Effect of Complexation with Closo -Decaborate Anion on Photophysical Properties of Copolyﬂuorenes Containing Dicyanophenanthrene Units in the Main Chain

: The functionalization of copolyﬂuorenes containing dicyanophenanthrene units by closo - decaborate anion is described. Target copolyﬂuorenes were analyzed using SEM, UV-vis, luminescence, NMR, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of complexation with the closo -decaborate anion on the photophysical properties was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The PL data indicate an efﬁcient charge transfer from ﬂuorene to the dicyanophenan-threne units coordinated to the closo -decaborate. The coordination of closo -decaborate clusters to the nitrile groups of copolyﬂuorenes provides an important route to new materials for sensors and light-emitting devices while, at the same time, serving as a platform for further study of the nature


Introduction
Copolyfluorenes (CPFs) are very important for the practical advanced applications of optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, as well as biomedicine, due to their luminescence and charge mobility properties.The donor-acceptor architecture of CPFs with π-conjugated units (D-π-A copolymers) has attracted much attention, owing to its charge (CT) and energy transfer (ET) effects [1][2][3][4][5].This strategy has been widely applied to design highefficiency light-emitting polymers.In the donor-acceptor copolymer system, the proper electron-deficient group, in addition to the electron-rich fluorene unit, are critical factors for obtaining excellent copolymer performance.The electron-deficient cyano-substituted aromatic groups are effective and widely used acceptors, as they provide excellent electron injection/transport, high photoluminescence, and thermal stability.Measures such as incorporating an electron transport unit into the main chain were taken to balance the carrier transport to improve the EL performance.The coordination of boron cluster anions to nitriles leads to an increase in the electrophilicity of the carbon atom of the cyano group.As a result, the boron clusters can affect the electron-withdrawing properties of coordinated cyano groups, as well as the luminescence of functionalized copolyfluorenes with cyano-substituted units.CT and ET processes may have an important impact on the performance of optoelectronic devices and, therefore, deserve careful study.The efficiencies of CT and ET depend very sensitively on the donor-acceptor distance, on the energy-level (or band) offsets, and on the local dielectric and electrostatic environment.On the one hand, Förtser-type energy transfer, mediated by relatively long-range (up to several nm) dipole-dipole coupling, is now engineered in a variety of light-harvesting devices and distance sensors [6].Charge transfer, on the other hand, is a much shorter-range process (about 1 nm) that plays a key role in a number of molecular and solid state systems, and is at the origin of the operation of photodetectors and solar cells [7].
Based on the 9,10-dicyanophenanthrene electron-deficient acceptor, together with the frequently used derivative of fluorene as the donor (9,9-dioctylfluorene), a series of copolymers were synthesized and functionalized by the closo-decaborate anion.Closo-decaborate functionalized copolyfluorenes with different contents of 9,10-dicyanophenanthrene units were studied both photophysically and using theoretical calculations.

Materials and Methods
All reagents and starting materials were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification.Solvents were purified by standard methods.
The polycondensation reactions were performed in the CEM Discover LabMate singlemode microwave reactor (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC, USA) at a radiation frequency of 2.45 GHz and a maximum generator power of 300 W. The temperature of synthesis was controlled using an infrared sensor placed under the reaction vessel.The reaction parameters (temperature, power, time, stirring rate) were set manually.
Polymer films were prepared on an Ossila spin coater and dried or heated in a UT-4620 drying chamber.The CPF films were formed by spin coating on the glass from polymers solutions in toluene (200-220 µL).The toluene solution concentration was 10 mg/mL.NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE-400 SB (400 MHz) spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) at room temperature.The UV-visible absorption spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-1900 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).Photoluminescence spectra were measured using an RF-6000 spectrofluorophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).The absorption and emission spectra of the films were measured immediately before heating and then after exposure for 4 h in the drying chamber at 80 • C and a high-ventilation mode.FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IR Affinity-1S spectrometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) using a Quest single-reflection ATR accessory (Specac, Fort Washington, PA, USA), KRS-5 prism, 7800-400 cm −1 range (ISP Optics, Irvington, NY, USA).

Synthesis of CPFs
CPFs containing 0.5, 2.5, and 5% of 9,10-dicyanophenanthrene units (PFCN0.5,PFCN2.5, and PFCN5, respectively) were synthesized via a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction according to a procedure described previously [8].Their structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy.The molecular mass characteristics of the copolyfluorenes are presented in the Supplementary Materials Table S1.

Synthesis of CPFs Derivatives of the Closo-Decaborate Anion
Method A: PFCNx (30 mg for x = 0.5 or 20 mg for x = 2.5 and 5) and (NBu 4 )[B 10 H 11 ] (1.1 eq. to the cyano groups contained in the copolymer; 0.4, 1.1, and 2.2 mg, respectively) were dissolved in 3 mL of anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane and purged with argon for 15 min.The resulting solution was heated in the sealed tube for 6 h at 80 • C with stirring.The solution was dried on a rotary evaporator and the residual pale yellow solid was stored in a drying chamber. 1 H NMR and FT-IR spectral data for the synthesized compounds (PFCN0.5+B,PFCN2.5+B, and PFCN5+B) are given in the Supplementary Materials Table S2, Figure S1.
Method B: PFCN2.5 (7 mg) and (Ph 4 P)[B 10 H 11 ] (5 mg, 10 −2 mmol) were mixed, followed by the addition of 3 mL of dichloromethane.The reaction mixture was purged with argon and stirred in a sealed tube for 4 h at 45 • C. Subsequently, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator.The target product (PFCN2.5+B')was extracted with toluene, concentrated on a rotary evaporator, and dried under a vacuum. 1 H NMR, 11 B{ 1 H} NMR, and FT-IR spectra for PFCN2.5+B' are presented in the Supplementary Materials Figures S2-S4.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The specimens were imaged by SEM using a JEOL JSM 6490 LV instrument.The energy of the primary electrons was 10 keV and the current was varied within the range of 2-40 pA.The focal length of the electron beam was varied in the range of 9 to 14 mm.The accelerating voltages were commonly set to 20 kV.The morphology of the samples was determined in the backscattered electron mode in low-vacuum mode.For elemental microanalysis of the sample surface (EDS), an energy dispersive system, EX-54 175 JMH (JEOL), was used.For this study, samples were placed on conductive tape and secured to the sample holder using it.To ensure electrical conductivity, a layer of gold was sputtered on top.

Calculation Methods
The atomic and electronic structure, electron density distribution, absorption and luminescence spectra, and oscillator strengths for the ionic forms of the phenanthrene molecules, including the solvent, were calculated using density functional theory (DFT).Calculations were performed for 3,6-di(4-methylphenyl)phenanthrene-9,10-dicarbonitrile coordinated to one (PFCN-B1, Figure 1a) or two closo-decaborate anion clusters, B 10 H 9 − (PFCN-B2, Figure 1c,d).The SMD model [9] was used to account for the solvent (chloroform).All calculations were performed with the CAM-B3LYP functional [10].It has been shown previously [8] that CAM-B3LYP better describes the phenanthrene molecule.To choose the most appropriate basis set, a comparative analysis of theoretically calculated spectra and experimental data was performed for each structure (B 10 H 9 − , PFCN-B1, PFCN-B2).The 6-31+(p,d) basis was used for the closo-decaborate anion B 10 H 9 − .The choice of basis was motivated by the fact that the B 10 H 9 − cluster is charged.For the calculation of the ionic forms of PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2, the 6-31+(p,d) basis was chosen, which includes polarization and diffusion functions.Since further excited state geometries were calculated, the choice of the basis is an important step.In general, the SMD/CAM-B3LYP/6-31+(p,d) level of the DFT theory was preferred by the totality of the data.Absorption and luminescence spectra for all phenanthrene molecules (models) were obtained using TD theory [11].The calculations were performed in the program GAMESS [12].
The calculations were performed as follows.
(1) The B 10 H 9 − anion was constructed (Figure 1a).The geometry optimization in the ground and excited states was carried out in a vacuum and taking into account the solvent (chloroform).The spectral properties of the cluster were then calculated.(2) Next, the effect of B 10 H 9 − on the phenanthrene molecule was investigated (Figure 1b).For this purpose, one or two nitrile groups of 3,6-di(4-methylphenyl)phenanthrene-9,10-dicarbonitrile were occupied by boron cluster anions (PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2, Figure 1c,d).Geometry optimization in the ground and excited states was performed.Absorption and luminescence spectra were calculated using the TD/CAM-B3LYP level of theory.The calculations were performed as follows.(1) The B10H9 − anion was constructed (Figure 1a).The geometry optimization in the ground and excited states was carried out in a vacuum and taking into account the solvent (chloroform).The spectral properties of the cluster were then calculated.(2) Next, the effect of B10H9 − on the phenanthrene molecule was investigated (Figure 1b).For this purpose, one or two nitrile groups of 3,6-di(4methylphenyl)phenanthrene-9,10-dicarbonitrile were occupied by boron cluster anions (PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2, Figure 1c,d).Geometry optimization in the ground and excited states was performed.Absorption and luminescence spectra were calculated using the TD/CAM-B3LYP level of theory.
The criterion for separating local transitions from charge transfer and Rydberg transitions is the analysis of the Λ parameter [10].A value of 0.45 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.89 indicates local excitations, which are characterized by a large overlap of molecular orbitals.In contrast, Rydberg transitions are characterized by a value in the range of 0.08 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.27, which is much smaller and indicates minimal spatial overlap between the occupied and virtual orbitals [10].In calculations, it was found that at absorption, the Λ parameter was in the range of 0.14 < Λ < 0.41; thus, both local and charge transfer transitions are possible in these molecules.In addition, other types of diagnostics can be used, such as the Δr parameter, which allows the study of excited states [13].This parameter is a characteristic of the hole-electron distribution, which is an additional criterion for the analysis of the excited state of molecules.Calculated results of the hole-electron distribution for PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2 molecules were performed in the program Multiwfn [14].The criterion for separating local transitions from charge transfer and Rydberg transitions is the analysis of the Λ parameter [10].A value of 0.45 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.89 indicates local excitations, which are characterized by a large overlap of molecular orbitals.In contrast, Rydberg transitions are characterized by a value in the range of 0.08 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.27, which is much smaller and indicates minimal spatial overlap between the occupied and virtual orbitals [10].In calculations, it was found that at absorption, the Λ parameter was in the range of 0.14 < Λ < 0.41; thus, both local and charge transfer transitions are possible in these molecules.In addition, other types of diagnostics can be used, such as the ∆r parameter, which allows the study of excited states [13].This parameter is a characteristic of the hole-electron distribution, which is an additional criterion for the analysis of the excited state of molecules.Calculated results of the hole-electron distribution for PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2 molecules were performed in the program Multiwfn [14].

Synthesis of Closo-Decaborate Nitrilium Derivatives of CPFs with Dicyanophenanthrene Units
Currently, methods for providing derivatives of the general formula [B 10 H 9 NCR] − with simple alkyl and aryl substituents have been reliably developed [15,16].However, polymeric nitrilium derivatives with boron clusters have not yet been obtained.In this work, closo-decaborate nitrilium derivatives of copolyfluorenes with 9,10-dicyanophenanthrene units (PFCNx+B) were synthesized according to the reaction scheme presented in Figure 2. The reaction between the fluorene-based copolymer containing cyano groups and the closo-decaborate salt in its protonated form, (Bu 4 N)[B 10 H 11 ] or (Ph 4 P)[B 10 H 11 ], was conducted under conditions standard for the electrophile-induced nucleophilic substitution (EINS) mechanism [17].An excess of closo-decaborate was used to make sure all the CN-groups in the copolymer were reacted.The reaction was monitored via 11 B, 1 H NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy.The most informative method was IR spectroscopy, which indicated the presence of B-H bonds in the reaction product (2400-2600 cm −1 ), as well as CN-B (2350-2400 cm −1 ) (Supplementary Materials Table S2, Figure S4).These values are consistent with data obtained for the addition products of low-molecular-weight nitriles [18].Due to the low concentration of cyano groups in the copolymer, NMR spectroscopy was less informative.In the 1 H NMR spectra of PFCNx+B, signals of tetrabutylammonium protons in the range from 1.0 to 3.3 ppm can clearly be seen (Supplementary Materials Table S2, Figure S1).In the 1 H NMR spectrum of PFCN2.5+B', the protons of the phenyl groups of the PPh 4 + cation overlap with the aromatic protons of the copolymer in the region of 7.5-8.0ppm.The protons associated with the boron atoms in the cluster appear in a broad range of 0 to 2 ppm and are not distinguishable due to the low concentration of the cluster in the substance and overlapping (Supplementary Materials Figure S2).On the other hand, 11 B NMR provides significant information.Although it seems hard to correlate signals with specific boron atoms, the overall spectrum shape qualitatively indicates the reaction progression.The absence of signals from the apical position of the original anion [B 10 H 11 ] − at 26 ppm and the shift of signals from the backbone boron atoms to a higher field (Supplementary Materials Figure S3) indicate two important things: (1) the absence of the initial closo-decaborate in the system; (2) and the presence of a nitrile derivative of the closo-decaborate anion.The morphology of the as-prepared PFCN2.5+B'sample was analyzed by SEM (Figure 3).According to the SEM data, the material possess a layered structure from laminar fragments with a size of 1-5 microns.Energy dispersive analysis data indicate the presence of phosphorus from the triphenylphosphonium cation (Supplementary Materials Figure S5).The surface has a granular-fibrous morphology, typical for films of many polymers formed by the spin-coating method.

Photophysical Properties of Modified CPFs
The UV-vis absorption spectra of the PFCNx+B polymers were measured in films (Supplementary Materials, Table S3).The most intense band at ca. 385 nm in the spectra corresponds to the π-π* transition in the fluorene fragments [19][20][21][22].The same band is observed in the UV-vis spectra of the PFCNx polymers.In the polymer functionalized with boron clusters (PFCNx+B), the band at ca. 395 nm begins to appear.Also, the shoulder at ca. 430 nm becomes more intense and redshifted compared to the non-functionalized polymer.
In the photoluminescence spectra of the PFCNx+B films (Supplementary Materials Table S3), an intensive band at 500-530 nm is observed.In general, the addition of boron clusters to the cyano groups of the copolymer leads to an increase in luminescence intensity (Supplementary Materials Figure S6).Additionally, the fluorescence quantum yields of PFCN5 and PFCN5+B were measured in a chloroform solution using quinine sulfate dihydrate as a reference.The quantum yield for PFCN5+B (74%) was slightly higher than that for PFCN5 (70%).These data indicate a significant compensation of the electronwithdrawing properties of the boron cluster by the negative charge localized on it.
Probably, the observed Stokes shifts (Supplementary Materials Table S3) are related to the degree of structural reorganization of the two-fold C 2V -symmetrical luminophoric dicyanophenanthrene moiety with boron clusters in the copolymers, the intramolecular charge-transfer characteristics of the copolymers in the film state, or the intermolecular charge-transfer between the closo-decaborate nitrilium units and fluorene moieties in the copolymers.

Theoretical Calculations
The absorption and emission maxima for PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2 calculated by the TD/SMD/CAM-B3LYP/6-31+(p,d) method are presented in Table 1.The calculation of the absorption spectra of the closo-decaborate cluster (the S 0 →S 2 transition with an oscillator strength of 0.004 is 424 nm) shows that the closo-decaborate cluster can influence the appearance of the shoulder in the experimental spectrum in the range of 425-450 nm (Supplementary Materials, Table S3).At the same time, the calculated oscillator strengths of the transitions in the emission spectra turned out to be low.Upon the introduction of boron clusters (B 10 H 9 ) into dicyanophenanthrene, an increase in light absorption intensity and splitting of one peak at 380 nm into two (at 380 nm and 397 nm) is experimentally observed.Two maximum absorption spectra at 387 nm and 352 nm are observed for compound PFCN-B1, whereas 412 nm and 376 nm are observed for PFCN-B2 (Table 1).The introduction of a cluster (B 10 H 9 ) to the cyano group at the position 9 of phenanthrene shifts the theoretical maximum of the absorption spectrum to the red region (by 28 nm), whereas the introduction of the second closo-decaborate cluster shifts it more to the long-wavelength region (by 35 nm) relative to PFCN (phenanthrene without the boron cluster).Thus, there is a correspondence between the experimental values of the transition energies in the absorption spectrum and the energy corresponding to the position of the maximum of the calculated absorption spectrum for PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2 (Figure 4).A similar pattern is observed in the emission spectra.The addition of one boron cluster (B 10 H 9 ) results in a shift (of 5 nm) to the red region (423 nm, Figure 4) relative to PFCN (417 nm [8]).The addition of the second boron cluster (B 10 H 9 ) shifts the maximum of the emission spectrum to 433 nm and an additional peak appears in the red region (at 563 nm).Comparing the experimental and calculated data, a shift of the theoretical emission spectra to the blue region is observed relative to the experiment.Several emission bands are observed in the experimental luminescence spectrum, which may indicate that different parts of the molecule are independently involved in this process.
In the large molecules, there may be transitions with charge transfer to different parts of the molecule [23].In this case, when the modeling excites state transitions, more TD-DFT transitions are used to account for the contributions of different MOs to the excited transitions that belong to different parts of the molecule.All the transitions obtained in the calculations (Figure S7) occur from the LUMO, but to different MOs (HOMO-2, HOMO-5, etc.).Therefore, the transitions from the excited state to the ground state occur on different segments of the molecule from the same excited level (Figure S7).To interpret such a complex emission spectrum, it is sufficient to consider two transitions from the excited state to the ground state for the PFCN-B1 molecule and three transitions for the PFCN-B2 molecule.It is clear that the B 10 H 9 cluster is actively involved in these processes.
According to the calculations, the highest occupied molecular orbitals, HOMO-2, HOMO-7 and HOMO-4, and HOMO-5 for PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2, respectively, describe the S 0 →S 1 , S 0 →S 2 transitions (Figure S8).In the absorption spectra, the electron density of LUMO is localized on the dicyanophenanthrene group for both PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2 molecules.The charge transfer transition to the LUMO from the higher occupied orbitals, HOMO-2, HOMO-7 (PFCN-B1) and HOMO-4, and HOMO-5 (PFCN-B2), leads to the formation of Franck-Condon states, S 1 and S 2 , respectively.The S 0 →S 1 transition for PFCN-B1 has a large HOMO-1 contribution of 88% and high oscillator strength (0.78); the electron density is located on the dicyanophenanthrene, p-tolyl, and B 10 H 9 fragments; and the S 0 →S 2 transition consists of contributions from different molecular orbitals, such as HOMO-3 (17%), HOMO-4 (18%), HOMO-6 (23%), and HOMO-7 (19%).Thus, different regions of the molecule are responsible for this transition.For the PFCN-B2 structure, the molecular orbital HOMO-4 (89% contribution) is responsible for the S 0 →S 1 transition.The calculated transition has high oscillator strength (0.84) and the electron density is located on the dicyanophenanthrene, p-tolyl, and B 10 H 9 fragments.The S 0 →S 2 transition consists of different contributions from molecular orbitals, such as HOMO-5 (56%) and HOMO-10 (18%), with the electron density largely located on the B 10 H 9 cluster.This diversity suggests a complex behavior of the electron density under excitation, which is related to the extended conjugated sites and the influence of the B 10 H 9 cluster on the chromophore group.
The molecular orbitals that had the largest contribution to the corresponding luminescence maxima are summarized in Figure S7.The calculated electronic transitions in the luminescence spectrum of PFCN-B1 include five orbitals: HOMO-2, HOMO-3, HOMO-5, HOMO-7, and LUMO (Table 1, Figure S7a).The first S 1 -S 0 transition manifests at different parts of the molecule and is described by LUMO→HOMO-3, LUMO→HOMO-5, and LUMO→HOMO-7 transitions with different contributions (21%, 18%, and 51%, respectively); the S 2 -S 0 transition is described by a pair of LUMO and HOMO-2 orbitals (Table 1, Figure S7a).The S 2 -S 0 transition has high oscillator strength, with a large HOMO-2 contribution of 92% (the electron density is on the dicyanophenanthrene groups, Figure S7a).For the molecule for PFCN-B2 (Table 1, Figure S7b), the first S 1 -S 0 transition is from LUMO to HOMO-5.The second and third S 2 -S 0 and S 3 -S 0 are described by LUMO→HOMO-4 and LUMO→HOMO-1 orbital pairs with different contributions (89% and 74%, respectively), that is, the emission spectra of the modified copolymers demonstrate a significant energy transfer from fluorene segments to dicyanophenanthrene groups coordinated to the B 10 H 9 boron clusters.
The analysis of the hole-electron distribution is summarized in Table S4 and Figures S10 and S11.The hole-electron contributions to each part of the molecules were studied and a fragment-based heat map was constructed.For the PFCN-B1 molecule, the system was divided into four fragments (Figure S10), and for the PFCN-B2 molecule, the system was divided into five fragments (Figure S11).The data obtained show that for the PFCN-B1 molecule, for the S 1 →S 0 transition, 85.25% of electrons are located on the fourth fragment (dicyanophenanthrene, Figure S10), whereas 26.72% and 24.76% of holes are located on fragment 3 (B 10 H 9 cluster) and fragment 1 (p-tolyl), respectively.The degree of hole-electron overlap on the fourth fragment is 56%.This means that the electron transfer during the excitation process is from the third and first fragment to the fourth fragment.For the S 2 →S 0 transition, 85.38% of electrons and 44.36% of holes are located on the fourth fragment (dicyanophenanthrene, Figure S10) and 41.08% of holes are located on the third fragment (B 10 H 9 cluster).This means that the excited electrons mainly come from fragment number three to fragment four.For the PFCN-B2 molecule for the S 1 →S 0 and S 3 →S 0 transitions, the electrons are located on fragment five (more than 80%, dicyanophenanthrene, Figure S11) and the holes are located on fragment three (B 10 H 9 fragment).The excited electrons come mainly from fragment three, with most of them transferring to fragment five (dicyanophenanthrene).For the S 2 →S 0 transition, 85.31% of electrons and 45.92% of holes are located on fragment five (dicyanophenanthrene, Figure S11) and the holes are located on fragments three and four (B 10 H 9 clusters), more than 20% per fragment.Thus, the excited electrons come from fragment five and three and remain on dicyanophenanthrene.All these data are well confirmed by the D, S r , and t indices (Table S4).
All calculated structures show a slight difference in geometry with the addition of the boron cluster.The bond lengths and angles α1-3, β1-3, γ1-3, ϕ1-3 for PFCN, PFCN-B1, and PFCN-B2, respectively, were used to describe the change in the geometry of the molecules upon the addition of the substituent B 10 H 9 (Supplementary Materials Figure S9a-f).When B 10 H 9 is added, there is a change in the angle β1-3 when two B 10 H 9 are added and the angles become less than 180 • , but in the excited state, γ3 and ϕ3 are closer to 180 • .All of this leads to the fact that the presence of two B 10 H 9 must be accompanied by a bathochromic shift.

Conclusions
In summary, the first example of functionalization of CPFs containing 9,10dicyanophenanthrene units by closo-decaborate anion was achieved.The reaction between the fluorene-based copolymer and closo-decaborate proceeds through the EINS mechanism.
The introduction of the B 10 H 9 boron cluster affects the photophysical properties of copolyfluorenes.When the boron clusters are introduced into the dicyanophenanthrene unit, a splitting of one peak at 380 nm into two (at 380 nm and 397 nm) is experimentally observed.The PL emission spectra of the functionalized copolymers show significant energy transfer from fluorene segments to the dicyanophenanthrene units coordinated to the B 10 H 9 boron clusters.These data are in good agreement with theoretical calculations.Our theoretical calculations show that the charge transfer takes place in the polymer chain from fluorene to the closo-decaborate nitrilium phenanthrene moieties.

Supplementary Materials:
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/micro3040063/s1, Figure S1: 1 H NMR spectra of compounds (PFCN0.5+B,PFCN2.5+B, and PFCN5+B) in CDCl 3 ; Figure S2:   The MOs according to Table 1, with the maximum contribution, are indicated.to the electron orbitals S 1 →S 0 S 2 →S 0 , S 3 →S 0 states (%).Holes and electrons are given in blue and green iso-surfaces.Table S1: Molecular mass characteristics of copolyfluorenes.Table S2: FT-IR and 1 H NMR selected data for synthesized compounds.Table S3: UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral data for CPFs films.Table S4: The calculated results of the excited states for PFCN-B1 and PFCN-B2, including the characteristics of the hole-electron distribution.
Figure S9: Atomic structure of the calculated molecules in the ground and excited states.Bond lengths (Å) and angles characterizing the change in spatial structure upon introduction of the boron cluster (B 10 H 9 -) in the ground and excited states for different phenanthrene compounds.(a) PFCN geometry in the ground state.(b) PFCN geometry in the excited state.(c) PFCN-B1 geometry in the ground state.(d) PFCN-B1 geometry in the excited state.(e) PFCN-B2 geometry in the ground state.(f) PFCN-B2 geometry in the excited state.Figure S10: The PFCN-B1 molecular fragment electron excitation process analyzed by the hole-electron and interfragment charge transfer (IFCT) method.Contribution of different fragments of PFCN-B1 to the electron orbitals S 1 →S 0 and S 2 →S 0 states (%).Holes and electrons are given in blue and green iso-surfaces.Figure S11: The PFCN-B2 molecular fragments electron excitation process analyzed by the IFCT method.Contribution of different fragments of PFCN-B1