Relationship between NDVI of Patches and Cover Area of Grasses, Shrubs and Bare Soil Components of a Semi-Arid Steppe from North-West Patagonia, Argentina

: Distinguishing the contributions of different vegetation cover such as shrubs and grasses components into the primary production in arid and semi-arid rangelands is a key step to understanding changes at a landscape scale. The aim was to assess the contribution of shrubs, grasses and bare soil components into a total biophysical variable at a patch level, and the relationship between that biophysical variable and remote sensing vegetation index, in a grass–shrub steppe from North-West Patagonia, Argentina. We conducted a ﬁeld survey in the period 2015–2017 to analyzing the relationship between monthly values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of two grasses, two shrub species and bare soil, weighted by their cover area at a patch level, and the concomitant patch NDVI records, respectively. The contribution of the patch components to the total NDVI value at a patch level was additive. The relationship between the weighted NDVI of patch components and the concomitant NDVI value at a patch level along time was linear for perennial grasses and deciduous shrub–grass patches, but linearity was not signiﬁcant for most perennial shrub–grass patches. Differences among patch compositions and their surface reﬂectance suggest the need to move forward in a more precise distinction of the ﬂoristic composition of patches, to better understanding their contribution to NDVI temporal dynamics at a landscape scale.


Introduction
Arid and semi-arid rangelands are highly variable in space and time. In particular, the relationship between structural and functional attributes of arid and semi-arid steppes is one of the core study focus in landscape ecology [1]. Remote sensing information such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is widely used as a proxy for vegetation primary productivity [2,3], and as an integrative indicator of ecosystem structure and functioning [4].
A family of vegetation phenology classifications addressing NDVI metrics, has gained increased research attention to characterizing temporal oscillations and shifts of vegetation productivity [5]. For instance, identifying a sudden increase or an abrupt surpass of a threshold value, the date and magnitude of maximum and minimum values, changes in the length of the growing season, long-term shifts or trends, a variety of time-frequencies measures and different kind of noise, e.g., [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Whereas NDVI time series give opportunities to characterize temporal dynamics of different ecosystems at coarse scales, identifying the contribution of different vegetation species or patches at finer scales is still a challenge.
At a landscape level, an approach oriented at separating NDVI time series into different temporal oscillations was proposed, aiming at distinguishing the contributions from different vegetation cover such as woody and herbaceous components [13,14]. In particular, it is proposed that woody vegetation has a weak annual phenological wave, which is mostly driven by inter-annual climatic variability. On the other hand, herbaceous vegetation has a strong annual phenological wave with contrasting seasons, also with year-to-year variation in amplitude [14,15]. This approach is based on two main premises: (i) the contribution of woody and herbaceous components to the total biophysical variable is additive, and (ii) the calibration relationship between the biophysical variable and the remotely sensed variable is linear [13,16]. Whereas these premises were tested in some arid environments, e.g., [14], they were not assessed neither in the Patagonian steppes nor at the patch and species level.
The aim of this study was to assess the additive and linearity assumptions between components and the concomitant patch level measurements in a grass-shrub steppe from North Patagonia, Argentina. In particular, we conducted a field survey between 2015 and 2017 aimed at analyzing the relationship between monthly NDVI values of two grasses, two shrub species and bare soil, weighted by their area cover at a patch level, and the patch NDVI records, respectively. We selected four predominant patches, which represented the most frequent situations in the studied steppe, and defined different combinations among the vegetation and bare soil components.

Study Area
The study area was a typical semiarid grass-shrub steppe in North Patagonia, Argentina, representative of the Patagonian Western District [17] in Río Negro province (41 • 02 19 S, 70 • 31 20 W) ( Figure 1). Aerial vegetation cover was 45%, where 34% were grasses and 11% were shrubs. Above ground net primary productivity of this steppe is 300 kg dry matter per hectare per year. Climate is semiarid, with a mean annual temperature of 7.7 • C and a mean annual precipitation of 258.4 mm, 70% of which occurs in winter between May to September. Winters are wet and cold and summers are temperate and dry [18]. Climate variables during studied period were close to the historic average.

Experimental Design
Four type of patches were identified as the main representatives of the studied steppe [19]. Different structure and species composition were defined in the field: (i) Grasses, Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud. and Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. and Rupr.) Romasch. and bare soil,

Experimental Design
Four type of patches were identified as the main representatives of the studied steppe [19]. Different structure and species composition were defined in the field: (i) Grasses, Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud. and Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. and Rupr.) Romasch. and bare soil, (ii) Deciduous shrub, Azorella prolifera (Cav.) G.M. Plunkett and A.N. Nicolas, grass Poa ligularis and bare soil, (iii) Perennial shrub Senecio filaginoides DC. var. filaginoides, grass Poa ligularis and bare soil, and (iv) Deciduous Shrub Azorella prolifera and bare soil. Patches size was 0.5 square meter. Aerial cover of each patch component was estimated with a supervised classification of RGB photographs, respectively (Table 1, Figure 2). Three replicates of each type of patch and individual components were permanently marked in the field. All the species evaluated are representative of the study site, and account for almost the 75% of total vegetation cover.

Experimental Design
Four type of patches were identified as the main representatives of the studied steppe [19]. Different structure and species composition were defined in the field: (i) Grasses, Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud. and Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. and Rupr.) Romasch. and bare soil, (ii) Deciduous shrub, Azorella prolifera (Cav.) G.M. Plunkett and A.N. Nicolas, grass Poa ligularis and bare soil, (iii) Perennial shrub Senecio filaginoides DC. var. filaginoides, grass Poa ligularis and bare soil, and (iv) Deciduous Shrub Azorella prolifera and bare soil. Patches size was 0.5 square meter. Aerial cover of each patch component was estimated with a supervised classification of RGB photographs, respectively (Table 1, Figure 2). Three replicates of each type of patch and individual components were permanently marked in the field. All the species evaluated are representative of the study site, and account for almost the 75% of total vegetation cover.

Surface Reflectance Measurements
Surface reflectance of patches and patches components (vegetation species and bare soil) were measured with a spectrometer (Ocean Optics, JAZ) connected to an optic fiber of 100 µm, which recorded reflectance from the range of visible (400 nm) to near infrared (850) spectrum, with a vision angle of 25.4 • . Measurements were made at a perpendicular position between the optical fiber and soil or vegetation surfaces. Patches were measured at a 1.75 m height to reach a measurement area of 0.5 square meter, whereas for individual components, sensor height was 0.5 m, to reach a measurement area of 0.04 square meter. A Red-Green-Blue (RGB) photograph of patches were also obtained to perform a supervised classification of the components (Figure 2), respectively. This classification was used to calculate the proportions of area occupied by each component (Table 1). Hence, NDVI was estimated at a patch level from the weighted contribution of each component as a function of their area cover, respectively. Measurements of surface reflectance were conducted every 40 days between October 2015 and March 2017 and were done under cloudless conditions at midday, to minimize effects derived from changes in solar angle. However, some observations were omitted from the analysis due to highly anomalous data (for example, data with more than 50% of difference from the earlier or later dates), most likely caused by sensor calibration problems during the measurement. From the original spectral data, we calculated NDVI for each date (Equation (1)), and we compiled them into a temporal series for each component, respectively.
where ρNIR and ρR are the surface reflectances centered at 800 nm (near-infrared) and 650 nm (visible) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, respectively.

Results
A positive linear relationship was recorded between patch NDVI as a function of individual NDVI values weighted by area cover of vegetation and bare soil components, and the NDVI at the patch level, for the whole set of measurements ( Figure 3A). This linear relationship was significantly recorded in all grass and deciduous shrub-grass patches, whereas two thirds of perennial shrub-grass patches assessed recorded a non-significant linear relationship (Figure 4). Patches composed by deciduous or perennial shrubs recorded more variability than perennial grass patches ( Figure 3B).

Results
A positive linear relationship was recorded between patch NDVI as a function of individual NDVI values weighted by area cover of vegetation and bare soil components, and the NDVI at the patch level, for the whole set of measurements ( Figure 3A). This linear relationship was significantly recorded in all grass and deciduous shrub-grass patches, whereas two thirds of perennial shrub-grass patches assessed recorded a non-significant linear relationship (Figure 4). Patches composed by deciduous or perennial shrubs recorded more variability than perennial grass patches ( Figure 3B).

Discussion
The assumptions of the additive contribution of shrubs, grasses and bare soil components and the total biophysical variable at a patch level, as well as the linear relationship between a biophysical variable and a remote sensing vegetation index [13], were assessed in a grass-shrub steppe from North-West Patagonia, Argentina. First, the contribution of the patch components (i.e., different vegetation types and bare soil) to the total NDVI value at a patch level was additive. Second, the relationship between the weighted NDVI values as a function of the cover area of each component and the concomitant NDVI value at a patch level along time was linear for grass and deciduous shrub-grass patches, which constitute the most frequent patches of the study area. However, linearity was not significant for most perennial shrub-grass patches, which are less frequent in the studied steppe.
On the one hand, these results confirm the strong relationship between structural features, as measured by vegetation cover and the functional property of vegetation photosynthetic activity, by means of NDVI [20]. Studies of temporal oscillations of NDVI series aimed at distinguishing the contributions from different vegetation cover suggest a weak annual phenological wave of woody vegetation and a strong annual dynamics of herbaceous vegetation [13][14][15]. Whereas our results cannot be interpreted from a temporal dimension due to the short studied period (1.5 years), there was a tendency towards higher and more variable NDVI records in patches with shrubs, suggesting higher temporal contrasts than perennial grass patches ( Figure 3B). In particular, results suggest that patches dominated by deciduous or perennial shrubs may have different surface reflectance among each other, which need more research.
There is a growing consensus that an accurate monitoring of shrub encroachment needs to link field observations, repeated ground-level photography and remote sensing perspectives [21]. Recent studies suggest that satellite-derived NDVI data might miss critical responses of vegetation growth to global climate change, potentially due to longterm shifts in plant community composition [22]. Herbaceous vegetation was recorded to be the most responsive to moderate grazing disturbances with respect to changes in phenology and productivity metrics [23]. However, our results shows that differences among patch compositions and their surface reflectance along time emphasize the need for a more accurate distinction of the floristic composition of patches to better understanding their relative contribution to NDVI temporal dynamics at a landscape scale. On the other hand, bare soil is a key component with influence on surface reflectance, which may have bidirectional reflectance [24] or vary due to changes in soil moisture [25]. Whereas results suggest a linear influence of bare soil in most patches, further research is needed in the influence of changes in the surface of soil composition at a field level, such as in the case of ash deposits occurred in Patagonia [26].
Future studies should focus on the relationship between NDVI temporal dynamics and vegetation composition at different nested hierarchical levels (e.g., species, patch, landscape unit). For instance, sub-pixel decomposition based on cover area classifications using hyperspectral reflectance [27] or multispectral images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) can be used in combination with satellite NDVI temporal series [28,29]. These applications aimed at moving forward in the integration of patches diversity at a landscape scale in arid and semi-arid grasslands.