Energy Optimization of the Pumping Station †

: The main challenge in the ﬁeld of water distribution systems (WDS) is (re)designing the network in order to achieve savings. In many water systems, there are pumping stations designed for much larger ﬂows than what would be observed under normal operating conditions. On the other hand, reducing the diameter of the water pipes has become the main saving method. Designers very often forget to design the network so that it can be used for ﬁre protection purposes. The computer modelling of water networks supports the decision-making process by identifying the optimal compromise between cost and performance (e.g., ﬂow, velocity, pressure). Computer models help in the selection of optimal values of hydraulic pumps, preparation of the pump control method and selection of energy-optimized pumping systems, ensuring the efﬁciency and pressure of the WDS during normal operation and in ﬁre conditions. The article presents the results of optimization of the pump station in terms of efﬁciency and pressure in the system, and optimization of pump energy consumption. Computer simulations of the water supply system, measurements of pressure and ﬂow, hydrant ﬂow tests, and model calibration were used in the research.


Introduction
Rising electricity prices force us to look for savings in every possible area. One of the ways is to use renewable energy sources, but what if we do not want to design such solutions [1]? One of the options is to optimize the operation of the pumping station. The optimization of the pumping station is multidimensional because it allows you to generate savings in electricity consumption, reduce the occurrence of failures, limit water outflow through network leaks, and secure the water supply to consumers [2][3][4]. The research described in the article consisted of making a model of the existing water supply system, carrying out measurements and tests to obtain data for calibrating a computer model, calibrating the model, simulating variants of changes in the network operation, and selecting devices, calculating the electricity consumption in a given variant, and comparing and results analysing the results.

Material and Methods
The field tests included pressure measurements and hydrant performance tests. Mobile pressure recorders with a measuring range of 0-20 bar and an accuracy of 0.1 FS were used to measure the pressure. Above-ground and underground hydrants of the existing distribution system were used as measuring points.
The HYDRO-TEST measuring device was used to test the hydrant pressure efficiency. This device is characterized by the possibility of measuring the static pressure before the measurement and the dynamic pressure after opening of the hydrant. Specially designed measuring nozzles allow determination of the intensity of the outflow from the hydrant at the measured dynamic pressure [5,6]. Water distribution system operation simulations were made using EPANET software. The program is characterized by the possibility of simulating any size of a water supply system, manual calibration of the properties of the water supply system, and the possibility of calculating energy consumption by pumps [7]. It is important that the calibrated model meets the appropriate level of accuracy between the simulation results and the test data [8].

Results and Discussion
Based on the data from the water supply company, a computer model for simulating the operation of the water supply network (theoretical model) was created. The theoretical model was calibrated. As a result of calibrating the theoretical model, the following accuracy was obtained: The obtained accuracy of the model allows evaluation of the model as good. The calibration process and the obtained compliance of the simulated values with the actual measurement results allow the model to be used for conceptual work and optimization of the water system operation.
The results of the field measurements and the simulation of the system operation revealed problems in one of the sectors of the water supply network. Hydrant performance tests showed that, in sector No. 1, pressure is not reached at the critical point.
Several variants of the pumping station(water supply system operation were simulated based on changes in operating parameters): 1.
Connecting the sectors with a new pipe; 2.
Reduction in the outlet pressure from the pump station; 3.
Increasing the outlet pressure from the pump station; 4.
Adding an additional pump to the pump station.
The changes in electricity consumption in the simulation variants are shown in Figure 1. The lowest electricity consumption for pumping station works occurred in variant W2, in which the sectors of the system were connected. This allowed reduce in the pressure by 5 mH 2 O. The decrease in electricity consumption to the base variant of the simulation was over 34%. The greatest increase in electricity consumption for pumping station works occurred in variant W5. In variant W5, the pressure at the outlet of the pumping station was increased by 5 m H 2 O. Leaving the pumping system in its basic configuration and connecting the zones did not reduce the electricity consumed by the pumping station.
Water distribution system operation simulations were made using EPANET software. The program is characterized by the possibility of simulating any size of a water supply system, manual calibration of the properties of the water supply system, and the possibility of calculating energy consumption by pumps [7]. It is important that the calibrated model meets the appropriate level of accuracy between the simulation results and the test data [8].

Results and Discussion
Based on the data from the water supply company, a computer model for simulating the operation of the water supply network (theoretical model) was created. The theoretical model was calibrated. As a result of calibrating the theoretical model, the following accuracy was obtained: • +/−5.0% at pressure measurement points; • +/−2.5 m H2O for hydrant tests.
The obtained accuracy of the model allows evaluation of the model as good. The calibration process and the obtained compliance of the simulated values with the actual measurement results allow the model to be used for conceptual work and optimization of the water system operation.
The results of the field measurements and the simulation of the system operation revealed problems in one of the sectors of the water supply network. Hydrant performance tests showed that, in sector No. 1, pressure is not reached at the critical point.
Several variants of the pumping station(water supply system operation were simulated based on changes in operating parameters): 1. Connecting the sectors with a new pipe; 2. Reduction in the outlet pressure from the pump station; 3. Increasing the outlet pressure from the pump station; 4. Adding an additional pump to the pump station.
The changes in electricity consumption in the simulation variants are shown in Figure  1. The lowest electricity consumption for pumping station works occurred in variant W2, in which the sectors of the system were connected. This allowed reduce in the pressure by 5 mH2O. The decrease in electricity consumption to the base variant of the simulation was over 34%. The greatest increase in electricity consumption for pumping station works occurred in variant W5. In variant W5, the pressure at the outlet of the pumping station was increased by 5 m H2O. Leaving the pumping system in its basic configuration and connecting the zones did not reduce the electricity consumed by the pumping station.