Influence of Selected Material and Process Parameters on the Durability of Briquettes Made of Shredded Logging Residues

: The nonhomogeneous physical properties of the raw material in the form of shredded logging residues, and its composition may cause a serious problem in its further use. As a result of conducted research, it was found that the elemental composition of logging residues (low nitrogen and ash contents) is suitable for raw materials dedicated to energy use. The possibility of using this raw material for the production of briquettes and the correlation between the physical properties of the final product and the parameters of the raw material and the briquetting process were also determined. The material used for tests was wood chips with moisture contents of 10%, 15%, 20%, compacted in a closed chamber at the temperatures of 22, 73 and 103 °C at unit pressures of approx. 65 MPa. The best results were obtained for the material moisture content of 10%. It was found that the temperature of the wood chips during agglomeration influences the degree of compaction and durability of the obtained briquettes. It is more advantageous to conduct compaction at a higher temperature. The research also determined the effect of the fractional composition of the briquetted mixture divided into size groups 0–1, 1–4, 4–8, and 8–16 mm, its moisture and temperature of the process on the durability of the product. On the basis of the obtained results, the most favorable fractional composition of the briquetted mixture, its moisture and temperature of the compaction process were determined.


Introduction
Recent years have been a time of increasing demand for biomass used as a raw material for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels, intended for direct combustion or for the production of refined fuels in the form of briquettes or pellets.It is directly related to the prevention of climate change, which for many years has been the subject of research and development of new methods of heat and electricity production.One type of biomass that has not been fully used so far are logging residues and by-products of the forestry production processes.The logging residues are the material that is created during the harvesting of thick wood, as well as during the maintenance and cleaning of forest stands.For sanitary and fire protection reasons, this raw material should not remain in its natural form on forest surfaces.It must be cleaned up prior to the commencement of works related to the restoration of the stand.Some researchers also highlight the importance of forestry residues for the quality of forest soils.However, attention should be paid to the fact that during the several decades of stand development, a significant amount of substances enriching the habitat accumulated in the soil (drooping needles, drooping leaves, dying plants of the 1st floor undergrowth).A solution that also reduces the risk of fire, cleans the surface, preparing it for afforestation and at the same time does not impoverish the soil, is to crush the residues and mix them with the top layer of soil.This solution, however, entails considerable costs.The literature defines this material as logging residues.A characteristic feature of this type of biomass is its heterogeneity.Apart from pure, white wood, it contains a large amount of bark, pine needles and unlignified young shoots.
The usefulness of biomass as an energy raw material is proved, inter alia, by its elemental composition.The contents of CHNS, oxygen and ash is relatively well known for wood of various species and wood waste [1], individual parts of trees [2] that may be found in forest chips [3], such as: wood, stumps, roots, bark, needles, cones, seeds [4].
The aims of the research were (1) to determine the elemental composition and energy properties of the tested raw material; (2) to determine the possibility of using shredded material for briquette production, as well as (3) to determine the most favorable, from the point of view of briquette durability [5], the fractional composition of the compacted biomass and process parameters.

Materials and Methods
The research material consisted of logging residues obtained in the process of harvesting wood in an 80-year-old pine stand (Pinus silvestris L.), crushed with a hammer shredder (BT 13HP-90 mm (REDMET, Dębica, Poland) into chips with dimensions not exceeding 16 mm.The wood chips, apart from the elements of white wood, contained a considerable amount of needles and small diameter nonwoody shoots.Due to the nature of the obtained material, the examined biomass did not contain the bark of the main tree part, but only the outer, poorly developed parts of the shoots, which were not white wood.
Samples of 50 ± 0.5 g were weighed on the electronic scales RADWAG WTC 600 (RAD-WAG, Radom, Poland) with an accuracy of ±0.01 g and then were placed in the laboratory drier UF55 plus (Memmert, Schwabach, Germany) at 105 °C for 24 h.Moisture content (MC, %) was determined using a formula: where  is a mass of wet sample (g),  is a mass of dry sample (g).
The chips with moisture contents of 10%, 15%, 20% were compacted in a closed chamber at unit pressures of about 65 MPa at temperatures of 22 and 73 °C [6][7][8].Each test was done in triplicate.
The influence of the fractional composition of the briquetted mixture, its moisture content, and the temperature of the compaction process on the durability of the product was made for the wood chips prepared by mixing the separated size fractions in various proportions.The analysis of the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur contents (CHNS) was performed using the Elementar Vario Macro apparatus according to the procedure described by Sadhukhan et al. [9].Elementar Vario Macro apparatus (Elementar Americas Inc., Ronkonkoma, USA) pursuant to the protocol given by Sadhukhan et al. (2009).Then the sample of raw material was incinerated, determining the ash and oxygen contents.The share of oxygen was determined on the basis of the content of other elements and ash in the analyzed material.The mechanical durability of briquettes was determined according to the EN-ISO 17831-2:2015 standard using the durability test stand.The durability of briquettes was determined by dimensionless durability coefficient (Ψ) as a ratio of mass that remained after the analysis on the screen to the total mass of analyzed briquettes: where mpt is a mass of briquettes after the durability test (g), mp is a mass of briquettes before the durability test (g).

Results
Detailed results of the research on the elemental composition of the analyzed biomass are presented in Table 1.The percentage of elements and mineral compounds refers to the mean value obtained from the measurements.
Low content of nitrogen and sulfur (0.66% and 0.25%) and a significant share of carbon (over 50%) prove the possibilities of using pine logging residues as an energy raw material.Taking into account the low content of nitrogen and sulfur, low emission of harmful substances such as nitrogen oxides, benzene, and formaldehyde in the combustion process can be expected.The carbon content results in the calorific value of this biomass, encouraging further research.The preliminary studies on compaction were performed for the unmodified fractional composition of the compacted biomass.Four fractions of compacted particles were distinguished (0-1 mm), (1-4) mm, (4-8 mm), and (8-16 mm).Their 'natural' shares in the wood chips were 6.32%, 32.52%, 36.14%, and 25.02%, respectively.The research allowed to find that the highest, although unsatisfactory, values of the durability coefficient were obtained in the case of compaction of biomass with a moisture of 10% (Table 2).These studies also allowed to reject the temperature of 22 °C as too low to ensure the correct course of the process and the occurrence of the phenomena desired in the agglomeration process.The results of the main series of tests (for the material with modified fractional composition) are presented in Table 3. Briquetting was carried out for two temperatures (73 and 103 °C) and moisture equal to 10%.In all cases, the briquette's mechanical durability coefficient ranging from 42% to 72.5% was unsatisfactory and lower than 80-98% obtained for briquettes made of sawdust, crushed plants or crushed cones.However, other authors have not studied a briquette made of this type of material.For example, Gendek et al. [10] obtained a durability factor of 87-97% for briquettes made of shredded pine, spruce and larch cones, Temmerman et al. [11] > 90% for sawdust briquettes of various types of wood, Ivanova et al. [12] 84-97% and Lisowski and Świętochowski [5] 80-94% for briquettes made of miscanthus and its mixtures.The obtained results of the briquette's mechanical durability confirm also the statements of Tumuluru et al. [13] and Križan [14] that, in general, the durability of the briquette is inversely proportional to the particle size, because smaller particles have a larger surface, which results in better bonding In the discussed studies, the highest value of the durability coefficient was obtained for the mixture of 50% of the fraction 0-1 mm, 25% of the fraction 1-4 mm, 25% of the fraction 4-8 mm, compacted at the temperature of 103 °C.The above statement confirms the literature information, which shows that briquettes obtained from fine fractions have a greater durability.This is due to the greater possibility of fitting the particles and the formation of bonds between them.Similarly, increased temperature (up to 103 °C) has a positive effect on the durability of the briquettes.It causes the plasticization of substances contained in the biomass, the release of resins and, as a result, better binding of the compacted material.
The conducted research proves the suitability of the shredded logging residues for the production of solid fuels in the form of briquettes.It would be important to continue research, in particular, on the construction of the compacting device (including determination of die height and compaction pressure).

Conclusions
On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the elemental composition of the tested biomass differs from the composition of other compared raw materials.However, it is advantageous for a raw material for the production of solid fuels.
The most favorable, though unsatisfactory, value of the durability coefficient was obtained for the compaction of wood chips with a moisture content of 10% and a temperature of 103 °C.
The fractional composition of the compacted biomass affects the value of the durability coefficient.The most favorable results among the tested mixtures were obtained for the composition 50% of the 0-1 mm fraction, 25% of the 1-4 mm fraction, 25% of the 4-8 mm fraction.

Citation:
Nurek, T.; Gendek, A.; Dąbrowska, M. Influence of Selected Material and Process Parameters on the Durability of Briquettes Made of Shredded Logging Residues.2021, 3, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECF2020-07777 Academic Editors: Angela Lo Monaco; Cate Macinnis-Ng and Om P. Rajora Published: 10 November 2020 Publisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: © 2020 by the authors.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).