Variations in the Composition of “Algarrobas” ( Prosopis sp.) Flours from Paraguayan Chaco †

: Prosopis alba and Prosopis chilensis , popularly called carob trees in the South American Chaco, are arboreal species. Carob fruits are an ancestral food for human consumption, mainly in the form of ﬂour. In recent years, the study of carob trees in Paraguay has been based on the development of silvo-pastoral systems for livestock or as animal feed; very little is known about the compositional characteristics of the different varieties of carob that are part of the food systems, and that are used for the production of ﬂours. Samples of ﬂour from three autochthonous varieties of carob trees from the Central Chaco are evaluated for human consumption as a potential food ingredient in processed foods. They are evaluated for nutritional contribution, antioxidant potential and the preliminary evaluation of safety at the microbiological level. Ofﬁcial AOAC methods were used. The carob ﬂour samples presented low humidity (less than 6%) and water activity (less than 0.45). The ﬂours of the three species analyzed presented signiﬁcant differences in their content of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary ﬁber and, consequently, in their caloric value, with a high content of polyphenols and antioxidant potential detected by ABTS. Presence of mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms and yeasts in the samples was observed. These results demonstrate the great food potential of carob ﬂour from the Paraguayan Chaco, and indicate the need to address the food safety aspects of this type of wild-harvested food, to enhance their added value as ingredients for foodstuffs in the diet of regional populations.


Introduction
It has been reported that Prosopis pods can constitute food sources from indigenous systems, such as "patay, arrope, chicha, aloja" in South America in the Gran Chaco region, where the species of Prosopis are native [1]. The genus Prosopis belongs to the Leguminosaseae family; its pods are used to obtain a harina, used in an ancestral way by native peoples, which has been shown to have a high nutritional value. The species of Prosopis are known by the name of "algarrobos" in the South American Chaco and are used as food, fodder, fertilizer, wood and raw material for the development of various economic activities. Very little is known about the nutritional characteristics of the different varieties that form part of the food systems and are used for the creation of Prosopis sp. flour in Paraguay. In the last decades, the importance of these ancestral foods in food security and the sustainability of ecosystems has been recognized [2]. Vulnerable conditions in rural populations, such as food insecurity and malnutrition, motivate the realization of development projects that are sustainable, and that implement alternative raw materials as a food base. In this context, the research of some South American countries have recently included foods such as "algarrobo" flours, which can vary in nutritional composition depending on the species of Prosopis, the form of obtaining it and the storage conditions [3]. The aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics, the antioxidant potential and the presence of microorganisms in Prosopis sp. flour samples from an autochthonous species of "algarrobos" from the Central Chaco as a potential food ingredient in processed foods.

Sampling
Prosopis pods were manually collected from wild trees at Filadelfia, Boquerón, Chaco, Paraguay. They were recognized and stored by a local company and processed to obtain the flours. The three flour samples were made from Prosopis alba (white), Prosopis chilensis (yellow) and Prosopis chilensis (brown) pods ( Figure 1) without seeds in successive stages of washing, drying, milling, sieving and potting. The Prosopis flour samples were packaged independently, and stored in dark multi-laminated aluminum bags until they arrived at the laboratory.
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 17, x 2 of 5 countries have recently included foods such as "algarrobo" flours, which can vary in nutritional composition depending on the species of Prosopis, the form of obtaining it and the storage conditions [3]. The aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics, the antioxidant potential and the presence of microorganisms in Prosopis sp. flour samples from an autochthonous species of "algarrobos" from the Central Chaco as a potential food ingredient in processed foods.

Sampling
Prosopis pods were manually collected from wild trees at Filadelfia, Boquerón, Chaco, Paraguay. They were recognized and stored by a local company and processed to obtain the flours. The three flour samples were made from Prosopis alba (white), Prosopis chilensis (yellow) and Prosopis chilensis (brown) pods ( Figure 1) without seeds in successive stages of washing, drying, milling, sieving and potting. The Prosopis flour samples were packaged independently, and stored in dark multi-laminated aluminum bags until they arrived at the laboratory.

Statistical Analysis
The data was recorded and processed in a form of the GraphPad Prism 8.2 program (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). To determine significant differences, ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test was carried out and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Statistical Analysis
The data was recorded and processed in a form of the GraphPad Prism 8.2 program (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). To determine significant differences, ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test was carried out and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidants
Prosopis flour samples presented low moisture (less than 6%) and water activity (less than 0.45). The water activities of samples were: Prosopis alba (white) 0.393 ± 003; Prosopis chilensis (brown) 0.433 ± 006; and Prosopis chilensis (yellow) 0.378 ± 0.09. The samples analyzed presented a high content of carbohydrates (48.33-58.13 g/100 g) and total dietary fiber (25.67-32.15 g/100 g) in their composition, with significant differences (ANOVA, Tuckey post test p ≤ 0.05) in their content of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber and, consequently, in their caloric value (Table 1). Galera et al. [6] reported higher carbohydrate contents (72.47 g/100 g for Prosopis chilensis and 66.69 g/100 g for Prosopis alba) in the same species collected in Argentina, while studies carried out in Paraguay [7], Brazil and Bolivia [8] reported similar values of carbohydrates to those observed in this work for samples of same species of Prosopis flours (40.3-40.6 g/100 g Prosopis alba, 43.8-44.5 g/100 g Prosopis chilensis). Sucrose constituted the main sugar for flours obtained from Prosopis alba and Prosopis nigra [1]. The total lipid content in samples was low, which coincides with other regional studies [7,8] where the lipid content does not exceed 1.7%. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent assays. Values in the same row with the same superscript letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) as measured by ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test, p ≤ 0.05. Around 2.9% and 1.4% of soluble proteins were reported, for P. alba [1]. The caloric value ranged from 240 to 295 kcal/100 g with significant differences between the means (ANOVA, Tuckey post test, p < 0.05). The Prosopis alba flour had the lowest caloric value.
The TPC content on Prosopis flours samples were 610 ± 31 mg GAE/100 g in P. alba (white), 835 ± 82 mg GAE/100 g in Prosopis chilensis (brown) and 746 ± 18 mg GAE/100 g in Prosopis chilensis (yellow). The samples presented a good antioxidant potential: P. alba (white) 21.8 ± 4.07 mM TEAC/g, P. chilensis (yellow) 21.6 ± 0.68 mM TEAC/g and P. chilensis (brown) 23.1 ± 1.99 mM TEAC/g. It has been reported that the antioxidant potential of the Prosopis pods is greater in the dark pods such as P. nigra than in the cases of light-colored pods such as P. alba [1], which coincides with our findings.

Microbiological Analysis
Regarding the microbiological analysis of the samples, the results show the absence of fecal coliforms and fungi (Table 2). At the local level, there are no regulations on quality criteria for raw materials or Prosopis flour. However, the quantified levels of yeasts and Mesophilic Aerobes indicate the need to address the safety aspects of this type of wild food in future studies, to improve their added value as food ingredients in the diet of regional populations. These results demonstrate the nutritional potential of the analyzed samples, and suggest evaluating safety criteria in current production, to enhance their added value as food ingredients in the diet of regional populations.

Conclusions
The flours obtained from Prosopis pods of different species from the same region can vary in composition of macro and micro components, which can affect the nutritional quality. Therefore, different species of Prosopis can present hybrids with different composition. Going forward, with good manufacturing practices, Prosopis flours could help to prevent pathologies associated with oxidative stress because they are a non-conventional source of antioxidant compounds. Funding: This work was supported by grant "Project For Our Great Sustainable Chaco: Active participation in territorial management models for environmental conservation integrated with sustainable production", executed by COOPI-Cooperazione Internazionale in consortium with CERDET and FCQ-UNA, and the European Union "Conservation, sustainable use and good governance of biodiversity in four vulnerable biomes in central South America" (EuropeAid/154653/DD/ ACT/Multi).

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.