes of dyes, their derivations, and color diversity make it unfeasible to specifically list the dyes most used in the industry, as this depends on many factors [13].Among the types most used in the textile industry are reactive dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes, cationic dyes, sulfur dyes, and azoic dyes.Users who daily handle dyes such as those mentioned above put themselves at risk of contamination [20].Direct contact of these dyes with the body regularly can lead to severe illnesses.The complexed metal dyes are widely used in the textile industry.These dyes contain heavy metals, such as nickel, copper, cobalt, and mainly chromium [20,22].Heavy metals are bioaccumulative in human organs such as the liver and heart and can cause severe damage to DNA and a series of pathologies [23].According to Gregory ([19]), frequent contact with textile dyes based on 2-naphthylamine and benzidine can generate a high incidence of bladder cancer.
In general, diseases caused by textile dyes can range from superficial dermatitis to disorders of the central nervous system, including changes in enzymatic activities [23,24].The most acute forms of contamination occur through accidental ingestion and inhalation of dust, but absorption through injured skin on fingers and hands is quite common [19].The greatest danger of dyes to human health in the long term is their genotoxicity [20,25].Dyes such as Disperse Orange 1 and Azure-B have been shown to be highly mutagenic [20], and mutagenic factors are among the steps that favor carcinogenesis in human organisms.More than 4000 indexed dyes have already been investigated and cataloged for their toxicity.Despite this, more than 100 types with high poisoning potential and the formation of carcinogenic amines are freely commercialized [14,19,20].Table 2 presents the leading equipment used in dyeing and finishing laboratories.
Table 2. Laboratory equipment for dyeing and finishing textile substrates used for quality testing and development of production recipes: functions, hazards, risks, and PPE.

Dyeing and Finishing Equipment Prevention Measures
The greatest danger of dyes to human health in the long term is their genotoxicity [20,25].Dyes such as Disperse Orange 1 and Azure-B have been shown to be highly mutagenic [20], and mutagenic factors are among the steps that favor carcinogenesis in human organisms.More than 4000 indexed dyes have already been investigated and cataloged for their toxicity.Despite this, more than 100 types with high poisoning potential and the formation of carcinogenic amines are freely commercialized [14,19,20].Table 2 presents the leading equipment used in dyeing and finishing laboratories.

Dyeing and Finishing Equipment Prevention Measures
Equipment: Beaker dyeing machine.$$$$Function:Used for batch exhaust dyeing of textile substrates.The system uses inox beakers (batch reactors) into which all chemical inputs and the textile material to be dyed are inserted.It can also be used for chemical modification and pretreatment of substrate samples.The equipment heats the beakers using infrared, reaching temperatures of 140 °C, depending on the process.$$$$Hazards: Burns, explosion, leakage, overheating.$$$$Risks:Burning your hands on the hot beakers.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of leaks if the lid is not well sealed.Explosion of poorly sealed beakers if the internal pressure and temperature are too high.Contact with chemical splashes when opening very hot beakers.$$$$PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.
Equipment: Jigger machine.$$$$Function:Used for batch exhaust dyeing.The system is recommended for woven fabrics and larger quantities.
The fabric has its beginning and end attached to two rotating rollers, which, when rotating, alternately accumulate the fabric on one side.Between winding inversions, the fabric passes through a dye bath containing chemicals.It can also be used for pretreatment of substrate samples.Its maximum operating temperature is 95 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burns, release of toxic vapors.$$$$Risks:Burning hands when removing the fabric.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of tank leaks.Breathe toxic vapors when opening the lid.$$$$PPE:Protective glasses, gloves, and mask.
Equipment: Beaker dyeing machine.Function: Used for batch exhaust dyeing of textile substrates.The system uses inox beakers (batch reactors) into which all chemical inputs and the textile material to be dyed are inserted.It can also be used for chemical modification and pretreatment of substrate samples.The equipment heats the beakers using infrared, reaching temperatures of 140 Dyes such as Disperse Orange 1 and Azure-B have been shown to be highly mutagenic [20], and mutagenic factors are among the steps that favor carcinogenesis in human organisms.More than 4000 indexed dyes have already been investigated and cataloged for their toxicity.Despite this, more than 100 types with high poisoning potential and the formation of carcinogenic amines are freely commercialized [14,19,20].Table 2 presents the leading equipment used in dyeing and finishing laboratories.

Dyeing and Finishing Equipment Prevention Measures
Equipment: Beaker dyeing machine.$$$$Function:Used for batch exhaust dyeing of textile substrates.The system uses inox beakers (batch reactors) into which all chemical inputs and the textile material to be dyed are inserted.It can also be used for chemical modification and pretreatment of substrate samples.The equipment heats the beakers using infrared, reaching temperatures of 140 °C, depending on the process.$$$$Hazards: Burns, explosion, leakage, overheating.$$$$Risks:Burning your hands on the hot beakers.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of leaks if the lid is not well sealed.Explosion of poorly sealed beakers if the internal pressure and temperature are too high.Contact with chemical splashes when opening very hot beakers.$$$$PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.
Equipment: Jigger machine.$$$$Function:Used for batch exhaust dyeing.The system is recommended for woven fabrics and larger quantities.
The fabric has its beginning and end attached to two rotating rollers, which, when rotating, alternately accumulate the fabric on one side.Between winding inversions, the fabric passes through a dye bath containing chemicals.It can also be used for pretreatment of substrate samples.Its maximum operating temperature is 95 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burns, release of toxic vapors.$$$$Risks:Burning hands when removing the fabric.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of tank leaks.Breathe toxic vapors when opening the lid.$$$$PPE:Protective glasses, gloves, and mask.
Equipment: Jigger machine.Function: Used for batch exhaust dyeing.The system is recommended for woven fabrics and larger quantities.The fabric has its beginning and end attached to two rotating rollers, which, when rotating, alternately accumulate the fabric on one side.Between winding inversions, the fabric passes through a dye bath containing chemicals.It can also be used for pretreatment of substrate samples.Its maximum operating temperature is 95

Dyeing and Finishing Equipment Prevention Measures
Equipment: Air compressor.$$$$Function:Compress atmospheric air for use in pneumatic equipment.$$$$Hazards:Explosion, injury to mucous membranes, retinal displacement, rupture of veins (hemorrhage).$$$$Risks:In case of explosion or improper use, it can cause everything from burst eardrums, heart attack, stroke, hemorrhage, eye disorders, to death.$$$$PPE:Hearing protection, protective glasses, and gloves.Regular inspection according to safety standards.After dyeing processes, some textile substrates, especially fabrics, are subjected to textile finishing processes.One of the objectives of finishing is to make the substrate more pleasant to use, giving it a better touch, better fit, and greater dimensional stability [12].Finishing processes also improve the appearance of fabrics, making them shinier and less wrinkled.Many types of finishes can also provide additional functionalities to the substrate, such as greater hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, insect repellency, antimicrobial activities [26], antifungal, antiviral, and anti-mite, quick-drying, easy cleaning, and selfcleaning activity, among others [12,13].

Equipment
Finishing processes can be physical, chemical, and mechanical.Chemical finishes can significantly improve the usability, appearance, and functionality of some textile products.Chemical finishes can be durable or non-durable, as the chemicals applied interact differently with each type of fiber [8].However, many finishes use chemical compounds that are highly polluting and toxic to health.Some functional chemical compounds can even cause illnesses or sequelae to the end user due to the slow release of chemical species harmful to human health.Many studies have questioned the safety of the application and use of some finishing products [9].Other research seeks alternatives to the use of some finishing products known to be hazardous, such as flame retardants based on antimony trioxide, formaldehyde, and halogenated compounds, which are carcinogenic, neurotoxic, bioaccumulative, mutagenic, and pose a high risk of poisoning.
Some textile finishes are based on coating fabrics with functional polymers/resins.Some treatments based on polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) to obtain effects such as hydrophobicity resistance to oily stains and heat are very common in household textiles, such as tablecloths and rugs, as in raincoats, shoes, mattress protectors, and fabric backpacks [27].However, these compounds are known to be hazardous; their effects on living organisms include liver diseases, hormonal changes, and sterility in humans, among others [28].Differentiated sporting goods often have features that facilitate the use and conservation of clothing or help the user's performance.Some of the finishes for this segment include antimicrobial function, sometimes, these finishes use silver ions.Although silver is not considered a dangerous metal, its use as ions and nanometric particles can cause bioaccumulation and intoxication of the user, in addition to being extremely harmful to the environment as it acts as a sterilizer of soil microbiota and aquatic biomes.

Laboratory of Textile Printing
The printing laboratory is an environment used to develop screen printing pastes.Various printing effects are performed nowadays in the textile industries, and each type of printing directly depends on the formulation of the prepared paste [11].Like color development and textile finishing laboratories, printing laboratories handle hazardous chemical reagents and dyes [5,29].Many of the chemical auxiliaries and dyes used in pretreatment and dyeing are also used in printing, in addition to other specific chemical auxiliaries [10,29].Table 3 presents the leading equipment used in printing laboratories.Table 4 summarizes the main inputs used in the printing processes, the risks and dangers of their use, safety precautions, and recommended PPE.In addition to chemical products, printing laboratories also use equipment with a certain degree of hazard which requires the use of PPE.

Laboratory for Garment Laundry and Finishing
Laundry processes for ready-made garments are widely used to add value and beauty, generally in jeans and similar products.Stone washing processes and intentional wear promote effects that never go out of fashion.On the contrary, they have generated a growing demand, especially from younger audiences.Most laundry finishes are based on chemical treatments of the manufactured items.Chemical wear is based on strongly oxidizing products used in high concentrations, such as chlorite, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate [33].To inactivate the oxidants, high concentrations of reducing agents such as metabisulfite, bisulfite, and sodium hydrosulfite are used.Such compounds, in addition to being toxic, can cause irreversible consequences if frequently inhaled, ingested, or absorbed into the skin.Table 5 summarizes the main inputs commonly used in laundry processes, the risks and hazards of their use, safety precautions, and recommended PPE.The products and machinery used in jeanswear laundry are hazardous.In addition to chemical products, many laundry processes also use abrasive equipment and elements, such as sandpaper, stones, bottle caps, grinders, polishers, among others, which create many accident risks [33].Some widely used equipment, such as horizontal washers and centrifuges, are the biggest causes of severe accidents in production, such as open fractures, limb amputation, and even death.This same production equipment is sometimes used for recipe development by laboratory workers and development technicians.Some laboratories have industrial or similar equipment but are smaller in size.However, the risks of accidents are the same, and laboratory workers must also use the same precautions and PPE used in production.Table 6 shows some images of laundry equipment.Table 6.Laundry equipment used for laboratory testing, product development, and production, and its functions, hazards, risks, and PPE.

Laundry Equipment Prevention Measures
Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 32 Equipment: Lab washer machine (Side loading).$$$$Function:Used to carry out finishing washes on manufactured items, especially jeanswear.The main chemical wear processes, such as stone washing, acid washing, delavée, destroyed, and others, are performed in this machine.The equipment consists of a rotating perforated drum that beats the clothes against other abrasive elements and strongly oxidizing chemicals.$$$$Hazards: Leak, release of toxic vapors, burns, injuries to hands and arms.$$$$Risks:Direct contact with chemical products when removing clothes from the machine without gloves or due to leaks and splashes of wet fabric.Inhalation of oxidizing vapors.The machine lid may fall off onto upper limbs, causing severe injuries.Amputation of limbs due to accidental activation of the machine.$$$$PPE:Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.
Equipment: Lab washer machine (Front loading).$$$$Function:Used to carry out finishing washes on manufactured items, especially jeanswear.Some chemical wear processes are performed on this machine.The washer is a rotating perforated drum that beats the clothes against other abrasive or finishing elements (e.g., fabric softeners and silicones).$$$$Hazards:Leaks, release of toxic vapors, burns, and injuries to hands and arms.$$$$Risks:Direct contact with chemicals when removing clothes from the machine without gloves or due to leaks and splashes of wet fabric.Inhalation of oxidizing vapors.Amputation of limbs due to ac-Equipment: Lab washer machine (Side loading).Function: Used to carry out finishing washes on manufactured items, especially jeanswear.The main chemical wear processes, such as stone washing, acid washing, delavée, destroyed, and others, are performed in this machine.The equipment consists of a rotating perforated drum that beats the clothes against other abrasive elements and strongly oxidizing chemicals.Hazards: Leak, release of toxic vapors, burns, injuries to hands and arms.Risks: Direct contact with chemical products when removing clothes from the machine without gloves or due to leaks and splashes of wet fabric.Inhalation of oxidizing vapors.The machine lid may fall off onto upper limbs, causing severe injuries.Amputation of limbs due to accidental activation of the machine.PPE: Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.
Equipment: Lab washer machine (Front loading).$$$$Function:Used to carry out finishing washes on manufactured items, especially jeanswear.Some chemical wear processes are performed on this machine.The washer is a rotating perforated drum that beats the clothes against other abrasive or finishing elements (e.g., fabric softeners and silicones).$$$$Hazards:Leaks, release of toxic vapors, burns, and injuries to hands and arms.$$$$Risks:Direct contact with chemicals when removing clothes from the machine without gloves or due to leaks and splashes of wet fabric.Inhalation of oxidizing vapors.Amputation of limbs due to accidental activation of the machine.$$$$PPE:Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.
Equipment: Hydro extractor machine (Lab centrifuge).$$$$Function:Used to remove excess water from clothes after washing and rinsing.The centrifuge system promotes the homogenization of moisture in the clothes.$$$$Hazards: Amputation of limbs (hands and arms), injuries.$$$$Risks:Improper use of the machine and insertion of hands and arms inside the working machine can cause amputations and even death.
Working with the equipment covered is dangerous and dramatically increases the chances of serious accidents.$$$$PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.
Equipment: Lab dryer machine (steam or gas)$$$$Function: Used to dry clothing items after the laundry and finishing processes.The machine can reach temperatures of up to 150 °C.$$$$Hazards: Burns and bruises.$$$$Risks:Directly touching the heated internal parts of the Equipment: Lab washer machine (Front loading).Function: Used to carry out finishing washes on manufactured items, especially jeanswear.Some chemical wear processes are performed on this machine.The washer is a rotating perforated drum that beats the clothes against other abrasive or finishing elements (e.g., fabric softeners and silicones).
Hazards: Leaks, release of toxic vapors, burns, and injuries to hands and arms.Risks: Direct contact with chemicals when removing clothes from the machine without gloves or due to leaks and splashes of wet fabric.Inhalation of oxidizing vapors.Amputation of limbs due to accidental activation of the machine.PPE: Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.
Equipment: Lab washer machine (Front loading).$$$$Function:Used to carry out finishing washes on manufactured items, especially jeanswear.Some chemical wear processes are performed on this machine.The washer is a rotating perforated drum that beats the clothes against other abrasive or finishing elements (e.g., fabric softeners and silicones).$$$$Hazards:Leaks, release of toxic vapors, burns, and injuries to hands and arms.$$$$Risks:Direct contact with chemicals when removing clothes from the machine without gloves or due to leaks and splashes of wet fabric.Inhalation of oxidizing vapors.Amputation of limbs due to accidental activation of the machine.$$$$PPE:Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.
Equipment: Hydro extractor machine (Lab centrifuge).$$$$Function:Used to remove excess water from clothes after washing and rinsing.The centrifuge system promotes the homogenization of moisture in the clothes.$$$$Hazards: Amputation of limbs (hands and arms), injuries.$$$$Risks:Improper use of the machine and insertion of hands and arms inside the working machine can cause amputations and even death.
Working with the equipment covered is dangerous and dramatically increases the chances of serious accidents.$$$$PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.

Laundry Equipment Prevention Measures
wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this machine.$$$$Hazards: Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers, scrapes, amputation of limbs.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.$$$$PPE:Steel gloves and protective glasses.
Equipment: Portable grinding machine (Politriz).$$$$Function:Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this device.$$$$Hazards:Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers and scrapes.Breakage of the sanding disc.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.Disc fragments can injure eyes without protective glasses.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.$$$$Hazards: Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers, scrapes, amputation of limbs.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.$$$$PPE:Steel gloves and protective glasses.
Equipment: Portable grinding machine (Politriz).$$$$Function:Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this device.$$$$Hazards:Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers and scrapes.Breakage of the sanding disc.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.Disc fragments can injure eyes without protective glasses.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Chemical mixture machine See Table 3 Notes: All images are free images from the internet.The brands have been hidden to avoid any attribution of responsibility or advertising to the manufacturer.All equipment shown has safety features and meets strict safety standards.

Final Considerations
To mitigate risks and dangers in textile laboratories, implementing conservation measures for facilities and equipment is essential.In this context, all laboratory team members must be aware of and receive adequate training on the risks associated with their tasks to know how to deal with chemicals and equipment in emergencies.Information and education are the first steps towards preventing accidents.
Chemical management is a critical aspect of safety in textile laboratories.This involves safe storage, clear labeling, and careful handling of chemicals.Using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, aprons, and masks, is essential to minimize exposure to dangerous chemicals.Furthermore, regular maintenance of laboratory equipment is crucial to ensure safe and accurate operation.Such issues include calibrating instruments, checking safety systems, and replacing worn parts.Dust and particle control is another area of attention.The handling of discontinuous textile fibers can generate particles suspended in the air.Inhaling these particles, depending on their nature, can cause respiratory problems, allergies, and even chronic lung diseases.Therefore, it is important to implement dust control systems, such as exhaust fans and air filters, to reduce exposure to airborne particles.In addition, workers must wear respiratory protection masks when necessary.

Chemical mixture machine
See Table 3 Notes: All images are free images from the internet.The brands have been hidden to avoid any attribution of responsibility or advertising to the manufacturer.All equipment shown has safety features and meets strict safety standards.

Final Considerations
To mitigate risks and dangers in textile laboratories, implementing conservation measures for facilities and equipment is essential.In this context, all laboratory team members must be aware of and receive adequate training on the risks associated with their tasks to know how to deal with chemicals and equipment in emergencies.Information and education are the first steps towards preventing accidents.
Chemical management is a critical aspect of safety in textile laboratories.This involves safe storage, clear labeling, and careful handling of chemicals.Using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, aprons, and masks, is essential to minimize exposure to dangerous chemicals.Furthermore, regular maintenance of laboratory equipment is crucial to ensure safe and accurate operation.Such issues include calibrating instruments, checking safety systems, and replacing worn parts.Dust and particle control is another area of attention.The handling of discontinuous textile fibers can generate particles suspended in the air.Inhaling these particles, depending on their nature, can cause respiratory problems, allergies, and even chronic lung diseases.Therefore, it is important to implement dust control systems, such as exhaust fans and air filters, to reduce exposure to airborne particles.In addition, workers must wear respiratory protection masks when necessary.
The creation and implementation of safety protocols are essential to ensure the protection of everyone involved in textile laboratories.Some common protocols include emergency procedures, waste management, access control, and records/documentation.Regarding emergency procedures, all textile laboratories must have documented protocols that include evacuation plans, properly located fire extinguishers, and training for fire situations, chemical spills, and other critical incidents.Preparing to act in an emergency is essential to minimize human and property damage.Waste management is another vital aspect of safety.The correct management of chemical waste and textile materials is essential to avoid environmental contamination and protect the health of workers.This includes the proper identification, labeling, and storage of waste, as well as its disposal following applicable regulations.
Access control is an important security measure, limiting access to critical areas of the laboratory.Ensuring that only authorized personnel can operate specific equipment or access hazardous chemicals reduces the risk of accidents and unauthorized exposure to hazardous substances.Additionally, keeping detailed records of activities performed, chemicals used, and incidents that occur is crucial for subsequent investigations and to comply with safety regulations.Documenting all operations and events is critical to transparency and accountability in a laboratory environment.

Laboratories 2023, 1 , 3 Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Simplified illustrative diagram of the main production stages of a conventional textile manufacturing chain.(a) Fibers are obtained according to their origin, i.e., natural, or manufactured fibers (regenerated or synthetic).Unlike cotton, wool fibers require mechanical and chemical cleaning before making yarn.(b) Yarn preparation occurs in staple fiber spinning processes or continuous spinning processes (manufactured fibers).(c) The preparation of knitted and woven fabrics occurs in the knitting and weaving processes.(d) Cleaning of substrates includes mechanical cleaning and chemical pre-treatment processes for yarns and fabrics for coloring processes.(e)Coloring processes include the different types of dyeing and printing processes with dyes and pigments through dry and wet chemical processes.(f) The finishing process includes finishing steps to make fabrics softer, more comfortable, functional, and suitable for cutting and sewing.(g) The sewing processes can be followed by laundry processes and finishing of the manufactured item, which will depend on the type of product, before shipping.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Simplified illustrative diagram of the main production stages of a conventional textile manufacturing chain.(a) Fibers are obtained according to their origin, i.e., natural, or manufactured fibers (regenerated or synthetic).Unlike cotton, wool fibers require mechanical and chemical cleaning before making yarn.(b) Yarn preparation occurs in staple fiber spinning processes or continuous spinning processes (manufactured fibers).(c) The preparation of knitted and woven fabrics occurs in the knitting and weaving processes.(d) Cleaning of substrates includes mechanical cleaning and chemical pre-treatment processes for yarns and fabrics for coloring processes.(e) Coloring processes include the different types of dyeing and printing processes with dyes and pigments through dry and wet chemical processes.(f)The finishing process includes finishing steps to make fabrics softer, more comfortable, functional, and suitable for cutting and sewing.(g) The sewing processes can be followed by laundry processes and finishing of the manufactured item, which will depend on the type of product, before shipping.
• C. Hazards: Burns, release of toxic vapors.Risks: Burning hands when removing the fabric.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of tank leaks.Breathe toxic vapors when opening the lid.PPE: Protective glasses, gloves, and mask.Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 15 Equipment: Drum dyeing and washing machine.$$$$Function:Used for the dyeing and pretreatment of textile substrates by batch exhaust.The system is recommended for knitted fabrics in larger quantities.The fabric is processed into rope inside a rotating drum with alternating inversion.The equipment can reach 140 °C.The chemicals are added manually through two feed tanks at the top.$$$$Hazards: Burns, leaks, and release of toxic vapors.$$$$Risks:Burning hands when removing the fabric.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of leaks from the front door.Breathe toxic fumes when opening the door.Chemical spillage while feeding the machine.$$$$PPE:Waterproof apron, gloves, protective glasses, and mask.Equipment: Lab stenter.$$$$Function:Used to dry polymerize resins applied by coating, thermoset synthetic fabrics, and fix prints.The equipment works like an oven and can reach temperatures up to 300 °C.The support on which the fabrics are fixed has movable perforating tips, which allow the adjustment of the desired width.$$$$Hazards:Burns, cuts, and punctures of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Puncture of hands and fingers when fixing samples to the support.Burns during removing fabrics from the hot support.Hands stuck in oven inlet when rack is powered automatically.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Lab calender.$$$$Function:Used for finishing woven and knitted fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression between the cylinders is adjustable and promotes fabric compaction while subjecting Equipment: Drum dyeing and washing machine.Function: Used for the dyeing and pretreatment of textile substrates by batch exhaust.The system is recommended for knitted fabrics in larger quantities.The fabric is processed into rope inside a rotating drum with alternating inversion.The equipment can reach 140 • C. The chemicals are added manually through two feed tanks at the top.Hazards: Burns, leaks, and release of toxic vapors.Risks: Burning hands when removing the fabric.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of leaks from the front door.Breathe toxic fumes when opening the door.Chemical spillage while feeding the machine.PPE: Waterproof apron, gloves, protective glasses, and mask.Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 15 Equipment: Drum dyeing and washing machine.$$$$Function:Used for the dyeing and pretreatment of textile substrates by batch exhaust.The system is recommended for knitted fabrics in larger quantities.The fabric is processed into rope inside a rotating drum with alternating inversion.The equipment can reach 140 °C.The chemicals are added manually through two feed tanks at the top.$$$$Hazards: Burns, leaks, and release of toxic vapors.$$$$Risks:Burning hands when removing the fabric.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of leaks from the front door.Breathe toxic fumes when opening the door.Chemical spillage while feeding the machine.$$$$PPE:Waterproof apron, gloves, protective glasses, and mask.Equipment: Lab stenter.$$$$Function:Used to dry polymerize resins applied by coating, thermoset synthetic fabrics, and fix prints.The equipment works like an oven and can reach temperatures up to 300 °C.The support on which the fabrics are fixed has movable perforating tips, which allow the adjustment of the desired width.$$$$Hazards:Burns, cuts, and punctures of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Puncture of hands and fingers when fixing samples to the support.Burns during removing fabrics from the hot support.Hands stuck in oven inlet when rack is powered automatically.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Lab calender.$$$$Function:Used for finishing woven and knitted fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression between the cylinders is adjustable and promotes fabric compaction while subjecting the material to vaporization.The calender acts like a large iron and adds Equipment: Lab stenter.Function: Used to dry polymerize resins applied by coating, thermoset synthetic fabrics, and fix prints.The equipment works like an oven and can reach temperatures up to 300 • C. The support on which the fabrics are fixed has movable perforating tips, which allow the adjustment of the desired width.Hazards: Burns, cuts, and punctures of hands and fingers.Risks: Puncture of hands and fingers when fixing samples to the support.Burns during removing fabrics from the hot support.Hands stuck in oven inlet when rack is powered automatically.PPE: Thermal glove.
Dyeing and Finishing Equipment Prevention Measuresplied by coating, thermoset synthetic fabrics, and fix prints.The equip-ment works like an oven and can reach temperatures up to 300 °C.The support on which the fabrics are fixed has movable perforating tips, which allow the adjustment of the desired width.$$$$Hazards:Burns, cuts, and punctures of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Puncture of hands and fingers when fixing samples to the support.Burns during removing fabrics from the hot support.Hands stuck in oven inlet when rack is powered automatically.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Lab calender.$$$$Function:Used for finishing woven and knitted fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression between the cylinders is adjustable and promotes fabric compaction while subjecting the material to vaporization.The calender acts like a large iron and adds shine and touch to the fabrics, as well as eliminating wrinkling.$$$$Hazards:Burns, crushing/amputation of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Steam burn.Compression of fingers and hands between the compaction cylinders.Burns on the surface of metal cylinders.$$$$PPE:Thermal gloves, mask, and protective glasses.Equipment: Horizontal/vertical padder (Foulard).$$$$Function:Used as a hydroextractor to remove excess water and/or chemicals applied to the fabric and to standardize the treatment.It can be used for knitted or woven fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression and speed of the cylinders are adjustable.$$$$Hazards:Crushing/amputation of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Compression of fingers and hands between the compaction cylinders.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Lab calender.Function: Used for finishing woven and knitted fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression between the cylinders is adjustable and promotes fabric compaction while subjecting the material to vaporization.The calender acts like a large iron and adds shine and touch to the fabrics, as well as eliminating wrinkling.Hazards: Burns, crushing/amputation of hands and fingers.Risks: Steam burn.Compression of fingers and hands between the compaction cylinders.Burns on the surface of metal cylinders.PPE: Thermal gloves, mask, and protective glasses.support on which the fabrics are fixed has movable perforating tips, which allow the adjustment of the desired width.$$$$Hazards:Burns, cuts, and punctures of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Puncture of hands and fingers when fixing samples to the support.Burns during removing fabrics from the hot support.Hands stuck in oven inlet when rack is powered automatically.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Lab calender.$$$$Function:Used for finishing woven and knitted fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression between the cylinders is adjustable and promotes fabric compaction while subjecting the material to vaporization.The calender acts like a large iron and adds shine and touch to the fabrics, as well as eliminating wrinkling.$$$$Hazards:Burns, crushing/amputation of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Steam burn.Compression of fingers and hands between the compaction cylinders.Burns on the surface of metal cylinders.$$$$PPE:Thermal gloves, mask, and protective glasses.Equipment: Horizontal/vertical padder (Foulard).$$$$Function:Used as a hydroextractor to remove excess water and/or chemicals applied to the fabric and to standardize the treatment.It can be used for knitted or woven fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression and speed of the cylinders are adjustable.$$$$Hazards:Crushing/amputation of hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Compression of fingers and hands between the compaction cylinders.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Horizontal/vertical padder (Foulard).Function: Used as a hydroextractor to remove excess water and/or chemicals applied to the fabric and to standardize the treatment.It can be used for knitted or woven fabrics.It consists of two pressure rollers compressed against each other through which the fabric passes.The compression and speed of the cylinders are adjustable.Hazards: Crushing/amputation of hands and fingers.Risks: Compression of fingers and hands between the compaction cylinders.PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 16 Equipment: Coating table.$$$$Function:Used to coat knitted or flat fabrics by the controlled and uniform application of viscous substances for technical or functional purposes.The coating is carried out with a floating knife, roller, or rubber blanket.$$$$Hazards:Release of volatile compounds from applied products.$$$$Risks:Inhalation of volatile chemicals during the application process.$$$$PPE:Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.Equipment: Air compressor.$$$$Function:Compress atmospheric air for use in pneumatic equipment.$$$$Hazards:Explosion, injury to mucous membranes, retinal displacement, rupture of veins (hemorrhage).$$$$Risks:In case of explosion or improper use, it can cause everything from burst eardrums, heart attack, stroke, hemorrhage, eye disorders, to death.$$$$PPE:Hearing protection, protective glasses, and gloves.Regular inspection according to safety standards.Equipment: Lab oven$$$$Function: Used to dry treated samples.Some equipment can reach 300 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burn, inhalation of toxic gases/vapors.$$$$Risks:Direct burns to fingers, hands, and arms when Equipment: Coating table.Function: Used to coat knitted or flat fabrics by the controlled and uniform application of viscous substances for technical or functional purposes.The coating is carried out with a floating knife, roller, or rubber blanket.Hazards: Release of volatile compounds from applied products.Risks: Inhalation of volatile chemicals during the application process.PPE: Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 16 Equipment: Coating table.$$$$Function:Used to coat knitted or flat fabrics by the controlled and uniform application of viscous substances for technical or functional purposes.The coating is carried out with a floating knife, roller, or rubber blanket.$$$$Hazards:Release of volatile compounds from applied products.$$$$Risks:Inhalation of volatile chemicals during the application process.$$$$PPE:Gloves, mask, and protective glasses.Equipment: Air compressor.$$$$Function:Compress atmospheric air for use in pneumatic equipment.$$$$Hazards:Explosion, injury to mucous membranes, retinal displacement, rupture of veins (hemorrhage).$$$$Risks:In case of explosion or improper use, it can cause everything from burst eardrums, heart attack, stroke, hemorrhage, eye disorders, to death.$$$$PPE:Hearing protection, protective glasses, and gloves.Regular inspection according to safety standards.Equipment: Lab oven$$$$Function: Used to dry treated samples.Some equipment can reach 300 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burn, inhalation of toxic gases/vapors.$$$$Risks:Direct burns to fingers, hands, and arms when touching the internal parts of the heated stove without gloves.Burning the eyes and mucous membranes of the face with heated air when open-Equipment: Air compressor.Function: Compress atmospheric air for use in pneumatic equipment.Hazards: Explosion, injury to mucous membranes, retinal displacement, rupture of veins (hemorrhage).Risks: In case of explosion or improper use, it can cause everything from burst eardrums, heart attack, stroke, hemorrhage, eye disorders, to death.PPE: Hearing protection, protective glasses, and gloves.Regular inspection according to safety standards.

:
Lab oven$$$$Function: Used to dry treated samples.Some equipment can reach 300 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burn, inhalation of toxic gases/vapors.$$$$Risks:Direct burns to fingers, hands, and arms when touching the internal parts of the heated stove without gloves.Burning the eyes and mucous membranes of the face with heated air when opening the stove door at high temperatures.Inhale toxic vapors from sample drying when opening the door.$$$$PPE:Thermal gloves, glasses, and protective mask.Equipment: Ultra-Turrax disperser$$$$Function: Used to carry out the mixing and homogenization of chemical solutions, dispersion of pigments, and dissolution of dyes.$$$$Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Touching the rod with your hands during operation can cause serious injuries.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Lab oven Function: Used to dry treated samples.Some equipment can reach 300 • C. Hazards: Burn, inhalation of toxic gases/vapors.Risks: Direct burns to fingers, hands, and arms when touching the internal parts of the heated stove without gloves.Burning the eyes and mucous membranes of the face with heated air when opening the stove door at high temperatures.Inhale toxic vapors from sample drying when opening the door.PPE: Thermal gloves, glasses, and protective mask.membranes,retinal displacement, rupture of veins (hemorrhage).$$$$Risks:In case of explosion or improper use, it can cause everything from burst eardrums, heart attack, stroke, hemorrhage, eye disorders, to death.$$$$PPE:Hearing protection, protective glasses, and gloves.Regular inspection according to safety standards.Equipment: Lab oven$$$$Function: Used to dry treated samples.Some equipment can reach 300 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burn, inhalation of toxic gases/vapors.$$$$Risks:Direct burns to fingers, hands, and arms when touching the internal parts of the heated stove without gloves.Burning the eyes and mucous membranes of the face with heated air when opening the stove door at high temperatures.Inhale toxic vapors from sample drying when opening the door.$$$$PPE:Thermal gloves, glasses, and protective mask.Equipment: Ultra-Turrax disperser$$$$Function: Used to carry out the mixing and homogenization of chemical solutions, dispersion of pigments, and dissolution of dyes.$$$$Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Touching the rod with your hands during operation can cause serious injuries.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Ultra-Turrax disperser Function: Used to carry out the mixing and homogenization of chemical solutions, dispersion of pigments, and dissolution of dyes.Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.Risks: Touching the rod with your hands during operation can cause serious injuries.PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.Notes: All images are free images from the internet.The brands have been hidden to avoid any attribution of responsibility or advertising to the manufacturer.All equipment shown has safety features and meets strict safety standards.

Table 4 .
Chemical mixer.$$$$Function:Used for the preparation and homogenization of the screen-printing paste.$$$$Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.Direct contact with chemicals on the skin and eyes.It releases toxic gases.$$$$Risks:Cutting and amputation of limbs that come into contact with the moving rod propeller.Contamination and skin irritation due to product splashes during shaking.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin due to possible leaks from the tank.Ergonomic problems due to the lack of suitable tools for moving large quantities of screen-printing paste.$$$$PPE:Waterproof apron, protective glasses, and gloves.Equipment: Transfer stamping heating plate.$$$$Function:Used to apply prints to t-shirts and other manufactured items.It consists of a base and a heated plate between which the substrate is pressed together with art printed on special paper.Due to the high contact temperature between the heated plate and the substrate, the art is transferred to the fabric.The plate can be heated to approximately 200 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burns and hand pressing.$$$$Risks:Burning fingers and hands due to direct contact with the heated plate.Accidental pressing of hands and fingers.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Viscometer.$$$$Function:Used to measure and adjust the viscosity of screen-printing paste.Without this analysis, unwanted quality defects may occur, such as loss of design definition, smudging, change in drying time, color migration, staining, and low solidity of the print, among others.$$$$Hazards:No data available.$$$$Risks:No data available.$$$$PPE:Gloves.All images are free images from the internet.The brands have been hidden to avoid any attribution of responsibility or advertising to the manufacturer.All equipment shown has safety features and meets strict safety standards.Chemical inputs most used in textile substrate printing processes, their risks, hazards, and Equipment: Chemical mixer.Function: Used for the preparation and homogenization of the screen-printing paste.Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.Direct contact with chemicals on the skin and eyes.It releases toxic gases.Risks: Cutting and amputation of limbs that come into contact with the moving rod propeller.Contamination and skin irritation due to product splashes during shaking.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin due to possible leaks from the tank.Ergonomic problems due to the lack of suitable tools for moving large quantities of screen-printing paste.PPE: Waterproof apron, protective glasses, and gloves.Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 18 Lab stenter Lab oven Equipment: Chemical mixer.$$$$Function:Used for the preparation and homogenization of the screen-printing paste.$$$$Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.Direct contact with chemicals on the skin and eyes.It releases toxic gases.$$$$Risks:Cutting and amputation of limbs that come into contact with the moving rod propeller.Contamination and skin irritation due to product splashes during shaking.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin due to possible leaks from the tank.Ergonomic problems due to the lack of suitable tools for moving large quantities of screen-printing paste.$$$$PPE:Waterproof apron, protective glasses, and gloves.Equipment: Transfer stamping heating plate.$$$$Function:Used to apply prints to t-shirts and other manufactured items.It consists of a base and a heated plate between which the substrate is pressed together with art printed on special paper.Due to the high contact temperature between the heated plate and the substrate, the art is transferred to the fabric.The plate can be heated to approximately 200 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burns and hand pressing.$$$$Risks:Burning fingers and hands due to direct contact with the heated plate.Accidental pressing of hands and fingers.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Viscometer.$$$$Function:Used to measure and adjust the viscosity of screen-printing paste.Without this analysis, unwanted quality defects may occur, such as loss of design definition, smudging, change in drying time, color migration, staining, and low solidity of the print, among others.$$$$Hazards:No data available.$$$$Risks:No data available.$$$$PPE:Gloves.All images are free images from the internet.The brands have been hidden to avoid any attribution of responsibility or advertising to the manufacturer.All equipment shown has safety features and meets strict safety standards.

Laboratories 2023, 1 ,
FOR PEERREVIEW  18    Lab stenter Lab oven Equipment: Chemical mixer.$$$$Function:Used for the preparation and homogenization of the screen-printing paste.$$$$Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.Direct contact with chemicals on the skin and eyes.It releases toxic gases.$$$$Risks:Cutting and amputation of limbs that come into contact with the moving rod propeller.Contamination and skin irritation due to product splashes during shaking.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin due to possible leaks from the tank.Ergonomic problems due to the lack of suitable tools for moving large quantities of screen-printing paste.$$$$PPE:Waterproof apron, protective glasses, and gloves.Equipment: Transfer stamping heating plate.$$$$Function:Used to apply prints to t-shirts and other manufactured items.It consists of a base and a heated plate between which the substrate is pressed together with art printed on special paper.Due to the high contact temperature between the heated plate and the substrate, the art is transferred to the fabric.The plate can be heated to approximately 200 °C.$$$$Hazards:Burns and hand pressing.$$$$Risks:Burning fingers and hands due to direct contact with the heated plate.Accidental pressing of hands and fingers.$$$$PPE:Thermal glove.Equipment: Viscometer.$$$$Function:Used to measure and adjust the viscosity of screen-printing paste.Without this analysis, unwanted quality defects may occur, such as loss of design definition, smudging, change in drying time, color migration, staining, and low solidity of the print, among others.$$$$Hazards:No data available.$$$$Risks:No data available.$$$$PPE:Gloves.All images are free images from the internet.The brands have been hidden to avoid any attribution of responsibility or advertising to the manufacturer.All equipment shown has safety features and meets strict safety standards.

Equipment:
Lab dryer machine (steam or gas)$$$$Function: Used to dry clothing items after the laundry and finishing processes.The machine can reach temperatures of up to 150 °C.$$$$Hazards: Burns and bruises.$$$$Risks:Directly touching the heated internal parts of the Equipment: Hydro extractor machine (Lab centrifuge).Function: Used to remove excess water from clothes after washing and rinsing.The centrifuge system promotes the homogenization of moisture in the clothes.Hazards: Amputation of limbs (hands and arms), injuries.Risks: Improper use of the machine and insertion of hands and arms inside the working machine can cause amputations and even death.Working with the equipment covered is dangerous and dramatically increases the chances of serious accidents.PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.

Laboratories 2023, 1 ,
FOR PEERREVIEW  33    machine can cause burns.Inserting hands and arms into a moving machine can cause severe injuries and injuries.$$$$PPE:Protective gloves.Equipment: Grinding machine.$$$$Function:Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this machine.$$$$Hazards: Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers, scrapes, amputation of limbs.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.$$$$PPE:Steel gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Portable grinding machine (Politriz).$$$$Function:Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this device.$$$$Hazards:Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers and scrapes.Breakage of the sanding disc.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.Disc fragments can injure eyes without protec-Equipment: Lab dryer machine (steam or gas) Function: Used to dry clothing items after the laundry and finishing processes.The machine can reach temperatures of up to 150 • C. Hazards: Burns and bruises.Risks: Directly touching the heated internal parts of the machine can cause burns.Inserting hands and arms into a moving machine can cause severe injuries and injuries.PPE: Protective gloves.Laboratories 2023, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 33 machine can cause burns.Inserting hands and arms into a moving machine can cause severe injuries and injuries.$$$$PPE:Protective gloves.Equipment: Grinding machine.$$$$Function:Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this machine.$$$$Hazards: Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers, scrapes, amputation of limbs.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.$$$$PPE:Steel gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Portable grinding machine (Politriz).$$$$Function:Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this device.$$$$Hazards:Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers and scrapes.Breakage of the sanding disc.$$$$Risks:Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.Disc fragments can injure eyes without protective glasses.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.

Equipment:
Grinding machine.Function: Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this machine.Hazards: Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers, scrapes, amputation of limbs.Risks: Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.PPE: Steel gloves and protective glasses.

Equipment:
Micro grinder.$$$$Function:Used to carry out localized small wear on clothing items, especially on jeans.$$$$Hazards:Injuries to hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Due to inattention, passing the grinding tip onto the skin causes scrapes and injuries.Breaking the sanding stones during use can injure eyes without protective glasses.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Spray gun and dummy.$$$$Function:Used to spray chemicals (e.g., potassium permanganate) on clothing items to give localized fading coloring effects.$$$$Hazards:Poisoning with chemical vapors.Inhalation of particles and droplets of strong oxidizing products.Chemical burn.$$$$Risks:Eye irritation and burns due to accidental spraying Equipment: Portable grinding machine (Politriz).Function: Used to make physical wear on clothes, especially jeans.Generally, some intentional tear marks, especially pockets and hems of jeans, can be made with this device.Hazards: Cuts, injuries to hands and fingers and scrapes.Breakage of the sanding disc.Risks: Carelessness can cause cuts, scrapes, and other injuries to operators who are sanding clothing items in a localized manner.Lack of appropriate gloves and lack of attention can result in serious injuries.Disc fragments can injure eyes without protective glasses.PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.

Equipment:
Micro grinder.$$$$Function:Used to carry out localized small wear on clothing items, especially on jeans.$$$$Hazards:Injuries to hands and fingers.$$$$Risks:Due to inattention, passing the grinding tip onto the skin causes scrapes and injuries.Breaking the sanding stones during use can injure eyes without protective glasses.$$$$PPE:Gloves and protective glasses.Equipment: Spray gun and dummy.$$$$Function:Used to spray chemicals (e.g., potassium permanganate) on clothing items to give localized fading or coloring effects.$$$$Hazards:Poisoning with chemical vapors.Inhalation of particles and droplets of strong oxidizing products.Chemical burn.$$$$Risks:Eye irritation and burns due to accidental spraying Equipment: Micro grinder.Function: Used to carry out localized small wear on clothing items, especially on jeans.Hazards: Injuries to hands and fingers.Risks: Due to inattention, passing the grinding tip onto the skin causes scrapes and injuries.Breaking the sanding stones during use can injure eyes without protective glasses.PPE: Gloves and protective glasses.

Laboratories 2023, 1 ,
FOR PEERREVIEW  34    near the face.Respiratory tract disorders due to prolonged contact with inhalation of chemical vapors.Chemical poisoning.$$$$PPE: Mask with filter, gloves, protective glasses, and waterproof apron.

Equipment:
Spray gun and dummy.Function: Used to spray chemicals (e.g., potassium permanganate) on clothing items to give localized fading or coloring effects.Hazards: Poisoning with chemical vapors.Inhalation of particles and droplets of strong oxidizing products.Chemical burn.Risks: Eye irritation and burns due to accidental spraying near the face.Respiratory tract disorders due to prolonged contact with inhalation of chemical vapors.Chemical poisoning.PPE: Mask with filter, gloves, protective glasses, and waterproof apron.

Table 1 .
Chemical inputs most used in the pre-treatment processes of textile substrates, their risks, hazards, and prevention measures.
Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite.The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.Inhalation of this gas may cause asthma-like reactions.Exposure could cause asphyxiation due to swelling in the throat.
[15,17,18]igible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.When ingested or inhaled it causes cough, sore throat, abdominal pain, and vomiting.[15,17,18]Usepersonal protective equipment (PPE), e.g., protective glasses, gloves, respiratory mask, protective clothing, or lab coat.Always transport the container closed.Close containers immediately after use.Do not make direct contact with the chemical product.Follow laboratory safety and emergency protocols.

Table 2 .
Laboratory equipment for dyeing and finishing textile substrates used for quality testing and development of production recipes: functions, hazards, risks, and PPE.
Burning your hands on the hot beakers.Direct contact of chemicals with the skin in case of leaks if the lid is not well sealed.Explosion of poorly sealed beakers if the internal pressure and temperature are too high.Contact with chemical splashes when opening very hot beakers.

Table 2 .
Laboratory equipment for dyeing and finishing textile substrates used for quality testing and development of production recipes: functions, hazards, risks, and PPE.

Table 3 .
Laboratory printing equipment used for product development and production recipes: functions, hazards, risks, and PPE.

Table 4 .
Chemical inputs most used in textile substrate printing processes, their risks, hazards, and prevention measures.Chemical Substance CAS-Number Hazards Risks Prevention Measures References Equipment: Transfer stamping heating plate.Function: Used to apply prints to t-shirts and other manufactured items.It consists of a base and a heated plate between which the substrate is pressed together with art printed on special paper.Due to the high contact temperature between the heated plate and the substrate, the art is transferred to the fabric.The plate can be heated to approximately 200 • C. Hazards: Burns and hand pressing.Risks: Burning fingers and hands due to direct contact with the heated plate.Accidental pressing of hands and fingers.PPE: Thermal glove.

Table 4 .
Chemical inputs most used in textile substrate printing processes, their risks, hazards, and prevention measures.

Table 4 .
Chemical inputs most used in textile substrate printing processes, their risks, hazards, and prevention measures.

Table 5 .
Chemical inputs most used in laundry finishing, their risks, hazards, and prevention measures.