Effective Handling of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences and Lessons from the Perspective of South Korea

: The ongoing pandemic (i.e., novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)) is a major crisis that humanity is facing across the globe. In response to COVID-19, every country has designed and enforced various mechanisms to control its spread, and save their citizens from this deadly disease. Besides the general containment strategies, the use of technology and person-speciﬁc data collection and processing also vary from country to country. In this brief case report, we describe the measures that South Korea (SK) has adopted in order to curb the spread of COVID-19, and the success of SK in keeping the cases at a manageable level since the start of this pandemic until present via extensive use of technology. Speciﬁcally, we describe the data collected to control this pandemic, technical framework in place to ensure co-ordination with different authorities, containment strategies, and major breakthrough SK achieved when sporadic clusters emerged throughout the nation. With this brief overview, we aim to update the research community about the unprecedented efforts SK made, utilizing previous pandemic experiences, and the successful results they have obtained so far amid this pandemic, leveraging technology.


Introduction
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an unanticipated and unprecedented crisis for the whole world. It has forced the closure of educational institutes, entertainment facilities, and international/domestic events across the globe [1]. The future of many events to be held in 2021, including the Olympics to be held in Japan in July and the cricket world cup to be held in India in October, seem uncertain. The aviation industry is also reeling, and many aviation operators have turned their focus from air travel to other sectors, including coffee shops and bars, etc. Although the situation is improving in many countries across the globe, returning to normal will likely take more time. In the presence of a vaccine, there is a hope of returning to normalcy soon, but delivering the vaccine fairly to every individual across the globe is one of the major challenges [2]. In addition, motivating people to take the vaccine is proving to be challenging in many territories and regions. Therefore, substantial efforts are needed to achieve this common goal to eradicate this pandemic as soon as possible.
In response to COVID-19, every nation adopted different containment strategies, from strict border closures to bans on gatherings of three or more people. Similarly, the use of technical measures varies from country to country. In this work, we intend to solely share the experiences from South Korea (SK); therefore, we discuss the technical mechanisms employed in SK, solely, along with other parameters. To date, the number of cases and tests performed in SK are listed in Figure 1. From the analysis, it can be seen that SK has managed this pandemic well and kept the cases at a manageable level through different containment strategies. Apart from the awareness programs, the use of technology was higher to fight the pandemic. In addition, many latest applications were developed to effectively control this pandemic and alert people to stay away from contaminated places [3]. Furthermore, they designed mechanisms to collect data from each organization to fight with this pandemic through the shared responsibility concept. The detailed overview about the timeline of epidemic development and public health actions in SK are summarized in Table 1. The SK government faced resistance from their citizens due to fine-grained data collection and corresponding privacy issues during the pandemic [4]. However, the adoption was lower for those mechanisms that solely collect detailed data constantly [5]. Despite many challenges, SK is the only country in the world that did not enforce a lock down. They sustained the economy, and almost all sectors are working normally by following the government's guidelines. By digital means, they can quickly trace the infected people without disturbing the economy or citizens. In addition, the apps and systems in place are multidisciplinary, meaning law and enforcement agencies and other concerned departments are working collectively to control this pandemic. Above all, the public compliance with the guidelines designed by the SK Government is higher. Although some studies have described the experiences of SK to some extent, they failed to cover the experiences from broader perspectives. In this concise study, we describe the experiences of SK and the major breakthrough they attained during this pandemic using technical measures.

Effective Handling of COVID-19 Pandemic by South Korea
In this section, we concisely describe the main motivations behind the effective handling of the COVID-19 pandemic by SK. In this regard, we describe the data that the SK government collected and processed during this pandemic to fight the pandemic.

Data Collected by SK about Their Citizens in Order to Fight COVID-19
Data are a key element to fight any pandemic, a lesson learned from different countries, including SK [6]. The variety and volume of data can assist in identifying hidden routes of transmission, people at a higher risk, and vulnerable links. To this end, we describe the variety and volume of data that SK used, compared to other countries, in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, SK used diverse types of data to handle this pandemic. In addition, the amount of data was also significantly higher, compared to all other countries across the globe. Furthermore, strict quarantine monitoring and the inflow of people's data were rigorously maintained and shared with the concerned authorities. Despite people's concerns, the SK government convinced citizens that the collected data will only be used for the intended purposes. Through collective efforts, a huge amount of data was collected that paved the way to curb the spread of COVID-19 effectively. At the beginning of the pandemic (e.g., January and February 2020), the SK government mainly collected data about people who had traveled/came from China (i.e., travel histories). Later, the government decided to use credit card and CCTV data in order to find potentially infected individuals. In the meantime, various apps for quarantine monitoring and movement tracking of travelers were also developed in March 2020. Upon the emergence of sporadic clusters at one church, the SK government started using multiple data (e.g., location data, purchased items, credit card use history, travel data, and CCTV footage) from April onward. Later in August 2020, another sporadic cluster emerged, and the SK government started using cellular network data in order to find exposed people. Currently, all forms of data listed in Figure 2 are being used to control the spread of this pandemic. Furthermore, sophisticated frameworks have also been developed to monitor the status of the pandemic and the vaccine roll out. In addition, more developments are expected in the near future, regarding COVID-19 control, mitigation, and economic recovery.

Development of an Integrated Epidemic Investigation Support System (EISS)
Apart from variety of data collection, SK proposed and developed an integrated platform, named Epidemic Investigation Support System (EISS) after the 3rd month of the pandemic. EISS was developed through joint co-operation of many municipal governments. It was, indeed, a main step toward effectively curbing the spread of COVID-19. The architecture of the EISS, taken from study [5], is shown in Figure 3. The main uniqueness of the EISS is that the data collection and distributions with different authorities occurred in real time about the confirmed cases. Through EISS, not only was the spread restricted, but also the disease was contained across all regions of the country. In this system, some efforts were devoted to address the privacy issues. For example, a random ID was used rather than a precise cell number. By combining heterogeneous sources of data and the involvement of multiple authorities in the EISS, the pandemic was controlled in SK effectively. Due to its government's investments and higher role in the development of an EISS, its full-scale use was permissible despite privacy concerns. Additionally, people were informed as soon as there was a chance of infection. This multi-functional system played a vital role to address the COVID-19 implications effectively. In addition, this system was developed by keeping in mind the experiences of previous pandemics; that is why it has played a vital role in containing the ongoing pandemic.

Innovative Mobile Applications
Although many applications have been developed since the start of this pandemic, we describe three main applications that have revolutionized the epidemic handling in SK. We describe three main apps developed by the SK researchers and ministries.

PreSPI
Prevention System for Pandemic Disease Infection (PreSPI) is a unique application developed by the researchers of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) [7]. This app tracks the movement of COVID-19 patients, and alerts people to avoid taking similar routes taken by infected people. It provides a personalized score of the infection if someone has taken the same route. The concept of the app closely resembles the black-box of an airplane. This application was privacy preserved and an effective way to control the disease. The overview of the PreSPI is shown in Figure 4. The PreSPI has an ability to keep people away from infected places. In addition, this app is low cost, and can be downloaded from the app store. According to the developers of this app, SK's health authorities usually rely on credit card use records, public surveillance cameras, and other related data to track potentially infected individuals. This is time-consuming and has fueled privacy concerns. Meanwhile, this app addresses all these concerns, as this app was developed with privacy in mind.

Corona Self-Check Application Developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare
The corona self-check application was a first step toward containment of this disease through technical means [8]. This app was developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MoHW), South Korea. Through this app, self checking can be performed conveniently. The overview of the app is depicted in Figure 5.
The installation of this app was mandatory for all visitors, and it has played a vital role in constantly monitoring the health of visitors. Furthermore, it has proven effective to control the hidden transmission of COVID-19 and to save the residents of SK from contracting the disease.

Self-Quarantine Monitoring App Developed by the Ministry of Interior and Safety
The third app for self-quarantine monitoring was developed by the Ministry of Interior and Safety (MoIS) [8]. This app was designed to track people during quarantine and control quarantine breaches. The sole purpose to develop this app was to help local governments closely monitor a large group of potential patients with reduced labor and cost. The overview of the app is shown in Figure 6. Apart from three recognized apps, the self-driving robot equipped with AI, developed by SK Telecom, was another major technical innovation to curb the spread of COVID-19 [9]. It has the ability to identify the violations of social distance measures, and it can alert people who are without masks. Furthermore, it can check the temperature of multiple people quickly. The joint efforts of the SK Telecom and Omron Electronics are one of the greatest examples of serving mankind during unprecedented times. The unique capabilities of the self-driving robot are described below. The overview and functioning of the self-driving robot equipped with AI and 5G technologies are given in Figure 7. Apart from these efficient apps and systems, a substantial number of digital solutions were developed across the SK. For example, the whole food supply chain was transformed from traditional to digital means. In addition, specific software were also developed to alert people to maintain distances in crowded spaces.

Discussion and Lesson Learned
In this section, we describe two sporadic clusters for which it was difficult to trace all people and how SK resolved those challenges. In addition, we discuss the major breakthrough that SK achieved in terms of people compliance, symptoms order, and other measures.

Two Sporadic Clusters That Were Difficult to Trace and SK Role in Containing Spread
The two most difficult sporadic clusters that emerged in the SK were the sporadic cluster at the Shincheonji church located in Daegu, SK, and the sporadic cluster at a gay club in the night life district of Seoul, SK [10]. Due to the nature of the participants, these two clusters put sufficient strain on the healthcare authorities. Thanks to the digital mechanism used by the SK, not only were all contacts identified, but also all members were tested in no time, containing the spread effectively. The overview of both clusters and the corresponding measures taken by the SK government are shown in Figure 8. Although fine-grained access to the people's data (e.g., credit card, phone numbers, and pharmacy visits) in clusters was shunned by many participants, it was inevitable to control the disease spread. In the second cluster shown in Figure 8b, cellular network data played a vital role to trace all people who were present that night.

People Compliance with the Government Measures
In SK, the pandemic was controlled through socio-technical approaches. The people's compliance was a dominant factor to curb the spread of COVID-19 [11]. For example, the mask wearing rate was 100%, and people avoided unnecessary travel. We present the findings of the Gallop Korea and Seoul National University Boramae medical center, gathered through surveying 2000 people, in Figure 9. From the analysis given in Figure 9, it can be concluded that the people's co-operation was a dominant factor in keeping the cases at a manageable level in SK.

SK Role in Identifying Distant Order of the Symptoms
Apart from the digital innovation, SK was the first country who summarized and co-related the experiences of previous pandemics and that of COVID-19. To this end, a major contribution of the SK was the identification of the distant order of symptoms. The identification of the order of the symptoms can play a vital role in treating patients. SK researchers also identified that the order of symptoms varies in the COVID-19 context, which eventually makes it difficult to identify. We present the distant order of the symptoms identified by SK medics in Figure 10. With the help of these innovations, SK played a leading role in the fight against this pandemic.

Why SK Remained in the Spotlight in Order to Contain This Deadly Disease
The whole world suffered from this disease, yet SK managed to contain the spread effectively without significantly damaging its economy. We identified several reasons that made SK exemplary in its response to this pandemic. The main reasons are summarized as follows.

1.
Enormous amount of data collection about people activities.

2.
Robust and integrated platforms that can process heterogeneous sources data.

3.
Transparent information sharing with relevant authorities.

4.
Phase-specific applications development to control spread.

5.
Extensive logging and monitoring of high risk facilities. 6.
Closure of some facilities where social distance is difficult to maintain. 7.
Providing monetary benefits to severely affected people. 8.
Strong check and balance on the people coming from abroad. 9.
Development of on-demand testing and treatment sites. 10. Rigorous and thorough care of elderly citizens. 11. Devising guidelines in close co-operation with the healthcare authorities. 12. Distributing and sharing disease dynamics with neighbor countries. 13. Restricting unnecessary transport during night time.
SK used all possible technical measures to fight this pandemic. However, privacy concerns were high for some measures, which need to be addressed in the near future [12]. For instance, in SK, when a person is infected with COVID-19, his/her personal information is shared to identify the exposed people. Although it is imperative to find potentially exposed people, on the other hand, it may violate the privacy of individuals. Hence, privacy-preserving mechanisms are needed to control these privacy violations. With the joint use of socio-technical approaches, SK is very close to winning the battle against this deadly pandemic. In addition, the vaccine inoculation is also increasing at a rapid speed, which is a vital sign for making SK pandemic-free in the near future. Furthermore, using digital means to mitigate and control other diseases also plays a vital role in this pandemic.

Conclusions and Future Work
In this brief article, we have summarized the experiences and lessons that can be drawn from the effective handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in SK. We have highlighted the main digital mechanisms adopted by SK in order to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and their impact to keep daily cases at a manageable level. We have described the platforms, apps, and huge amount and variety of personal data that was used during this pandemic in the SK. Furthermore, we have described the two challenging clusters that emerged in SK, which were difficult to identity, but for which SK health authorities identified all participants/members effectively through digital means. We have described the role of SK in identifying the order of symptoms in COVID-19 patients and public actions. By following the SK model, future pandemics can be controlled effectively and without strict lock downs. In the future, we intend to explore the role of containment strategies and their adoption by the general public. Furthermore, analysis of digital solutions from privacy perspectives is another promising avenue for future research.